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This article presents new data on the behavior of the United Nations Security Council from 1994 to 2013. Which international issues does the United Nations Security Council act upon? Which issues are ignored, languishing for years on the Council's agenda? What are the characteristics of the issues that are considered by the Council and what are the characteristics of those that are overlooked? Beginning with the annual Summary Statements on matters of which the Security Council is seized, information was gathered for every agenda item that appears on the Security Council's agenda during this period. Daily data are recorded for the number of public meetings and private informal consultations held, as well as the number of resolutions (which are voted on), presidential statements (which are a product of consensus), and vetoes that occur. These data offer scholars new opportunities for testing theories of legislative behavior in international institutions, particularly on issues of peace and security, that have not been available heretofore. In this article, we introduce the data and coding processes, present trends, illustrate prospects for research that could benefit from these data and provide an empirical application.

iCourts ist ein Forschungszentrum für internationale Gerichte und internationales Recht an der juristischen Fakultät in Kopenhagen. Der Band zeigt, wie die Einrichtung, der Betrieb und die Zielsetzung eines Forschungszentrums einen ganzen Forschungsbereich beeinflussen und weiterentwickeln konnte.

In an attempt to broaden our perspective on IR theory formation, this article seeks to highlight the significance of ideology. Consistent with the recently revived sociology of knowledge tradition in international studies, we view IR scholarship as grounded in certain social and ideological conditions. Although some scholars have studied the political, ideological, and epistemological biases of Western, particularly American, civilization, in order to achieve a better understanding of global patterns of knowledge formation it is important to look at cases beyond the West. We therefore look at the formation of IR knowledge in Russia, and we argue that the development of a Russian theory of international relations responds to the old debate on the 'Russian idea,' and three distinct ideological traditions that had been introduced to the national discourse in the mid-19th century. Focusing on theories and concepts of the international system, regional order, and foreign policy, as developed by Russian scholars, we attempt to demonstrate how they are shaped by ideological and therefore pre-theoretical assumptions about social reality.

This book develops a new theoretical approach to understanding the role of leadership in trade negotiations. By examining in detail the key role of leadership in the GATT/WTO system, it offers new insights into trade bargaining from the inception of the GATT through to the current WTO Doha Round. David A. Deese makes use of an impressive range and amount of primary material on the GATT/WTO system from a variety of official sources. World Trade Politics will be recommended reading for upper level undergraduate as well as postgraduate and research students, and will be essential reading for scholars of the global trade system.

How can we appreciate non-Western agency in theorising world politics without reintroducing parochialism and exceptionalism, thus reproducing the very problem that motivated global international relations (IR) in the first place? In this article, I explore an alternative approach to engaging with non-Western IR theories, which I refer to as the embedded observer approach. First, taking the scholarship on Chinese IR as an example, I argue that the present predicament of global IR is in part attributable to the way scholars engage with non-Western political thought. Drawing from discussions in critical IR and Comparative Political Theory, I propose a methodological adjustment for the study of non-Western theories. Specifically, I argue that by shifting focus from isolated scholars and texts to critical dialogues among autochthonous intellectuals, the researcher has the chance to learn about and appreciate the clashes of ideas, analytical perspectives, and methodological tools that together constitute the living intellectual tradition in a non-Western society. As a demonstration, I analyse the People's Republic of China (PRC) scholars' critical reaction to Zhao Tingyang's Tianxia System through the lens of three key topics in the debate over the thesis. The discussion highlights the need to rethink interlocutors in global IR and the utility of an embedded observer approach for engaging with knowledge traditions beyond the West, both in IR and beyond.

In the end of November, the US Department of Defense presented key findings of its Global Posture Review (GPR). Addressing current and future developments across the US's global military presence, the Posture is highly relevant for America's allies. With the GPR, the Biden administration reaffirms its commitment to strengthening NATO; however, the elements of the Review that have so far been published leave important questions unanswered - in particular, how the priorities between Europe and Asia will be set in the long-term and whether new land-based weapons systems will be sta­tioned in European NATO states. (author's abstract)

West African coastal states lose up to $1.5 billion a year as a result of illegal fishing. The effects of overfishing also hit these countries hard. In its Strategy on the Gulf of Guinea, the European Union highlights the threats and risks posed to these coastal states, as well as the connections to Europe as an export market for fishery products and home region of many fishing vessels. Until now, maritime security strategies for West Africa have prioritized the issues of human trafficking, smuggling of migrants, and piracy. In future, however, there should be a stronger focus on the threats posed by illegal fishing, especially when providing advice, training and equipment assistance to improve surveillance and monitoring of West African waters. An integrated approach is required, which should also address the onshore problems associated with the fisheries sector. (Autorenreferat)

The paper reflects on the implications of the foreign investment protection and promotion agreements (fipa) and the investment chapters of the free trade agreements (fta) for countries with a level of development similar to that of Colombia and, consequently, on the importance of establishing clear policies on foreign investment and a robust model to measure the benefits for the country's development but also the risks in terms of regulatory capacity and international liability for non-compliance with the obligations acquired through these agreements. For this purpose, the paper refers to some particularly sensitive protection standards and, from there, analyses the evolution of Colombia's internal investment policy during different government periods based on the relevant provisions of the national development plans, the documents of the National Council for Economic and Social Policy (ncesp) and the model treaties drafted by different governments. This analysis seeks to identify whether Colombia has, so far in this century, established thorough policies for the negotiation and conclusion of investment treaties, and whether the concluded treaties correspond to the proposed models and protect the interests of the State. The study is justified by the increase of significant investment disputes against Colombia in the last two years, several of which are already materialized in procedures before the icsid. ; El artículo introduce algunas reflexiones sobre las implicaciones de los acuerdos de protección y promoción de las inversiones (appi) y de los capítulos de inversión en los tratados de libre comercio (tlc) para países del nivel de desarrollo de Colombia, y, en consecuencia, de la importancia de contar con políticas claras en materia de inversión extranjera y con un modelo robusto de medición de beneficios en términos de desarrollo y de riesgos en cuanto a la limitación a su capacidad regulatoria y su eventual responsabilidad internacional por el incumplimiento de las obligaciones adquiridas mediante estos acuerdos. Para ello refiere el escrito algunos estándares de protección particularmente sensibles y, a partir de allí, aporta un estudio de la evolución de la política interna de inversión colombiana, segmentada por los períodos gubernamentales, partiendo de lo incluido en los planes nacionales de desarrollo y en los documentos Conpes, así como en modelos de tratados diseñados en los distintos gobiernos, en aras de identificar si Colombia, en lo que llevamos de este siglo, ha contado con políticas estructuradas que orienten los procesos de negociación y conclusión de tratados que correspondan a los modelos propuestos y a los intereses del Estado. Lo anterior justificado en que Colombia en los últimos dos años se ha visto expuesta a importantes disputas en materia de inversión extranjera, varias de las cuales ya se encuentran materializadas en procesos ante el ciadi. ; o artigo introduz algumas reflexões sobre as implicações dos Acordos de Proteção e Promoção dos Investimentos (appi) e dos capítulos de investimento nos Tratados de Livre Comércio (tlc) para países do nível de desenvolvimento da Colômbia e em consequência, da importância de contar cm políticas claras em matéria de investimento estrangeiro e com um modelo robusto de medição de benefícios em termos de desenvolvimento e de riscos em quanto à limitação à sua capacidade regulatória e de sua eventual responsabilidade internacional pelo incumprimento das obrigações adquiridas mediante estes acordos. Para isto, refere o escrito, alguns standards de proteção particularmente sensíveis e, a partir dali, aporta um estudo da evolução da política interna de investimento colombiano, segmentada pelos períodos governamentais, partindo do incluído nos Planos Nacionais de Desenvolvimento e nos Documentos conpes, assim como em modelos de tratados desenhados nos diferentes governos, em favor de identificar se a Colômbia, no que tem corrido deste século, tem contado com políticas estruturadas que orientem os processos de negociação e conclusão de tratados que correspondam aos modelos propostos e aos e aos interesses do Estado. O anterior justificado em que a Colômbia nos últimos dois anos se tem visto exposta a importantes disputas em matéria de investimento estrangeiro, varias das quais já se encontram materializadas em processos ante o ciadi.

This article will provide an answer to a question: how to understand international relations as a discipline independent and autonomous from the study of history, demography, international law and other disciplines. Starting from the disciplinary need to understand the evolution of the modern state system, the discipline consolidated itself by creating a subject-matter solidified by a distinct set of theories, techniques and methods. This article will, therefore, reflect on international relations, its subject-matter, theories and methods. Adapted from the source document.

Daniel Bar Aharon critically explores the European Union's mounting regularity frameworks pertaining to transparency through mandated disclosure requirements within the purview of traditional investor protection regulation in financial markets. Traditionally, financial regulatory frameworks maintain a status quo assumption of ''rational investors" contained within neoclassical economic theory; however, reoccurring financial incidents have exposed a critical flaw in this understanding, consequently requiring further examination of the interplay between behavioral finance and financial regulation