Suchergebnisse

Informal economy or grey economy is one of the possible problems which economy faces and if it is not suppressed or reduced to an acceptable level our country cannot expect any serious economic development. Taking into account such a point of view, it could be concluded that the fight against this kind of criminal economy is directly related to the problem of measures, instruments, and institutions competent for the fight against shadow economy. Grey economy is a problem that heavily burdens underdeveloped countries. Due to the reduction of its annual budget revenues by one-third, the Republic of Serbia is fighting the grey economy to a great extent. The Republic of Serbia's customs service itself can cause the grey economy, facilitating irregular import and export of goods, trafficking, arms/ammunition/drugs smuggling, etc. Customs activities can help in the prevention and control of import-export irregularities, but this can only be done with the participation of other government officials. The cooperation between the customs service and other government bodies such as the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Internal Revenue Service may significantly affect the reduction of grey economy, the increase of funds' flow in the budget and the reduction of unemployment. Scientific and domestic literature in the field of economic destructions and customs services is rather scarce, and it is with good reason suggested that scientific and expert studies of this problem both in our country and in the world are too rare in comparison with the significance of the problem. We are quite sure that the reading of the results we have presented and analysed in this scientific paper will also detect the obstacles resulting from them, which could ultimately lead to the comprehensive state strategy in the fight against grey economy and its transformation into legal flows, where the customs service would surely find its place. Without an intention for this paper to be the paper carrying an old seal of some ancient times, the basic motive is to transform this problem into contemporary flows and to offer as complete information as possible to both laymen and experts on the role of the customs service in the field of the fight against grey economy together with the prominent note of interdisciplinary character. ; Siva ekonomija je problem koji u velikoj meri opterećuje nerazvijene države. Republika Srbija ulaže napore da bi se obuzdala siva ekonomija koja joj godišnje umanjuje budžetski prihod za jednu trećinu. Neefikasan rad carinskih organa kroz omogućavanje neregularnog uvoza i izvoza robe, kao i šverca robe, može biti uzročnik sive ekonomije. Uprava carina Ministarstva finansija Republike Srbije svojim aktivnostima može u velikoj meri da spreči i suzbije protivpravno ponašanje i druge oblike neformalne ekonomije, što je definisano Poslovnom strategijom Uprave carina 2011-2015. godine. U cilju efikasne zaštite građana i privrede od nezakonite i ilegalne trgovine i svih oblika prekograničnog kriminala u međunarodnom prometu robe, Uprava carina mora sarađivati sa drugim organima državne uprave i državnim organima. Od posebnog je značaja saradnja carinskih organa, Ministarstva unutrašnjih poslova i Poreske uprave, koja utiče na smanjenje sive ekonomije, povećanje priliva sredstava u budžet i smanjenje nezaposlenosti. Primarni cilj rada se odnosi na dublju analizu ukorenjenosti neformalne ekonomije u savremeno ekonomsko tkivo i preispitivanje uloge carinskih organa Republike Srbije. Tokom istraživačkog procesa primenjivale su se savremene metode istraživanja, modifikovane za potrebe predmetnog problema. Najviše su korišćeni komparativni, deskriptivni i normativno-pravni metod.

This paper focuses on migration in the context of European integration which
implies, on the one hand, internal integration, integration within the EU
and, on the other hand, the enlargement process related to the countries that
have applied to join the EU. The aim is to determine in which way the
migration, especially refugee crisis in 2015, had influence on the EU, as a
supranational political community, and what was the impact on Serbia which is
in the process of integration into the European Union. Migrant crisis has
shown that the EU has to confront many different issues including several
issues of great importance for its survival and strengthening: how to
influence on global processes to a greater extent instead of dealing with the
consequences of the global politics of others; how to preserve and keep the
values that the EU itself is founded and the values on which should be built
upon further construction of the political community and, finally, weather
the EU can be transformed in the direction of the United European States, in
both the functional and in terms of values, or the EU will move towards
deepening of Europe of concentric circles. Faced with extremely complex
migration situation, Serbia does not have the appropriate institutional and
regulatory framework, nor a political response to a series of complex issues
in the area of migration and migration-related issues, such as asylum system,
irregular migration, sustainable return of our citizens asylum seekers in EU
member states, implementation of the agreement on readmission, the departure
of highly educated - brain drain, migration and development, the fight
against human trafficking (protection of victims, prevention, criminal
prosecution of traffickers), and smuggling of migrants, issues of border
management, demarcation and boundary determination (as well as the agreement
that should be concluded). Some of these problems migrant crisis has made
visible by encouraging coping with the need of systemic response to the flaws
in the regulatory framework, in the policy concerning asylum seekers,
irregular migration through the territory of Serbia, as well as in the
sustainable return of our citizens, applicants for asylum in member states.
If we put all this in the context of untimely planning, ineffective
management of economic trends, the lack of financial support from Brussels to
deal with the refugee crisis, but also in the context of the fact that the
enlargement policy is aimed at meeting the Copenhagen criteria, but not on
economic growth - then the fears of uncontrolled influx of migrants pose
potential capital of radical and populist political options. In the
relationship with Brussels, Serbia would have to fight for more
under-standing regarding the state of the economy and, in general, regarding
help with the costs of joining the EU, especially in case of further
escalation of the migrant crisis. Serbia's image in the international arena
has been changing for better because of the human attitude towards refugees
and migrants who were in transit, but for the citizens of Serbia is much more
important that the attitude towards them is a part of the essential changes
in the society, and not juste an agile response to the crisis - i. e. what
metters most is to make appropriate administrative and legal measures, to
effectively manage the problems that migrant crisis put in the foreground,
but primarily to change the essence of political community and to have this
change of image as a result of state and society transformation towards
strengthening democratic institutions, the rule of law, media freedom and
developed human rights and freedoms.

Resumen: La existencia de Cobija, Puerto Lamar se dio sin descanso y allí se ejecutó el poder de la República. Llegados de distintos lugares y por períodos irregulares, los prefectos de turno resolvían problemas, se enfrentaban a revoluciones y en la adversidad revelaban una férrea voluntad de prevalecer. Entre las condiciones naturales y la construcción social se ubicaba la población, el orden y su relación con centros urbanos de Bolivia y los países vecinos en el siglo XIX. Las necesidades en el lugar, provenían de su calidad de puerto, frontera y desierto y de su articulación con las revoluciones del país que impactaban en la provincia, por lo que se puede afirmar que el puerto únicamente estaba desligado de los acontecimientos del centro del poder político por la distancia geográfica. En Cobija, como al otro lado de los Andes en la misma República, la patria inspiraba sentimiento y agitación. En un período entre su creación y desaparición (1864-1871) el trabajo aproxima a los eventos ordinarios para ampliar la memoria de Cobija, Puerto Lamar, fundado en 1825 y desaparecido en la Guerra del Pacífico en 1879. En ese orden de cosas, la idea de nación está subyacente, al igual que las contradicciones del sistema agrario y minero de los valles y de Los Andes y el desconocimiento del desierto. Desde una perspectiva material, partiendo de objetos externos y visibles, de las condiciones y relaciones de sus habitantes y de concepciones manifestadas en soluciones a la falta de agua y de caminos, escasez de moneda y contrabando, se dilucida acerca de las relaciones de necesidad que mediaban la articulación entre el Litoral y el interior y buscaban aunar esfuerzos por el bien común; se ubican las condiciones geográficas como factores integrantes de ese conjunto mediador que se traduce en las relaciones sociales allí producidas ; Abstract: The existence of Cobija, puerto Lamar was incessant and the Republic's power was executed there. Arrived from different places and for irregular periods to exercise public functions, Prefects on-duty solved problems, dealt with revolutions and revealed a rigid will to overcome adversity. Population, order and it's connection with urban areas of Bolivia and neighboring countries of the XIX century, were situated among natural conditions and social construction. It may be said that the seaport was separated from the political centre's events only by geographic distance, because local needs were due to its port, border and desert quality, and to its articulation with inland revolutions that had an impact on the province. Homeland inspired emotion and agitation in Cobija as much as in the very Republic, across the Andes. The work approximates ordinary events within a period between its creation a disappearance (1864-1871), to extend the memory of Cobija, Puerto Lamar, founded in 1825 and disappeared in the Pacific War in 1879. It covers situations that unleash Prefects self-sacrifice, revolutions' nature, boldness of adventurers, business owners and workers before inclemency of conditions, greed, and passion of port trade practices. In that sense, the idea of nation, contradictions of agricultural and mining systems of valleys and the Andes, and ignorance of the desert are underlying subjects. From a material perspective, departing from visible external objects, conditions, inhabitants' relations and conceptions revealed on solutions to water, roads and currency shortage and smuggling, this work elucidates mediating need relations between seaboard and inland, that aimed for common good; and also places geographic conditions as member factors of the above mediating group that translates social relations there produced. ; Doctorado

Both Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and Border Protection Command (BPC) aircraft fly maritime surveillance missions for the Australian Government on a regular basis. These missions involve searching particular areas of interest (AIs) for illegal fishing or people smuggling activities. In this work a square AI is considered, with an aircraft tasked to search for ships using its sensors (e.g., radar, electrooptical). Waypoints (points that must be visited) are included in the AI to ensure that the entire AI is covered. The aim for a particular search is to detect and classify as many ships as possible, while doing so in the shortest time. Depending on the ship density, the aircraft may not have time to search the entire AI. In this paper an augmentation of the traditional Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is considered, where the ships (cities) move with random velocities (dynamic TSP), have different start and end points (open TSP) and there is incomplete a priori knowledge of the problem space (on-line TSP), making this problem much more challenging. Earlier work (Marlow et al, 2007) considered a "baseline" case of an S-shaped search pattern and a default heading (the route flown when there are no ships currently detected) direct to the next waypoint. This paper considers three extensions with an aim to increase the level of ship classifications: these are 1) alternative initial flight paths, 2) alternative default headings and 3) including "ghost ships" in the search. The principle behind the S-shaped pattern is that the aircraft will cover the entire AI with its sensors, giving aircrew the best chance of detecting all ships in the AI. This paper considers alternative spiral waypoint patterns, both an "inspiral" (from one corner of the AI, spiraling towards the centre) and an "outspiral" (the reverse). These approaches are theoretically more likely to detect ships that enter the AI during the mission. The direct-to-waypoint default heading will minimise the travel time, but it also may potentially result in the aircraft not covering the entire AI with its sensors, particularly if it has already been diverted significantly from the "wayline" (the direct line between waypoints). In this work, a perpendicular return to the wayline is considered, which increases the distance travelled but is also likely to increase the probability of detecting more ships. A third option is also considered in which the aircraft continually aims for the midpoint on the wayline of the perpendicular intercept point and the waypoint. The object of ghost ships is to direct the aircraft to fly to areas of the AI that it may not otherwise visit. This may particularly be the case in low-density environments where the aircraft has to substantially divert from the wayline to classify ships and, in returning, inadequately cover other areas where ships may be present. Ghost ships remain in the current tour until they are "detected", whereupon they are removed. Results suggest that, at lower densities, the perpendicular default heading and including ghost ships provide an overall improvement in classifications of the order of a few percentage points, which in real terms translates to an extra 1-2 ships on average. Significantly it also translates to an increase in the percentage of cases where 100% classifications are achieved. These improvements generally come at a cost of increased distance travelled by the aircraft and thus greater fuel consumption. In the case of ghost ships, there is an additional cost in computational time due to the requirement to include them in the tour. Beyond the critical ship density (where classifications cannot physically reach 100%), these variations offer no real advantage and in some cases are counter-productive, so the baseline pattern is more appropriate in these circumstances.

Both Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and Border Protection Command (BPC) aircraft fly maritime surveillance missions for the Australian Government on a regular basis. These missions involve searching particular areas of interest (AIs) for illegal fishing or people smuggling activities. In this work a square AI is considered, with an aircraft tasked to search for ships using its sensors (e.g., radar, electrooptical). Waypoints (points that must be visited) are included in the AI to ensure that the entire AI is covered. The aim for a particular search is to detect and classify as many ships as possible, while doing so in the shortest time. Depending on the ship density, the aircraft may not have time to search the entire AI. In this paper an augmentation of the traditional Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is considered, where the ships (cities) move with random velocities (dynamic TSP), have different start and end points (open TSP) and there is incomplete a priori knowledge of the problem space (on-line TSP), making this problem much more challenging. Earlier work (Marlow et al, 2007) considered a "baseline" case of an S-shaped search pattern and a default heading (the route flown when there are no ships currently detected) direct to the next waypoint. This paper considers three extensions with an aim to increase the level of ship classifications: these are 1) alternative initial flight paths, 2) alternative default headings and 3) including "ghost ships" in the search. The principle behind the S-shaped pattern is that the aircraft will cover the entire AI with its sensors, giving aircrew the best chance of detecting all ships in the AI. This paper considers alternative spiral waypoint patterns, both an "inspiral" (from one corner of the AI, spiraling towards the centre) and an "outspiral" (the reverse). These approaches are theoretically more likely to detect ships that enter the AI during the mission. The direct-to-waypoint default heading will minimise the travel time, but it also may potentially result in the aircraft not covering the entire AI with its sensors, particularly if it has already been diverted significantly from the "wayline" (the direct line between waypoints). In this work, a perpendicular return to the wayline is considered, which increases the distance travelled but is also likely to increase the probability of detecting more ships. A third option is also considered in which the aircraft continually aims for the midpoint on the wayline of the perpendicular intercept point and the waypoint. The object of ghost ships is to direct the aircraft to fly to areas of the AI that it may not otherwise visit. This may particularly be the case in low-density environments where the aircraft has to substantially divert from the wayline to classify ships and, in returning, inadequately cover other areas where ships may be present. Ghost ships remain in the current tour until they are "detected", whereupon they are removed. Results suggest that, at lower densities, the perpendicular default heading and including ghost ships provide an overall improvement in classifications of the order of a few percentage points, which in real terms translates to an extra 1-2 ships on average. Significantly it also translates to an increase in the percentage of cases where 100% classifications are achieved. These improvements generally come at a cost of increased distance travelled by the aircraft and thus greater fuel consumption. In the case of ghost ships, there is an additional cost in computational time due to the requirement to include them in the tour. Beyond the critical ship density (where classifications cannot physically reach 100%), these variations offer no real advantage and in some cases are counter-productive, so the baseline pattern is more appropriate in these circumstances.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama muitinės audito reikšmė, tikslai ir jo vieta audito sistemoje. Muitinės auditas apibūdinamas kaip procesas, kurio metu muitinės pareigūnai atlieka ūkio subjekto veiklos vertinimą, tikrindami muitinės deklaracijose esančios informacijos teisingumą. Pabrėžiami muitinės audito bendri bruožai ir esminiai skirtumai, palyginti su finansinių ataskaitų, valdymo, veiklos ir kitomis audito rūšimis. Tiriamos muitinės audito sritys: importo, eksporto, tranzito ir kitos muitinės procedūros. Akcentuojamas audito proceso nuoseklumas; nagrinėjami pagrindiniai muitinės audito etapai: 1) planavimo ir atrankos,2) pasirengimo, 3) vykdymo, 4) rezultatų įforminimo, 5) peržiūros. Nagrinėjant muitinės audito tobulinimo galimybes ypač pabrėžiamas strateginio audito taikymas vertinant verslo įmonių rizikas.Reikšminiai žodžiai: muitinė, muitinės auditas, audito sritys, audito atlikimo etapai, tobulinimo galimybės.Organization of Customs Audit and Possibilities of DevelopmentDanutė Adomavičiūtė, Jonas Mackevičius Summary The main strategic objective of Lithuanian customs is the defence of the market and society in the field of the foreign trade while implementing the policy of the European Community's taxes and trade. To achieve this objective, one of the main challenges is to imple­ment measures related to the safety and security of the international trade supply and to prevent terrorism, smuggling, organised crime and other criminalities. The focus is placed on the application of the audit-based control measures in order to overcome the lo­gistical barriers that inevitably arise in the process of international trade. The customs audit is of a great importance in the process of the customs inspection. The control based on the methods of the customs audit assures better op­portunities of anti-breaches. Moreover, a faster flow of goods traffic at the external border of the European Union is assured while carrying out most inspections at the companies' residences. Therefore, it is important to improve the customs audit, combining this process with the changing business environment. This also has to do with the ongoing market processes. Recently, the customs of the EUcountries have begun appreciating the activities of the business enterprises, seeking to gain the status of the authorised economic operator (AEO). The customs audit is a highly effective tool ensuring the business enterprise activities' assessment in the financial, legal and security aspects. The main objectives of the customs audit are the following: 1) to check the data accuracy and compre­hensiveness indicated in the customs declarations, 2) to define the breaches on the basis of which duties and other taxes are being counted, and errors of the data in the documents provided by the importers and exporters as well as other persons accepting the cus­toms obligations, 3) to evaluate the entities' activities and compliance with the requirements. A comparison of all types of the audit shows that the customs audit has many features in common with the other types of the audit. There is a special correla­tion between the customs audit and financial, opera­tional and management audit. The customs audit, hav­ing common features with other types of the audit, has also some differences. Its different goal has its own special features. Customs procedures, goods' customs value, goods' classification, origin and other things can become the inspected areas of business enterpris­es' activities and the items to be assessed. Customs' conducted process of the business enterprise activities assessment has a number of procedural aspects aris­ing from the activity's particularity. The assessment of business enterprises' activities in Lithuanian customs is carried out taking into consideration the issuing/non-issuing of the AEO status when the customs au­dit assesses the activities of the economic operator and its compliance with the established criteria.

АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ: Беларусь ратифицировала Рамочную конвенцию ВОЗ по борьбе против табака (РКБТ) в 2005 году и во исполнение ее одобрила ряд правительственных документов, нацеленных на снижение распространенности потребления табака среди населения. Целью настоящей работы является обзор имеющихся данных для анализа тенденций распространенности курения и рынка табачных изделий в Беларуси и оценки того, как предпринятые с 2005 года меры отразились на потреблении табака среди населения страны. МЕТОДЫ: Для достижения поставленной цели было проведено разведывательное исследование, включающее поиск данных о потреблении табака и рынке табачных изделий в онлайн-ресурсах с оценкой динамики найденных показателей по годам. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: Опросы, проводившиеся Национальным статистическим комитетом и Институтом социологии, обнаруживают существенно различающиеся показатели уровней распространенности курения, особенно среди женщин. Однако обе группы опросов выявили, что распространенность курения среди мужчин и женщин в 1995-2011 годах в Беларуси имела противоположные тенденции: среди женщин росла, а среди мужчин снижалась. Также обе группы опросов показали, что среди взрослого населения в целом уровни нынешнего курения в первой половине 2000-х годов несколько повысились, а во второй половине 2000-х годов начали снижаться, вернувшись к концу десятилетия к уровням, которые были в его начале. При этом продажа сигарет в Беларуси в 2005-2010 годах выросла на 59% и продолжала расти в 2011 году. ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ: Различия результатов опросов о курении, проводимых разными агентствами, обусловлены особенностями выборки и проведения опросов, формулировками вопросов и другими методологическими различиями. Принятые в Беларуси после ратификации РКБТ меры позволили добиться снижения распространенности курения среди населения в целом в 2006-2010 годах примерно на 5%. Для дальнейшего снижения распространенности курения необходимо осуществление всех мер, предусмотренных положениями и руководящими принципами РКБТ. Резкий рост продаж табачных изделий в Беларуси в 2005-2010 годах не может объясняться ростом потребления табачных изделий внутри страны. Вероятной причиной наблюдаемого роста продаж является незаконный вывоз больших объемов произведенных в Беларуси сигарет в другие страны. ; BACKGROUND: In 2005, Belarus ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and then adopted several governmental documents aimed to decrease the population tobacco use. The aim of the paper is to review available data to estimate trends of smoking prevalence and tobacco market in Belarus and to evaluate impact of policies implemented since 2005 on population tobacco use. METHODS: The explorative study was conducted including online search of data on tobacco use and tobacco market and estimation of the revealed indicators dynamics by year. RESULTS: Surveys conducted by the National Statistical Committee and by the Institute of Sociology provide rather different levels of smoking rates, especially in women. However, both groups of surveys indicate that in 1995-2011 smoking prevalence in men and women had the opposite trends: an increase among women and a decrease among men. Both groups of surveys also indicate that for the adult population in general the current smoking rates were increasing in early 2000s and decreasing in late 2000s, having returned by the end of the decade to the rates observed at its beginning. However, the sales of cigarettes increased by 59% in 2005-2010 and continued to grow in 2011. DISCUSSION: The differences of smoking prevalence indicators of various survey agencies are caused by differences in sampling, interviewing procedure, questionnaires and other methodological features. The tobacco control policies introduced since 2005 resulted in a decrease of total population smoking prevalence by about 5% in 2006-2010. For further tobacco use decline, all tobacco control policies should be implemented in line with the FCTC provisions and guidelines. The steep increase of cigarette sales in Belarus in 2005-2010 cannot be explained by tobacco use increase within the country. A probable cause of sales increase is smuggling of large amounts of Belarus-produced cigarettes to other countries.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama muitinės audito reikšmė, tikslai ir jo vieta audito sistemoje. Muitinės auditas apibūdinamas kaip procesas, kurio metu muitinės pareigūnai atlieka ūkio subjekto veiklos vertinimą, tikrindami muitinės deklaracijose esančios informacijos teisingumą. Pabrėžiami muitinės audito bendri bruožai ir esminiai skirtumai, palyginti su finansinių ataskaitų, valdymo, veiklos ir kitomis audito rūšimis. Tiriamos muitinės audito sritys: importo, eksporto, tranzito ir kitos muitinės procedūros. Akcentuojamas audito proceso nuoseklumas; nagrinėjami pagrindiniai muitinės audito etapai: 1) planavimo ir atrankos,2) pasirengimo, 3) vykdymo, 4) rezultatų įforminimo, 5) peržiūros. Nagrinėjant muitinės audito tobulinimo galimybes ypač pabrėžiamas strateginio audito taikymas vertinant verslo įmonių rizikas.Reikšminiai žodžiai: muitinė, muitinės auditas, audito sritys, audito atlikimo etapai, tobulinimo galimybės.Organization of Customs Audit and Possibilities of DevelopmentDanutė Adomavičiūtė, Jonas Mackevičius
Summary
The main strategic objective of Lithuanian customs is the defence of the market and society in the field of the foreign trade while implementing the policy of the European Community's taxes and trade. To achieve this objective, one of the main challenges is to imple­ment measures related to the safety and security of the international trade supply and to prevent terrorism, smuggling, organised crime and other criminalities. The focus is placed on the application of the audit-based control measures in order to overcome the lo­gistical barriers that inevitably arise in the process of international trade. The customs audit is of a great importance in the process of the customs inspection. The control based on the methods of the customs audit assures better op­portunities of anti-breaches. Moreover, a faster flow of goods traffic at the external border of the European Union is assured while carrying out most inspections at the companies' residences. Therefore, it is important to improve the customs audit, combining this process with the changing business environment. This also has to do with the ongoing market processes. Recently, the customs of the EUcountries have begun appreciating the activities of the business enterprises, seeking to gain the status of the authorised economic operator (AEO). The customs audit is a highly effective tool ensuring the business enterprise activities' assessment in the financial, legal and security aspects. The main objectives of the customs audit are the following: 1) to check the data accuracy and compre­hensiveness indicated in the customs declarations, 2) to define the breaches on the basis of which duties and other taxes are being counted, and errors of the data in the documents provided by the importers and exporters as well as other persons accepting the cus­toms obligations, 3) to evaluate the entities' activities and compliance with the requirements. A comparison of all types of the audit shows that the customs audit has many features in common with the other types of the audit. There is a special correla­tion between the customs audit and financial, opera­tional and management audit. The customs audit, hav­ing common features with other types of the audit, has also some differences. Its different goal has its own special features. Customs procedures, goods' customs value, goods' classification, origin and other things can become the inspected areas of business enterpris­es' activities and the items to be assessed. Customs' conducted process of the business enterprise activities assessment has a number of procedural aspects aris­ing from the activity's particularity. The assessment of business enterprises' activities in Lithuanian customs is carried out taking into consideration the issuing/non-issuing of the AEO status when the customs au­dit assesses the activities of the economic operator and its compliance with the established criteria.

Create Dangerously: The Immigrant Artist at Work, by Edwidge Danticat (reviewed by Colin Dayan) Gordon K. Lewis on Race, Class and Ideology in the Caribbean, edited by Anthony P. Maingot (reviewed by Bridget Brereton) Freedom and Constraint in Caribbean Migration and Diaspora, edited by Elizabeth Thomas-Hope (reviewed by Mary Chamberlain) Black Europe and the African Diaspora, edited by Darlene Clark Hine, Trica Danielle Keaton & Stephen Small (reviewed by Gert Oostindie) Caribbean Middlebrow: Leisure Culture and the Middle Class, by Belinda E dmondson (reviewed by Karla Slocum) Global Change and Caribbean Vulnerability: Environment, Economy and Society at Risk, edited by Duncan McGregor, David Dodman & David Barker (reviewed by Bonham C. Richardson) Encountering Revolution: Haiti and the Making of the Early Republic, by Ashli White (reviewed by Matt Clavin) Red and Black in Haiti: Radicalism, Conflict, and Political Change, 1934-1957, by Matthew J. Smith (reviewed by Robert Fatton Jr.) Cuba in the American Imagination: Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos, by Louis A. Pérez Jr. (reviewed by Camillia Cowling) Seeds of Insurrection: Domination and Resistance on Western Cuban Plantations, 1808-1848, by Manuel Barcia (reviewed by Matt D. Childs) Epidemic Invasions: Yellow Fever and the Limits of Cuban Independence, 1878-1930, by Mariola Espinosa (reviewed by Cruz Maria Nazario) The Cuban Connection: Drug Trafficking, Smuggling, and Gambling in Cuba from the 1920s to the Revolution, by Eduardo Sáenz Rovner (reviewed by IvelawLloyd Griffith) Before Fidel: The Cuba I Remember, by Francisco José Moreno, and The Boys from Dolores: Fidel Castro's Schoolmates from Revolution to Exile, by Patrick Symmes (reviewed by Pedro Pérez Sarduy) Lam, by Jacques Leenhardt & Jean-Louis Paudrat (reviewed by Sally Price) Healing Dramas: Divination and Magic in Modern Puerto Rico, by Raquel Romberg (reviewed by Grant Jewell Rich) Puerto Rican Citizen: History and Political Identity in Twentieth-Century New York City, by Lorrin Thomas (reviewed by Jorge Duany) Livestock, Sugar and Slavery: Contested Terrain in Colonial Jamaica, by Verene A. Shepherd (reviewed by Justin Roberts) Daddy Sharpe: A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Samuel Sharpe, a West Indian Slave Written by Himself, 1832, by Fred W. Kennedy (reviewed by Gad Heuman) Becoming Rasta: Origins of Rastafari Identity in Jamaica, by Charles Price (reviewed by Jahlani A. Niaah) Reggaeton, edited by Raquel Z. Rivera, Wayne Marshall & Deborah Pacini Hernandez (reviewed by Alexandrine Boudreault-Fournier) Carriacou String Band Serenade: Performing Identity in the Eastern Caribbean, by Rebecca S. Miller (reviewed by Nanette de Jong) Caribbean Visionary: A.R.F. Webber and the Making of the Guyanese Nation, by Selwyn R. Cudjoe (reviewed by Clem Seecharan) Guyana Diaries: Women's Lives Across Difference, by Kimberely D. Nettles (reviewed by D. Alissa Trotz) Writers of the Caribbean Diaspora: Shifting Homelands, Travelling Identities, edited by Jasbir Jain & Supriya Agarwal (reviewed by Joy Mahabir) Queen of the Virgins: Pageantry and Black Womanhood in the Caribbean, by M. Cynthia Oliver (reviewed by Tami Navarro) Notions of Identity, Diaspora, and Gender in Caribbean Women's Writing, by Brinda Mehta (reviewed by Marie-Hélène Laforest) Authority and Authorship in V.S. Naipaul, by Imraan Coovadia (reviewed by A shley Tellis) Typo/Topo/Poéthique sur Frankétienne, by Jean Jonassaint (reviewed by Martin Munro) Creoles in Education: An Appraisal of Current Programs and Projects, edited by Bettina Migge, Isabelle Léglise & Angela Bartens (reviewed by Jeff Siegel) Material Culture in Anglo-America: Regional Identity and Urbanity in the Tidewater, Lowcountry, and Caribbean, edited by David S. Shields (reviewed by Susan Kern) Tibes: People, Power, and Ritual at the Center of the Cosmos, edited by L. Antonio Curet & Lisa M. Stringer (reviewed by Frederick H. Smith)

En Brasil, cerca de 500 mil vehículos son robados todos los años, siendo un 45% en São Paulo. En el caso de los autos, los destinos son conocidos - deshuesaderos, negocios de autopartes, fronteras, subastas, reventa, usos en otras acciones delictivas. Este artículo traza la trayectoria de un Ford Ka 2018 robado y desarmado en São Paulo y debate la regulación de las economías ilegales. Aprenderemos que efectos el dinero de las economías ilegales tiene en las legales, pero también en la dinámica de reproducción política de las desigualdades y de la violencia urbana en São Paulo. El artículo está basado en una etnografía multi-situada, colectiva, desarrollada en Brasil entre 2015-2020.

The unfolding of apartheid in South Texas : domination, resistance, and migration -- Clandestine crossing at the beginning of the twenty-first century : the long march through the brush country -- Coyotaje as a cultural practice applied to migration -- Coyotaje and migration in the contemporary period -- Trust, distrust, and power : the social embeddedness of coyote-assisted border-crossings -- Passing judgment : coyotes in the discourse of clandestine border-crossing

p. 1011-1031: "An act for the King's most gracious, general, and free pardon." ; p. 1003-1006: "An act to enlarge the time limited by an act of the last session of Parliament, for restraining the use of the Highland dress; and to enable heirs of tailzie, guardians, tutors, curators, and trustees in Scotland, to sell lands to the crown." ; p. 991-999: "An act for taking away the tenure of ward holding in Scotland, and for converting the same into blanch and feu holdings; and for regulating the casualty of non-entry in certain cases; and for taking away the casualties of single and life-rent escheats, incurred there by horning and denunciation for civil causes; and for giving to heirs and successors there a summary process against superiors; and for discharging the attendance of vassals at head courts there; and for ascertaining the services of tenants there; and for allowing heirs of tailzie there to sell lands to the crown for erecting buildings, and making settlements in the Highlands." ; p. 983-986: "An act for declaring valid such acts as have been done by Thomas Paulin, as one of the principal land coal-meters of the city and liberty of Westminster, between the twenty ninth day of September last and the eighth day of November following." ; p. 975-978: "An act to indemnify persons who have omitted to qualify themselves for offices and promotions within the time limited by law; and for allowing further time for that purpose." ; p. 967-972: "An act to continue several laws for prohibiting the importation of books reprinted abroad, and first composed or written and printed in Great Britain; for preventing exactions of the occupiers of locks and wears upon the river Thames westward, and for ascertaining the rates of water carriage upon the said river; and for better securing the lawful trade of His Majesty's subjects to and from the East Indies; and for the more effectual preventing all His Majesty's subjects trading thither under foreign commissions; and relating to rice, to frauds in the customs, to the clandestine running of goods, and to copper ore of the British plantations; and for the free importation of cochineal and indico; and for punishment of persons destroying turnpikes, or locks, or other works erected by authority of Parliament." ; p. 959-962: "An act to prevent the return of such rebels and traitors concerned in the late rebellion, as have been, or shall be pardoned on condition of transportation; and also to hinder their going into the enemies country." ; p. 943-954: "An act to continue several laws relating to the manufactures of sail-cloth and silk; to give further time for the payment of duties omitted to be paid for the indentures or contracts of clerks and apprentices, and for better securing the payment of the said duties; and declaring that prize ships lawfully condemned shall be deemed British built ships; and for allowing prize goods to be landed and secured in proper ware-houses, without payment of any duty, until it can be determined whether they are fit for exportation or home consumption." ; p. 935-939: "An act to extend the provisions of an act made in the thirteenth year of His present Majesty's reign, intituled, An act for naturalizing foreign protestants, and others therein mentioned, as are settled, or shall settle in any of His Majesty's colonies in America, to other foreign protestants who conscientiously scruple the taking of an oath." ; p. 911-931: "An act for taking away and abolishing the heretable jurisdictions in that part of Great Britain called Scotland; and for making satisfaction to the proprietors thereof; and for restoring such jurisdictions to the crown; and for making more effectual provision for the administration of justice throughout that part of the United Kingdom, by the King's courts and judges there; and for obliging all persons acting as procurators, writers, or agents in the law in Scotland to take the oaths; and for rendering the union of the two kingdoms more complete." ; p. 903-906: "An act to enforce the execution of an act of this session of Parliament, for granting to His Majesty several rates and duties upon houses, windows, or lights." ; p. 879-900: "An act for vesting in His Majesty the estates of certain traitors, and for more effectually discovering the same, and applying the produce thereof to the use of His Majesty, and for ascertaining and satisfying the lawful debts and claims thereupon." ; p. 871-875: "An act to revive, continue, and amend an act made in the ninth year of the reign of His late Majesty King George the First, intituled, An act for clearing, depthening, repairing, extending, maintaining, and improving the haven and piers of Great Yarmouth; and for depthening and making more navigable the several rivers emptying themselves at the said town; and also for preserving ships, wintering in the said haven, from accidents by fire." ; p. 863-867: "An act for granting a duty to His Majesty, to be paid by distillers, upon licences taken out by them for retailing spirituous liquors." ; p. 835-859: "An act for the relief and support of maimed and disabled seamen, and the widows and children of such as shall be killed, slain, or drowned in the merchants service." ; p. 831-832: "An act for the ease of sheriffs with regard to the return of process." ; p. 807-826: "An act for granting to His Majesty a certain sum of money out of the sinking fund, for the service of the year One Thousand seven hundred and forty seven; and also for enabling His Majesty to raise a further sum of money for the uses and purposes therein mentioned; and for the further appropriating the supplies granted in this session of Parliament; and for applying a certain sum of money, for defraying the charge of the allowances to several officers and private gentlemen of the two troops of horse guards, and three regiments of horse, lately reduced, for the year One thousand seven hundred and forty seven; and for continuing the bounties on the exportation of British and Irish coarse linens." ; p. 799-802: "An act to indemnify persons who have omitted to register their letters of attorney, appointing them agents for prizes, within the time limited by law; and for allowing further time for that purpose." ; p. 791-794: "An act to enable His Majesty to allow to the residuary legatees of Sir Joseph Jekyll, knight, late master of the rolls, deceased, part of the legacy given by his will to the use of the sinking fund." ; p. 775-788: "An act to enable the parishoners of the parish of Saint Andrew Holborn, in the city of London and county of Middlesex, to purchase a convenient piece of ground, for an additional burying-ground, for the use of the said parish; and to enable the said parishioners to raise such sum and sums of money, as shall be necessary for that purpose." ; p. 763-770: "An act for uniting the two colleges of Saint Salvator and Saint Leonard, in the University of Saint Andrews, pursuant to an agreement for that purpose." ; p. 731-759: "An act for continuing the term, and enlarging the powers granted by an act passed in the twelfth year of His late Majesty's reign, intituled, An act for repairing and widening the roads from the city of Gloucester to the city of Hereford; and for repairing other roads in the county of Gloucester." ; p. 727-728: "An act for allowing persons impeached of high treason, whereby any corruption of blood may be made, or for misprision of such treason, to make their full defence by council." ; p. 711-722: "An act to confirm an agreement made by the rector and vestrymen of the parish of Saint James, within the liberty of Westminster, for enlarging the churchyard of the said parish; and for other purposes therin mentioned." ; p. 671-706: "An act for repairing the road leading from Catherick Bridge, in the county of York, to Yarm in the said county; and from thence to Stockton in the county of Durham; and from thence through Sedgefield, in the said county of Durham, to the city of Durham." ; p. 659-667: "An act for founding and building a chapel in Wednesfield, in the parish of Wolverhampton, in the county of Stafford." ; p. 651-654: "An act for reviving and continuing an act passed in the sixth year of the reign of His late Majesty King George the First, intituled, An act for laying a duty of two penny Scots, or one sixth part of a penny sterling, upon every Scots pint of beer or ale vended or sold within the town of Bruntisland, and liberties therof, for increasing the publick revenue of the said town, and for other purposes therein mentioned." ; p. 611-647: "An act for repairing the high road leading from the town of Stockton upon Tees, to Darlington, and from thence through Winston to Barnard Castle, in the same county." ; p. 591-607: "An act for the better securing the payment of shares of prizes taken from the enemy, to the Royal hospital at Greenwich; and for preventing the embezzlement of goods and stores belonging to the said hospital." ; p. 559-588: "An act for repairing the road leading from Cirencester, in the county of Gloucester, to Birdlip's Hill, in the said county." ; p. 539-554: "An act for building a bridge cross the river Thames, from the parish of Walton upon Thames in the county of Surry, to Shepperton in the county of Middlesex." ; p. 531-534: "An act for holding the summer assizes, and sessions of the peace, for the county of Norfolk, in the city and county of Norwich, until a new shire house can be built for the said county of Norfolk; and for building a new shire house on the Castle Hill in the same county; and for raising money on the said county for that purpose." ; p. 519-527: "An act for relief of such of His Majesty's loyal subjects, in that part of Great Britain called Scotland, whose title deeds, and writings were destroyed or carried off by the rebels, in the late rebellion." ; p. 511-514: "An act for the better adjusting and more easy recovery of the wages of certain servants; and for the better regulation of such servants, and of certain apprentices." ; p. 479-506: "An act for the better preservation and improvement of the river Wear, and port and haven of Sunderland, in the county of Durham." ; p. 471-475: "An act for enlarging the term and powers granted by two acts of Parliament, for laying a duty of two penny Scots upon every pint of ale and beer brewed and vended within the town of Dundee, and the liberties and suburbs thereof, for the purposes in the said acts and this present act mentioned." ; p. 459-466: "An act for enlarging the term and powers granted by several acts of Parliament passed for repairing the highways between Wymondham and Attleborough, and from Wymondham to Hetherset, and from the mouth of Wigmore Lane, to Hall Walk Gate in Attleborough, in the county of Norfolk; and for amending the other roads adjoining to the highways directed to be repaired by the said former acts, and making the said acts more effectual." ; p. 439-454: "An act for repairing, improving, and maintaining the publick conduits, and other waterworks, belonging to the town of Southampton ; p. 431-436: "An act for opening, cleansing, repairing, and improving the haven of Southwould in the county of Suffolk." ; p. 395-426: "An act for repairing the road from Sunderland near the Sea, to the city of Durham, in the county of Durham." ; p. 355-390: "An act for repairing the high road leading from the city of Durham, in the county of Durham, to Tyne Bridge in the said county." ; p. 315-350: "An act for punishing mutiny and desertion; and for the better payment of the army and their quarters." ; p. 283-312: "An act for granting to His Majesty several rates and duties upon coaches, and other carriages therein mentioned; and for raising the sum of one million, by way of lottery, to be charged upon the said rates and duties." ; p. 251-280: "An act for repairing the high road leading from the north end of the Cow Cawsey, near the town of Newcastle upon Tyne, to the town of Belford, and from thence to Buckton Burn, in the county of Northumberland." ; p. 227-246: "An act for enlarging the term and powers granted by an act passed in the thirteenth year of the reign of His late Majesty King George the First, for repairing, widening and amending the road leading from Warrington to Wigan in the county of Lancaster; and also for amending and repairing the road leading from a place called Earl's Kill, in Warrington aforesaid, to the toll-bars in Wallgate, in Wigan aforesaid." ; p. 195-222: "An act for enlarging the term and powers granted by an act passed in the twelfth year of the reign of His late Majesty King George the First, intituled, An act for repairing the roads leading from the western part of the parish of Shenfield, to Harwich in the county of Essex, and the road leading from Chelmsford in the said county, to Sudbury in the county of Suffolk, and from Margretting to Malden in the county of Essex, and from Colchester to Langham in the same county; and for repairing other roads adjoining to the same roads." ; p. 179-191: "An act to continue and make more effectual two acts of Parliament; one passed in the twelfth year of the reign of Her late Majesty Queen Anne, and the other in the first year of the reign of His present Majesty, for repairing the highways between the Bear Inn in Reading and Puntfield in the county of Berks; and for amending other roads in the last act mentioned." ; p. 155-175: "An act for continuing the duties upon malt, mum, cyder, and perry, in that part of Great Britain called England; and for granting to His Majesty certain duties upon malt, mum, cyder, and perry, in that part of Great Britain called Scotland; and for applying a certain sum of money therein mentioned, towards the supply for the service of the year One thousand seven hundred and forty seven." ; p. 147-150: "An act to continue, explain, and amend an act made in the last session of Parliament, intituled, An act to enable His Majesty to make rules, orders and regulations, more effectually to prevent the spreading of the distemper which now rages amongst the horned cattle in this kingdom." ; p. 107-143: "An act for repealing the several rates and duties upon houses, windows, and lights; and for granting to His Majesty other rates and duties upon houses, windows, or lights; and for raising the sum of four millions four hundred thousand pounds by annuities, to be charged on the said rates, or duties." ; p. 7-102: "An act for granting an aid to His Majesty by a land tax, to be raised in Great Britain, for the service of the year One thousand seven hundred and forty seven." ; p. 3-4: "An act for the further continuing an act made in the last session of Parliament, intituled, An act to impower His Majesty to secure and detain such persons as His Majesty shall suspect are conspiring against his person and government." ; The paging and caption title of each act follow ; Contains 52 acts, each with a duplicate of the t.-p. quoted. Nos. 15-52 printed 1747 ; Initials ; Blank leaves included in paging ; Mode of access: Internet.

Movement has been part of human history; it is and has been integrated inside every human, becoming active as a result of various factors which at a moment are more or less dominant in one's life. It is like a code written down in everyone's DNA, making humans unable or better said "hungry" to be free and always look for better. Starting in March 2010, the Arab Spring opened a door for the biggest migration flow in modern history. Such as conflicts were crossing borders from one state to another in the fight for democracy and freedom from regimes, as domino effect migration did the same. Numbers increased every day and during 2015, in time of Syrian crisis, we were witnessing a mayor migration flow to Europe since the European colonization and the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Mentioning the theory of push and pull factors as a starting point, although it has been used to explain the everyday movement of people, victims of human trafficking, towards rich countries which at the end become their countries of destination in the labyrinth of exploitation, lured by stories of well-paid jobs and good life, it can also be discussed in the context of migration movements during the 2015 and the beginning of 2016. Pushed by terror and war and pulled by the possibilities for a better life, a chance to stay alive, hundreds of thousands of people have fled their countries of origin and moving through the Balkan migration route are already inside or in front of the European Union's doors. Moving through Turkey, Greece, Macedonia, Serbia to Croatia, Slovenia, Austria or Germany; or to Hungary, Austria, Germany or Sweden (or other EU member country), some of them managed to get at the end of their destination, some of them were smuggled, some trafficked, unfortunately some ended their journeys among the waves of the Mediterranean Sea or some stayed into metal fences "hugs". During this global movement with so wide framework, several categories of people were put in the same basket, not even making an effort to draw a line between migrants and refugees. And it was the first important step for additional solutions. Instead of being practical, EU became an ignorant and selfish entity, lost in its quarrels between member states. Some started opening their borders wide, not thinking of tomorrow and others started building fences, locking up people and feeding them in a way even animals should not be fed. Was this the Union which arose from the ashes of the bloodiest war in human history? Or every atom of humanity was lost in the games of political intrigues and different interests? The protection of refugees has many aspects. It includes safety from being returned to the dangers they have fled; access to asylum procedures that are fair and efficient; and measures to ensure that their basic human rights are respected to allow them to live in dignity and safety while helping them to find a longer-term solution. States bear the primary responsibility for this protection. UNHCR therefore works closely with governments, advising and supporting them as needed to implement their responsibilities. (UNHCR, 2016) Migrants choose to move not because of a direct threat of persecution or death, but mainly to improve their lives by finding work, or in some cases for education, family reunion, or other reasons. Unlike refugees who cannot safely return home, migrants face no such impediment to return. If they choose to return home, they will continue to receive the protection of their government. For individual governments, this distinction is important. Countries deal with migrants under their own immigration laws and processes, but countries deal with refugees through norms of refugee protection and asylum that are defined in both national legislation and international law. (UNHCR, 2016) Starting with Lombroso's homo criminalis where immigrants were part of the analyzed possible criminals, through the Chicago School, whose conclusions were that foreigners have powerful criminal tendencies, immigration has always been connected to crime, trying to divide societies into "us' and "them", leave newcomers at the margins, exclude them and if possible, try to push them away. And today, the word immigrant, although being a bit wide (all foreigners with no importance of their ethnic, social, economic or professional background), always is narrowed into a direction in which it points out to those non - citizens who are not white, are poor, have no working skills, are coming from non - developed or developing countries, they will just steal our jobs or will be begging on the streets, and in worst cases will bring diseases etc. It is a picture of threatening asylum seekers, Muslim terrorists, Balkan "barbarians", criminal immigrants who will only destroy what we have worked for centuries. (Stanojoska, 2016) It is a modern fear wrapped in classical paper, that fear from strangers explained through sociological perspectives or as Garland (2001) says that all those others are endangering what we have and that our society should protect itself from their "vicious" attacks, rather than to think what to do afterwards in the need to rehabilitate everything they'll destroy. It starts with Durkheim's theory of anomie and his opinion of strengthening bonds and solidarity among individuals in the society and ends with Merton's strain theory. Namely, in his works, Emilie Durkheim speaks about punishment seen as an element or mechanism which helps into building and maintaining social solidarity and structure, so using it the community will try to push aside and suffocate all those foreign elements trying to threat local ones. Using such measures excludes immigrants who cannot "put their hands" onto cultural goals with their "instrumentum operandi", so being at the edge of survivor, their changing their "modus operandi" using different, in most cases unaccepted cultural means. (Stanojoska, 2016) Robin Cohen (1994:189) called this groups "third world immigrant" or "helots"; that is those immigrants who, in addition to being deprived of many rights enjoyed by citizens - principally, the right to vote and be elected - are in much worse situation than other foreigners in a given receiving country because they belong to an ethnic minority, are unskilled, and are poor. The difference between foreigners coming from poor and rich countries is also manifested in the enforcement of controls over borders: states do not distribute burden evenly. Foreigners coming from different parts of the globe are treated differently concerning formal and informal practices - visa requirements, restrictions on the right to entry and stay, enjoyment of civil rights, and judicial and extrajudicial treatment. (Aliverti, 2013) And at the end there is always a difference between "crimmigrants" or those seen as a danger, undocumented, maybe terrorists, people with criminal background) and "travelers (bona fide) or people who are privileged and can move without problems. (Franko Aas, 2011) The word "crimmigrant" is coinage and as a term originates from the words criminal and immigrant, and is used in purpose to describe the perception of immigrants and today, refugees coming from Arab countries, as potential criminals. (Stanojoska, 2016) The migration route is a path which moves on the same steps as the one of organized crime. A migration flow is like an open market for smugglers who can sell their products (in this case the possibility to get out of conflict zones and then get in the EU). Smuggling of migrants, but also trafficking in human beings is out there, on those paths, living among people's destinies, becoming their everyday life. As European Union member countries acted on the rivers of people, their path changed into the quest of salvation. In 2012, Greece finished its fence on the border land with Turkey, migrants and refugees started moving using Bulgaria (from Turkey). When, in 2014, Bulgaria finished its fence on the border with Turkey, people started using the Eastern Mediterranean Route to get to European land (from Izmir and Bodrum to Kos and Lesbos) and afterwards the Western Balkan Route to EU. After this path became alive, some member countries started building fences on their borders. At first Hungary built fence on its border with Serbia which moved migrants and refugees to Croatia (and then Hungary). Making such step was an alarm for Hungarian authorities who continued building fences, this time on the border with Croatia, which influenced another change of paths towards Slovenia. During the period of free movement towards EU countries, mostly Germany and Sweden, there were times of barriers on the borders between Croatia and Slovenia, which eventually culminated with barriers between Austria and Slovenia. Closing of the Western Balkan Route, without having another effective solution just opened another routes for such organized crime groups, which continued to use another path towards EU. Possible alternative routes are those from Greece towards Italy after crossing the Mediterranean Sea, or from Greece to Albania crossing the Adriatic Sea, or from Egypt towards Lampedusa in Italy or even from Turkey crossing the Black Sea towards Bulgaria or Romania. In other words, it would be something as the British ex-prime minister Mrs.Thatcher once bluntly put it, "we joined Europe to have free movement of goods…I did not join Europe to have free movement of terrorists, criminals, drugs, plant and animal diseases and rabies and illegal immigrants". (Eriksen, 2007) Criminal networks are typically composed of several key individuals. The organizer or leader of the network is usually located in a key migration hub and is responsible for the overall coordination within the network. Members of migrant smuggling networks typically work autonomously with a number of lower-level contacts who are part of their personal network. Low-level contacts are used as drivers, crew members, scouts, or recruiting agents. These contacts typically operate as part of a network only for a limited time and are exchanged regularly. Migrant smuggling networks are flexible and adapt to changing business demands by relying on auxiliary members as necessary. These auxiliary members act as money handlers, guarantors or forgers. These individuals provide services to the network, but do not form part of networks' core memberships. (Europol, 2015) March the 18th will be known as one of the days when EU once again has shown its two faced game in this migration flow to its territories. Although Germany was the loudest promoter of giving shelter to refugees inside EU, at the end this whole charade of one for all, 28 for themselves, ended with an EU - Turkey Agreement, which should end migratory movements to EU. The two most important points accented with this Agreement should help the Union to stop movement towards its territories. Namely, every irregular migrant crossing from Turkey to Greece or found on Greek territory will be returned back to Turkey and for every returned migrant with Syrian origin, EU will accept another Syrian who is in Turkey. Seen through prism of humanity, we do not get a solution, because the Agreement will just worsen things up, which is already happening with people living in tents in subhuman conditions on the Greek - Macedonian border and of course, with an increased number of asylum applications in Greece which stops the returning of irregular migrants. Is this the Europe we all dreamed off? Or is it just a dream, as it is for refugees and immigrants? Also, being in the prism of interest, but also happening, terrorism is a phenomenon directly connected to ISIS and Islamic State in Syria and Iraq. Penetrating in Turkey, through the shape of the Kurdish Workers' Party, terrorism has never been more alive and breathing at the doorstep of the European Union. Fear is associated with opinions declaring that using refugees many ISIS members will enter the Union, many sleeper cells among Europe will be awaken and will commit terrorist attacks in European metropolitan areas as revenge and part of the Holy War against infidels. Paris and Brussels will always be engraved in our memories as examples of how long can ISIS's hands be, and which consequences the so called "zombie" politics can suffer common European citizens.

In 2023, 85% of all land border encounters with individuals on the terrorist watchlist occurred on our northern border. In my recent Stubborn Thing, "Migration: This Time It's Different," I pointed out that, for the first time ever, most of the irregular encounters (the movement of people seeking to evade legal regulations and frameworks) along our southern border involved migrants originating from beyond Mexico and the Northern Triangle countries of Central America. There's another trend that's fallen off policymakers' radar: the growing numbers of irregular encounters—including with individuals on our terrorist watch list—along our northern border. Stretching 5,525 miles, the US-Canada border is the longest land border in the world—more than twice as long as our border with Mexico. US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) reported that Fiscal Year 2023 (FY23) saw 189,000 northern land border encounters, a 73% increase from 2022 and a 597% increase from 2021. In fact, there were more northern border land encounters in FY23 than in all of 2020, 2021, and 2022 combined. In other words, while authorities have been grappling with sharp increases in migration across our southern border, crossings into the US from Canada have also been rising. One modest factor in this increase may be that, until very recently, Canada didn't require a visa for Mexicans entering the country and took few steps to ensure visitors left Canada after their authorized stay. Anecdotal evidence suggests human smugglers may be helping migrants purchase one-way plane tickets from Mexico to Toronto or Montreal (roughly $350) so migrants can claim asylum in Canada or cross into the United States. Social media services such as TikTok and WhatsApp are even promoting northern border crossing services and pricing plans. After much prodding from US counterparts, Canadian officials announced last month that they would reimpose visa rules for visitors from Mexico. While the northern border crossing is seen as a "safer, easier path" to the United States, it is not without its dangers. Freezing temperatures, large rivers and lakes, and unscrupulous smugglers have contributed to disappearances and dead bodies. In March 2023, two families were found dead in the St. Lawrence River after trying to illegally enter the US. At least a dozen migrants were discovered frozen in rivers or in the forest over the past two years during similar attempts. There's also evidence that some of these encounters are about more than economic desperation. Recent data suggests that terrorists may be exploiting the weakness in enforcement at the northern border. According to the CBP's Terrorist Screening Dataset (TSDS), better known as the "terrorist watchlist," almost 86% of encounters with terrorists occurred at the northern border in FY23. Now almost halfway through FY24, that statistic has risen to 93%. A significant number of drug and weapons seizures are also taking place. In FY23, CBP seized 55,000 pounds of drugs at the northern border, including 26,900 pounds of cocaine, almost 27 times that of 2022. Weapons and ammunition seizure events at the northern border totaled 460, a 20% increase from 2022. In short, there's simply no doubt that the US is facing a range of challenges in its efforts to strengthen its borders against irregular migration, smuggling, organized crime, and other national security challenges. These challenges are different in scale and scope than we faced twenty and thirty years ago. Focusing only on the conditions in Mexico and the Northern Triangle means that we're missing what drives people to come here from China, India, the Middle East, South America, and Africa. Focusing only on border crossings from Mexico also means that we're ignoring the growing threats entering the US from the world's largest land border. Around the world, more people are displaced than ever before. From war to tyranny to economic desperation, the drivers of these trends are wide ranging. There isn't one single solution, nor is there a single effective humanitarian response. But what is abundantly clear is that we can't close our eyes or wish these problems away. This blog was researched and drafted with the assistance of Christopher Cao.

The article examined issues of corruption counteraction among Customs offi cers. Analyzed international sources and domestic regulatory-legal support of anti-corruption policy of customs administrations. The main purpose of the article is to analyze the international standards of anticorruption programmes of customs administrations and the practice of their implementation in the activities of customs offi ces in foreign countries. The purpose of the study is achieved through a combination of diff erent methods of research: analysis, synthesis, comparison, systematization and generalization. The author emphasizes the fact that in connection with the election of Ukraine the course on European integration, our country has assumed quite objective obligations in this area. In particular, in the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU, the main principles for strengthening relations between the sides, along with the rule of law and good governance, include the fi ght against corruption. Thus, corruption, both in the private sector and in the public sector, is considered among the problems encountered by the cooperation, along with the illegal movement of illegal migrants through the border, traffi cking in human beings and fi rearms, illicit drug traffi cking and smuggling. It is noted that the phenomenon of corruption and the problems of coping with it are transnational, and this requires the uniting of eff orts of not only numerous national specialized organizations, but also of global international institutions, which carry out the corresponding work in this sphere. Although the fi ght against corruption in each country is carried out through national mechanisms of criminal law enforcement, international institutions formulate common standards for counteracting this phenomenon, provide recommendations of a legal, economic, organizational nature and facilitate the implementation of international cooperation in this area. ; В статье исследованы актуальне вопросы противодействия проявлениям коррупции в среде таможенных служащих. Проанализированы международные источники и отечественное нормативно-правовое обеспечение антикоррупционной политики таможенных администраций. Автором акцентировано внимание на том, что в связи с избранием Украиной курса на евроинтеграцию наша страна приняла на себя определенные обязательства в этой сфере. В частности, в Соглашении об ассоциации между Украиной и ЕС к главным принципам для усиления отношений между Сторонам наравне с верховенством права и надлежащим управлением отнесена борьба с коррупцией. Следовательно, среди проблем, в решении которых происходит сотрудничество, рядом с незаконным перемещением через границы у нелегальних мигрантов, торговлей людьми и огнестрельным оружием, незаконным обращением наркотиков и контрабандой рассматривается коррупция как в частном, так и в государственном секторе. Отмечается, что само явление коррупции и проблемы борьбы с ней носять транснациональный характер, что требует объединения усилий не только многочисленных национальных специализированных организаций, но и глобальных международ ных институций, которые проводять соответствующую работу в этой сфере. И хотя борьба с коррупцией в каждой стране ведется через национальные механизмы криминально-правового влияния, международные институции формируют общие стандарты противодействия этому явлению, предоставляют рекомендации правового, экономического, организационного характера и способствуют реализации международного сотрудничества в данной сфере. ; У статті досліджено актуальні питання протидії проявам корупції в середовищі митних службовців. Проаналізовано міжнародні джерела та вітчизняне нормативноправове забезпечення антикорупційної політики митних адміністрацій. Автором акцентовано увагу на тому, що у зв'язку із обранням Україною курсу на євроінтеграцію, наша країна прийняла на себе цілком об'єктивні зобов'язання в цій сфері. Зокрема, в Угоді про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС до основних принципів для посилення відносин між Сторонами поряд з верховенством права та належним урядуванням віднесено боротьбу з корупцією. Відтак, серед проблем, у вирішенні яких відбувається співробітництво, поряд з незаконним переміщенням через кордон нелегальних мігрантів, торгівлею людьми і вогнепальною зброєю, незаконним обігом наркотиків та контрабандою розглядається корупція як у приватному, так і в державному секторі. Наголошується, що саме явище корупції та проблеми боротьби з нею носять транснаціональний характер, а це вимагає об'єднання зусиль не лише численних національних спеціалізованих організацій, а й глобальних міжнародних інституцій, які проводять відповідну роботу в цій сфері. І хоча боротьба з корупцією в кожній країні ведеться через національні механізми кримінально-правового впливу, міжнародні інституції формують загальні стандарти протидії цьому явищу, надають рекомендації правового, економічного, організаційного характеру та сприяють реалізації міжнародної співпраці у цій сфері.