Suchergebnisse

The information revolution has transformed both modern societies and the way in which they conduct warfare. Cyber Warfare and the Laws of War analyses the status of computer network attacks in international law and examines their treatment under the laws of armed conflict. The first part of the book deals with the resort to force by states and discusses the threshold issues of force and armed attack by examining the permitted responses against such attacks. The second part offers a comprehensive analysis of the applicability of international humanitarian law to computer network attacks. By examining the legal framework regulating these attacks, Heather Harrison Dinniss addresses the issues associated with this method of attack in terms of the current law and explores the underlying debates which are shaping the modern laws applicable in armed conflict

Alarmed by the Ukraine crisis and Russia's military activity in the Baltic Sea region, Finland and Sweden are currently engaged in an intensive debate about their national security. Faced with a changing threat scenario, there is growing doubt in both countries about their current defence capabilities. Questions are also being asked about the security policy course pursued since the end of the Cold War, with calls for higher military spending and NATO accession being the reflex response. However, corresponding initiatives would need to be embedded in a comprehensive and coherent security and defence strategy. Various options for cooperation exist at bilateral, regional and European level and could comprise key elements of this strategy.(Autorenrefrat)

This paper aims to focus on the questions of how important was the admission of Albania to the League of Nations as well as what was the reason of the change of attitude of the Great Powers and neighbors against Albanian candidature. In the paper is scrutinized the situation of Albania before membership in the League of Nations as well as the reasons that led it before this international body. The topic is interesting as the scrutiny of this moment of Albanian history in international relations helps to understand the events that followed in 1920s and how contributed this admission on the issue of borders and on international recognition.

This paper gives a brief overview of the impact of the 1918-1919 flu and the polio epidemics and the responsesto them, to show how they were a challenge and also an opportunity to draw attention to the role that couldbe played by health professionals specialising in bacteriology, and later virology, in international centres; andwhere new prophylactic and therapeutic resources - serums and vaccines - could fit into this new approach.Using medical, scientific and legislative sources, a selection from the general press, and archival and printeddocumentation of the WHO about the social history of medicine and, particularly, the history of the disease, itshows the important role of the training obtained by health professionals in international research centres inthe management of both epidemic events, in the modernisation of Spanish science and health before the civilwar, and in the post-war reconstruction. ; Este trabajo traza un breve recorrido sobre el impacto de la gripe de 1918-1919 y las epidemias de poliomielitis y las respuestas dadas para mostrar cómo estos acontecimientos fueron retos y oportunidades para visibilizar el papel que los profesionales sanitarios especializados en bacteriología y, luego, en virología, en centros internacionales podían desempeñar, y el lugar que los nuevos recursos profilácticos y terapéuticos -sueros y vacunas-ocuparían en ese nuevo enfoque. Con fuentes médico-científicas, legislativas, una selección de prensa general, documentación archivística e impresa de la OMS, desde la historia social de la medicina y, particularmente,de la historia de la enfermedad, se pone de manifiesto el protagonismo que la formación conseguida por los profesionales sanitarios en centros internacionales de investigación, tuvo en la gestión de ambos sucesos epidémicos, en la modernización científico-sanitaria española antes de la Guerra Civil y en la reconstrucción posterior tras la contienda.

Aus sowjetischer Sicht

Recent cataclysmic changes in the international economic order are shaping the global policy choices of the 1990s. In his final collection of essays, the late Bela Balasa, a foremost international economist, examines the implications of these recent changes for developed, developing and reforming socialist economies. Essays include development strategies, adjustment policies, the public sector, and financial liberalization, economic integration in Eastern Europe, and trade policy negotiations.

Switzerland's major contribution to the shaping of neutrality as an institution of international law lies in its centuries-old practice & its international recognition. However, Swiss neutrality still conforms to the classical military/political conflict, since in the past, it proved to be a successful security/political instrument in the protection of independence & territorial integrity. In the contemporary international/global constellation, there is almost no room for a neutral stance due to the global interdependence within the international community & the collective security, on the one hand, & the new threats & dangers lacking a classical military dimension, on the other. All this is conducive to the solidarity & cooperation whose purpose is protection, which requires international security/political efforts in securing peace. The Swiss government is of the opinion that participation in a collective security system such as the UN does not run counter to its permanent neutrality, since the UN Charter forbids war & does not recognize it as a means of the international regulation of conflicts. Also, the UN Charter does not oblige member countries to participate in any coercive military measure. Finally, by the admittance of the permanently neutral Austria into the UN, the practice has proved that neutrality & the collective security are compatible. On several occasions, the Swiss have raised the issue of UN membership; in the 1986 referendum, the Swiss citizens voted against this proposal, while on 3 Mar 2000, they voted in favor of it; the only other country besides Switzerland not in the UN is the Vatican. 32 References. Adapted from the source document.