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The article takes a look at one of the most controversial personalities of inter-war Lithuania. Augustinas Voldemaras (1883–1942) was educated in classical philology, had a keen interest in universal history and the history of Lithuania and an additional concern in philosophical and sociological issues. A consistent search for integrated and synthetic knowledge, openness to philosophical questions and his disposition to polylogi­cal cooperation of disciplines are some of the principal moments in his intellectual biography. Therefore, the present study attempts to highlight certain contexts of Voldemaras' intellectual biography, witnessing the tightly intertwining interdisciplinarity, aspirations of some type.While a student, Voldemaras found himself in the environment where the problems of ancient history were addressed at the European level and where attempts were made to bring the research on the classical era carried out in pre-revolutionary Russia closer to Germany, being the leader in this sphere.The openness to interdisciplinary search, postulates of integrated and synthetic knowledge that mani­fested over a long-term, not to mention his philosophical quests and attempts in the field of history, brought Voldemaras closer to the prominent European philosophical movement Centre International de Synthèse founded by Henri Berr, linked by special ties with the formation of one of the most outstanding 20th century schools of history The Annales School. Voldemaras belonged to the History Section of Henri Berr's Centre International de Synthèse, thus finding a niche among the distinguished representatives of social sciences and the humanities of that time. There is no wonder that in this respect, Voldemaras established himself in Lithuanian historiography as one of the pioneer figures attempting to overcome the disciplinary isolation of sciences, their one-sided empiricism or the lack of a broader approach towards history.The attention paid by Voldemaras to the philosophical issues of identification of history as a science, deliberate attribution of an important role to theory in social sciences and the humanities, the highlight of interdisciplinary initiatives in these sciences are what add the aspect of appeal to his intellectual biography. Voldemaras himself becomes one of the most interesting Lithuanian intellectuals of the first half of the 20th century. ; Santrauka. Viena kontroversiškiausių tarpukario Lietuvos asmenybių ir šiandien lieka Augustinas Voldemaras (1883–1942). Stipriai įvairuoja ne tik jo politinės, tačiau ir akademinės veiklos vertinimai. A. Voldemaras turėjo klasikinės filologijos išsilavinimą, domėjosi visuotine ir Lietuvos istorija, buvo ne­abejingas filosofiniams ir sociologiniams klausimams. Šio straipsnio tikslas – išryškinti tuos A. Voldemaro intelektualinės biografijos kontekstus, kuriuose itin stipriai persipina tam tikros tarpdisciplininės aspi­racijos. Straipsnyje žvelgiama į ankstyvą A. Voldemaro susidomėjimą istorijos teorijos ir metodologijos problematika, į A. Voldemaro intelektualinius impulsus Peterburgo ir Permės laikotarpiais (1900–1917), į akademinius mokytojus, kuriuos vienas pirmųjų lietuvių Peterburgo universiteto docentų vėliau ne kartą pagarbiai prisimindavo. III deš. A. Voldemaras įsitraukė į vienu iš naujosios istorijos (nouvelle histoire) tėvų vadinamo Henri Berro nuo 1925 m. inicijuotą Tarptautinį sintezės centrą (Centre International de Synthèse), kuris tuometinėje Europoje tapo vienu ryškiausių tarpdisciplininių studijų centrų. Nors ir nėra pakankamai duomenų, leidžiančių pagrįstai svarstyti apie šio įsitraukimo mastą, viena aišku, kad Volde­maras priklausė Tarptautinio sintezės centro Istorinės sintezės sekcijos narių grupei, taip bent formaliai įsiterpdamas tarp ryškių to meto Europos istorikų, sociologų ir filosofų. Tai įgalina ir provokuoja įsigilinti į tuos A. Voldemaro biografijos momentus, kuriuose ryškėja jo intelektualinė pozicija, laiduojanti ar numa­tanti artimesnius ryšius tarp humanitarinių ir socialinių mokslų. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Voldemaras, intelektualinė biografija, istorijos teorija, tarpisciplinariškumas, integruotas žinojimas, Tarptautinis sintezės centras. Key words: Voldemaras, intellectual biography, theory of history, interdisciplinarity, integrated knowledge, Centre International de Synthèse. ABSTRACT AUGUSTINAS VOLDEMARAS: A SKETCH OF INTELLECTUAL BIOGRAPHYAND CERTAIN EXAMPLES OF INTERDISCIPLINARY ORIENTATION The article takes a look at one of the most controversial personalities of inter-war Lithuania. Augustinas Voldemaras (1883–1942) was educated in classical philology, had a keen interest in universal history and the history of Lithuania and an additional concern in philosophical and sociological issues. A consistent search for integrated and synthetic knowledge, openness to philosophical questions and his disposition to polylogi­cal cooperation of disciplines are some of the principal moments in his intellectual biography. Therefore, the present study attempts to highlight certain contexts of Voldemaras' intellectual biography, witnessing the tightly intertwining interdisciplinarity, aspirations of some type.While a student, Voldemaras found himself in the environment where the problems of ancient history were addressed at the European level and where attempts were made to bring the research on the classical era carried out in pre-revolutionary Russia closer to Germany, being the leader in this sphere.The openness to interdisciplinary search, postulates of integrated and synthetic knowledge that mani­fested over a long-term, not to mention his philosophical quests and attempts in the field of history, brought Voldemaras closer to the prominent European philosophical movement Centre International de Synthèse founded by Henri Berr, linked by special ties with the formation of one of the most outstanding 20th century schools of history The Annales School. Voldemaras belonged to the History Section of Henri Berr's Centre International de Synthèse, thus finding a niche among the distinguished representatives of social sciences and the humanities of that time. There is no wonder that in this respect, Voldemaras established himself in Lithuanian historiography as one of the pioneer figures attempting to overcome the disciplinary isolation of sciences, their one-sided empiricism or the lack of a broader approach towards history.The attention paid by Voldemaras to the philosophical issues of identification of history as a science, deliberate attribution of an important role to theory in social sciences and the humanities, the highlight of interdisciplinary initiatives in these sciences are what add the aspect of appeal to his intellectual biography. Voldemaras himself becomes one of the most interesting Lithuanian intellectuals of the first half of the 20th century.

Beliefs predict our approach on new experiences and information. The beliefs of students entering the reality at schools as intern teachers, are therefore formed and built by the major impact of theoretical studies at university. The question at hand is how the theoretically shaped beliefs on how to best teach social studies reflect on the reality in class. This longitudinal study's aim is to explore the future social studies teachers' beliefs: how they shift or prosper, how they change completely or even become more solid and stable due to the practical impact.

A transnational ethnography of U.S. detention and deportation -- Ecuadorian migration, U.S. policy, and human smuggling -- The making of a massive system -- Ordering chaos : system organization and operation -- The "peculiar" advantages of chaos : detainees' experiences -- "You don't know how I suffer, waiting every day" : reverberations of detention in Ecuador -- "There is no other way" : postdeportation insecurities and continued migration -- Ordering chaos, opening space -- Appendix A. Interviewed functionaries -- Appendix B. Interviewed deportees, basic data -- Appendix C. Deportee interview question guide.

Urban green spaces provide important contributions to enhance climate adaptation, and therefore research in this area has increased exponentially in the last decades. While several studies showed that the morphology and type of living and built elements of urban green spaces greatly affect their performance, a persistent gap between theory and practice continues to pervade the design of green spaces. This study conducts a semi-systematic review of research published in the last decade to investigate to what extent recent research has produced evidence-based outputs relevant to practitioners concerning the design of outdoor urban green spaces in the context of climate adaptation. An innovative design-oriented approach is subsequently applied to critically review evidence-based research outputs considering a comprehensive spectrum of climate impacts and adaptation measures. Our specific objectives are to: i) identify evidence-based research outputs of relevance to practitioners according to type of climatic impact; ii) assess the level of relevance and geographical transferability of such outputs to support the design of urban green spaces; and iii) identify key challenges that might hinder the implementation of evidence-based guidelines. Our results support a call to align research to confront the wicked gap between scientific research and implementation in design practice. ; Funding Agencies|FORMAS (Sweden)Swedish Research Council Formas [2017-01719]; FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and TechnologyEuropean Commission [ERA4CS/0001/2016]; RCN (Norway); European UnionEuropean Commission [690462]; NWO (The Netherlands)Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; FCT-Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia I.P.Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology [ERA4CS/0001/2016]

In South Africa, disability grant allocation has been under review and tensions are evident in government rhetoric stressing welfare provision on the one hand, and encouraging 'rationalization' on the other. This ambiguity is traced down to the level of grant negotiations between doctors and 'clients' in a psychiatry clinic in Khayelitsha. Here 'having nerves' embodies the distress associated with harsh circumstances and is deemed by supplicants as sufficient to secure a grant. The paper illustrates how national discourses influence the presentation and experience of suffering and the way in which doctors mediate diagnoses. The implications of local understandings of 'health citizenship' for expectations of the post-apartheid state are explored.

Der Diskurs über Benachteiligte offenbart einen Widerspruch zwischen formalen Normen und ihrer materialen Realisierung. Einerseits ist - dem ethisch-demokratischen Postulat von Zivilgesellschaft folgend - über die Codierungen des Sozialgesetzbuchs gesellschaftliche Teilnahme intendiert; es besteht also ein gesellschaftliches Versprechen auf gelingende Subjektkonstitution über den Ausbildungs- und Arbeitsmarkt. Andererseits gelingt der nationalen Bildungsberichterstattung zu Folge jährlich einem erheblichen Teil der Kohorte an Schulabgängern die Aufnahme eines Aus- bzw. Arbeitsverhältnisses nicht, und es fehlt gleichzeitig an gesellschaftlich adäquaten Institutionen, um das Versprechen auf Teilhabe faktisch werden zu lassen. Umso befremdlicher wirken verstärkt auftretende Klagen über (zukünftig) fehlende Facharbeiterbedarfe. Geht man davon aus, dass die Klärung der Subjektkonstitution der zentrale Gegenstandsbereich der Bildungsforschung ist, dann zeigt sich im Diskurs über Benachteiligte zwar noch eine marginale Beschäftigung mit Fragen der Subjektkonstitution. Der Zusammenhang von gesellschaftlichen Widerspruchslagen und Subjektkonstitution gehört indes nicht mehr zum Gegenstand erziehungswissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen, wenn es um benachteiligte Jugendliche geht. Demgegenüber herrschen eher Erklärungsversuche vor, welche die Subjektkonstitution auf Migrationshintergründe, sozio-kulturelle Herkunft oder Schulerfolg beschränken. Für die Planung, Steuerung und Regulation von Bildungsprozessen reicht das so generierte Wissen allerdings nicht aus, weil es die Ebenen der Vermittlung des Subjektes mit der Welt, also die Produktions- und Reproduktionsverhältnisse von Individuum und Gesellschaft nicht erhellt und somit nicht zur Klärung von Fragen der Subjektkonstitution beitragen kann. Gegenstand der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit ist deshalb der Versuch, von der regulativen Leitidee der Konfiguration bzw. Kopplung der Prozesse von Sozio- und Psychogenese (vgl. Elias) ausgehend danach zu fragen, wie gesellschaftliche Bestimmungen und Sozialcharaktere die Subjektkonstitution beeinflussen. ; The scientific discourse about disadvantaged youth reveals a contradiction between formal norms and their realization. On the one hand, the judicial codification within the German Code of Social Law - following the democratic-ethical posit of civil society –aims for social inclusion which must be interpreted as a social promise of successful constitution of the human subject via the market of vocational training and the employment market itself. On the other hand, annual reports on the state of education in Germany reveal that there is a significant number of graduates who are excluded from the market of vocational training. At the same time there is a lack of adequate institutions, which consequently prevents/inhibits the realization of social inclusion of the aforementioned. A fortiori claims about the (potentially) uncovered demand of skilled workers in the future must surprise. Acting on the assumption that elucidation of the constitution of the human subject is the core universe of discourse in educational research, the scientific discourse on disadvantaged youth only marginally deals with the constitution of the human subject. The relation between social contradictions, the implicit social orders to cope and the constitution of the human subject however are not subject to educational science in the context of research on disadvantaged youth. In contrast, social exclusion of disadvantaged youth is attempted to be explained by monocausally having recourse on migration background, socio-cultural heritage or success in school. The knowledge that is being generated in this way is insufficient concerning processes of educational planning and regulation because it does not help to elucidate the levels of intermediation between the human subject and the world, namely the relations of production and reproduction of person and society and thus it does not contribute to elucidate questions of subject constitution. Therefore the object of this scientific investigation of this study - emanating from Elias' concept about the interconnection of sociogenesis and psychogenesis - to elucidate the impact of social dispositions and rationalities and social characters on the constitution of the human subject.

The northern Tigray (Ethiopia) is characterized by vast plateaus with steeply sloping valleys on their edges. The bottoms of these valleys are now densely cultivated using terraces, water and soil conservation structures. In this mountainous context, archaeological remains from the Aksumite period (1st millennium BCE - 1st millennium CE) have been discovered on Wakarida site. Located on a spur, this small urban settlement raised the question of the relationship between environment, hydro-agricultural facilities and societies. Today, the surrounding valleys are filled by sedimentary accumulations several metres thick, cultivated in terraces. Are these structures the result of the centuries-old transmission of a landscape that could be called "fossil"? The result of the controlled sedimentation undertaken for a long time by the Aksumites and their descendants? The proximity of the structures and of the archaeological remains could suggest this, since the Aksumite culture has similarities with that of the South Arabians, known for their talent in the construction of hydraulic structures. To answer these questions, a systemic methodology was applied. It borrows techniques from geomorphology, geoarchaeology and sedimentology, landscape history and geohistory, and develops ethnoarchaeological and ethno-geomorphological approaches. First, the study of sedimentary accumulations in the valleys of the region makes it possible to highlight the main phases of filling and the various factors controlling detritism, whether biophysical processes (climate change, vegetation cover) or anthropogenic action (deforestation, agriculture). Sediments accumulate from the 7th millennium BCE onwards, under a more humid climate with more regular rainfall than today (African Humid Period). From the 4th millennium BCE onwards, the equilibria changed, leading to the alternation of low and high energy flows. Finally, from the 1st millennium BCE, the influence of human societies became more noticeable in deposits that testify to advanced deforestation from the 13th century AD. No agricultural structure remains were detected in the fillings, which do not result from controlled sedimentation.From the 17th century AD onwards, chronostratigraphic records are missing. Textual and iconographic archives are used to understand the evolution of plant cover and to specify the period of appearance of terraces. They shed light on the position of Wakarida, on the fringes of the Aksum kingdom, following Ethiopian kingdoms and exploration routes. This situation has allowed the persistence of farming techniques over time, some of which date back to the prehistoric period. The only notable exception is the terraces, which are absent from these testimonies. According to the archives, they did not appear in the Tigray until the 1960s. The combination of interviews and archives provides details at the scale of the studied site. The surroundings of Wakarida have recently been repopulated and current structures have been built since the 1990s, in line with agrarian reforms and socio-political events. The terraces of Wakarida reflect the close relationship between economic, social, political and biophysical processes. Their future is now threatened by the regressive erosion that affects the valleys and by the rural exodus that risks breaking the fragile balance between slope, development, cultures and societies.The current structures, which are of recent construction, are therefore based on old fillings that continue to evolve. Thus, the hydroagricultural landscapes of the Wakarida region are not fossil but palimpsest. ; Le nord du Tigray (Éthiopie) est caractérisé par de vastes plateaux en bordure desquels se trouvent des vallées encaissées aux versants abrupts. Les fonds de ces vallées sont aujourd'hui densément mis en culture à l'aide de terrasses, ouvrages de conservation des eaux et des sols. Dans ce contexte montagnard, des vestiges archéologiques d'époque axoumite (Ier millénaire av. n. è. - Ier millénaire de n. è.) ont été découverts sur le site de Wakarida. Localisée sur un éperon, cette petite installation urbaine a soulevé la question des relations entre milieu, aménagements hydroagricoles et sociétés. Aujourd'hui, les vallons alentours sont comblés par des accumulations sédimentaires épaisses de plusieurs mètres, cultivées en gradin au moyen de terrasses. Ces aménagements sont-ils le fruit de la transmission pluriséculaire d'un paysage qu'on pourrait appeler « fossile » ? Le résultat de la sédimentation dirigée entreprise de longue date par les Axoumites et leurs descendants ? La proximité des aménagements et des vestiges archéologiques pourrait le laisser penser, d'autant que la culture axoumite présente des similitudes avec celle des Sud-Arabiques, connus pour leur talent dans la construction d'ouvrages hydrauliques.Pour répondre à ces interrogations, une méthodologie systémique est appliquée. Elle emprunte des techniques à la géomorphologie, la géoarchéologie et la sédimentologie, à l'histoire du paysage et la géohistoire, et développe des approches ethnoarchéologique et ethnogéomorphologique.Dans un premier temps, l'étude d'accumulations sédimentaires dans les vallées de la région permet de mettre en évidence les principales phases de mise en place des comblements et les différents facteurs de contrôle du détritisme, qu'il s'agisse de processus biophysiques (changement climatique, couvert végétal) ou d'actions anthropiques (déboisement, agriculture). Les sédiments s'accumulent à partir du VIIe millénaire av. n. è., sous un climat plus humide aux précipitations plus régulières que de nos jours (African Humid Period). À partir du IVe millénaire av. n. è., les équilibres changent, entraînant l'alternance de flux hydrosédimentaires de faible et de grande énergie. Enfin, à partir du Ier millénaire av. n. è., l'influence des sociétés humaines devient plus sensible dans les dépôts qui témoignent d'un déboisement avancé à partir du XIIIe siècle de n. è. Aucun vestige d'aménagement agricole n'a été détecté dans les comblements, qui ne résultent pas d'une sédimentation dirigée.À partir du XVIIe siècle de n. è., les enregistrements chronostratigraphiques manquent. Des archives textuelles et iconographiques sont mobilisées pour comprendre l'évolution des couverts végétaux et préciser la période d'apparition des terrasses. Elles éclairent sur la position de Wakarida, en marge du royaume d'Axoum, des royaumes éthiopiens suivants et des routes d'exploration. Cette situation a permis la persistance sur le temps long de techniques culturales dont certaines remontent à la préhistoire. Seule exception notable, les terrasses sont absentes de ces témoignages. D'après les archives, elles n'apparaissent pas avant les années 1960 dans le Tigray.Le croisement des entretiens et des archives apporte des précisions à l'échelle du site étudié. Les alentours de Wakarida ont été repeuplés récemment et les aménagements actuels ont été érigés à partir des années 1990, en lien avec des réformes agraires et des évènements socio-politiques. Les terrasses de Wakarida témoignent de relations étroites entre processus économiques, sociaux, politiques et biophysiques. Leur avenir est aujourd'hui menacé par l'érosion régressive qui touche les vallons et par l'exode rural qui risque de rompre l'équilibre fragile entre pente, aménagements, cultures et sociétés.Les ouvrages actuels, de construction récente, reposent donc sur des comblements anciens qui continuent à évoluer. Ainsi, les paysages hydroagricoles de la région de Wakarida ne sont pas fossiles mais palimpsestes.

The northern Tigray (Ethiopia) is characterized by vast plateaus with steeply sloping valleys on their edges. The bottoms of these valleys are now densely cultivated using terraces, water and soil conservation structures. In this mountainous context, archaeological remains from the Aksumite period (1st millennium BCE - 1st millennium CE) have been discovered on Wakarida site. Located on a spur, this small urban settlement raised the question of the relationship between environment, hydro-agricultural facilities and societies. Today, the surrounding valleys are filled by sedimentary accumulations several metres thick, cultivated in terraces. Are these structures the result of the centuries-old transmission of a landscape that could be called "fossil"? The result of the controlled sedimentation undertaken for a long time by the Aksumites and their descendants? The proximity of the structures and of the archaeological remains could suggest this, since the Aksumite culture has similarities with that of the South Arabians, known for their talent in the construction of hydraulic structures. To answer these questions, a systemic methodology was applied. It borrows techniques from geomorphology, geoarchaeology and sedimentology, landscape history and geohistory, and develops ethnoarchaeological and ethno-geomorphological approaches. First, the study of sedimentary accumulations in the valleys of the region makes it possible to highlight the main phases of filling and the various factors controlling detritism, whether biophysical processes (climate change, vegetation cover) or anthropogenic action (deforestation, agriculture). Sediments accumulate from the 7th millennium BCE onwards, under a more humid climate with more regular rainfall than today (African Humid Period). From the 4th millennium BCE onwards, the equilibria changed, leading to the alternation of low and high energy flows. Finally, from the 1st millennium BCE, the influence of human societies became more noticeable in deposits that testify to advanced deforestation from the 13th century AD. No agricultural structure remains were detected in the fillings, which do not result from controlled sedimentation.From the 17th century AD onwards, chronostratigraphic records are missing. Textual and iconographic archives are used to understand the evolution of plant cover and to specify the period of appearance of terraces. They shed light on the position of Wakarida, on the fringes of the Aksum kingdom, following Ethiopian kingdoms and exploration routes. This situation has allowed the persistence of farming techniques over time, some of which date back to the prehistoric period. The only notable exception is the terraces, which are absent from these testimonies. According to the archives, they did not appear in the Tigray until the 1960s. The combination of interviews and archives provides details at the scale of the studied site. The surroundings of Wakarida have recently been repopulated and current structures have been built since the 1990s, in line with agrarian reforms and socio-political events. The terraces of Wakarida reflect the close relationship between economic, social, political and biophysical processes. Their future is now threatened by the regressive erosion that affects the valleys and by the rural exodus that risks breaking the fragile balance between slope, development, cultures and societies.The current structures, which are of recent construction, are therefore based on old fillings that continue to evolve. Thus, the hydroagricultural landscapes of the Wakarida region are not fossil but palimpsest. ; Le nord du Tigray (Éthiopie) est caractérisé par de vastes plateaux en bordure desquels se trouvent des vallées encaissées aux versants abrupts. Les fonds de ces vallées sont aujourd'hui densément mis en culture à l'aide de terrasses, ouvrages de conservation des eaux et des sols. Dans ce contexte montagnard, des vestiges archéologiques d'époque axoumite (Ier millénaire av. n. è. - Ier millénaire de n. è.) ont été découverts sur le site de Wakarida. Localisée sur un éperon, cette petite installation urbaine a soulevé la question des relations entre milieu, aménagements hydroagricoles et sociétés. Aujourd'hui, les vallons alentours sont comblés par des accumulations sédimentaires épaisses de plusieurs mètres, cultivées en gradin au moyen de terrasses. Ces aménagements sont-ils le fruit de la transmission pluriséculaire d'un paysage qu'on pourrait appeler « fossile » ? Le résultat de la sédimentation dirigée entreprise de longue date par les Axoumites et leurs descendants ? La proximité des aménagements et des vestiges archéologiques pourrait le laisser penser, d'autant que la culture axoumite présente des similitudes avec celle des Sud-Arabiques, connus pour leur talent dans la construction d'ouvrages hydrauliques.Pour répondre à ces interrogations, une méthodologie systémique est appliquée. Elle emprunte des techniques à la géomorphologie, la géoarchéologie et la sédimentologie, à l'histoire du paysage et la géohistoire, et développe des approches ethnoarchéologique et ethnogéomorphologique.Dans un premier temps, l'étude d'accumulations sédimentaires dans les vallées de la région permet de mettre en évidence les principales phases de mise en place des comblements et les différents facteurs de contrôle du détritisme, qu'il s'agisse de processus biophysiques (changement climatique, couvert végétal) ou d'actions anthropiques (déboisement, agriculture). Les sédiments s'accumulent à partir du VIIe millénaire av. n. è., sous un climat plus humide aux précipitations plus régulières que de nos jours (African Humid Period). À partir du IVe millénaire av. n. è., les équilibres changent, entraînant l'alternance de flux hydrosédimentaires de faible et de grande énergie. Enfin, à partir du Ier millénaire av. n. è., l'influence des sociétés humaines devient plus sensible dans les dépôts qui témoignent d'un déboisement avancé à partir du XIIIe siècle de n. è. Aucun vestige d'aménagement agricole n'a été détecté dans les comblements, qui ne résultent pas d'une sédimentation dirigée.À partir du XVIIe siècle de n. è., les enregistrements chronostratigraphiques manquent. Des archives textuelles et iconographiques sont mobilisées pour comprendre l'évolution des couverts végétaux et préciser la période d'apparition des terrasses. Elles éclairent sur la position de Wakarida, en marge du royaume d'Axoum, des royaumes éthiopiens suivants et des routes d'exploration. Cette situation a permis la persistance sur le temps long de techniques culturales dont certaines remontent à la préhistoire. Seule exception notable, les terrasses sont absentes de ces témoignages. D'après les archives, elles n'apparaissent pas avant les années 1960 dans le Tigray.Le croisement des entretiens et des archives apporte des précisions à l'échelle du site étudié. Les alentours de Wakarida ont été repeuplés récemment et les aménagements actuels ont été érigés à partir des années 1990, en lien avec des réformes agraires et des évènements socio-politiques. Les terrasses de Wakarida témoignent de relations étroites entre processus économiques, sociaux, politiques et biophysiques. Leur avenir est aujourd'hui menacé par l'érosion régressive qui touche les vallons et par l'exode rural qui risque de rompre l'équilibre fragile entre pente, aménagements, cultures et sociétés.Les ouvrages actuels, de construction récente, reposent donc sur des comblements anciens qui continuent à évoluer. Ainsi, les paysages hydroagricoles de la région de Wakarida ne sont pas fossiles mais palimpsestes.

According to the Council of Europe, Roma population in Romania is about 8.6% representing the largest minority group, exceeding the Hungarian ones. Demographic trends make the problem of the Roma minority even more stringent, through the fact that the population is aging despite of Roma's positive natural increase. Romanian Government elaborated a Strategy to improve conditions for the Roma, which is permanently updated according to political commitment at the international level, based on the following guiding principles: consensuality, social utility, sectorial division, decentralization in execution, legislative compatibility, identity differentiation, and equality. The education is the key to a better access to the labor market and in last two decades authorities have taken several actions concerning Roma social inclusion, but the results are not the ones expected. It is a fact that, especially in case of children, low life's level, marginalized communities, rural area, culture and traditions may generate socially exclusion and inequality. The study aims to make an overview of the Romanian governmental policies regarding the improvement of the situation of the Roma minority, especially regarding education and employment. The results of the study could be useful for a better correlation of social policies with impact on living of Roma.

International audience ; We shall see that as the Master of suspicion, Marx rejects capitalism, which he considers to be a system of bourgeois oppression, absurd and decadent. The latter eludes the importance of the social question in the historical future of a society. Trampling on the lyrical illusions of practical rationality, he insists on the rigidity of economic and social determinisms, to which he confers an overdeterminent role in sub-estimating the impact of cognitive and/or psychological mechanisms on the exercise of state power. We will explain how dialectical materialism in Marx joins in many respects the methodological revolution initiated by Nietzsche, particularly as regards its requirement to contextualize a real understood as a fabric of forces, in order to understand the origin of the dominant values and that of the capitalist system. Moreover, it will be important to develop the idea that within a civil society, itself prey to a crisis of the sittlichkeit (the ethical life), history tends to separate the interests in favor of imperceptible cowards perverse become legion, while insidiously affecting a social body incapable of escaping from material contingencies. We will then have the right to question the way in which revolutions occur?

International audience ; We shall see that as the Master of suspicion, Marx rejects capitalism, which he considers to be a system of bourgeois oppression, absurd and decadent. The latter eludes the importance of the social question in the historical future of a society. Trampling on the lyrical illusions of practical rationality, he insists on the rigidity of economic and social determinisms, to which he confers an overdeterminent role in sub-estimating the impact of cognitive and/or psychological mechanisms on the exercise of state power. We will explain how dialectical materialism in Marx joins in many respects the methodological revolution initiated by Nietzsche, particularly as regards its requirement to contextualize a real understood as a fabric of forces, in order to understand the origin of the dominant values and that of the capitalist system. Moreover, it will be important to develop the idea that within a civil society, itself prey to a crisis of the sittlichkeit (the ethical life), history tends to separate the interests in favor of imperceptible cowards perverse become legion, while insidiously affecting a social body incapable of escaping from material contingencies. We will then have the right to question the way in which revolutions occur?

International audience ; We shall see that as the Master of suspicion, Marx rejects capitalism, which he considers to be a system of bourgeois oppression, absurd and decadent. The latter eludes the importance of the social question in the historical future of a society. Trampling on the lyrical illusions of practical rationality, he insists on the rigidity of economic and social determinisms, to which he confers an overdeterminent role in sub-estimating the impact of cognitive and/or psychological mechanisms on the exercise of state power. We will explain how dialectical materialism in Marx joins in many respects the methodological revolution initiated by Nietzsche, particularly as regards its requirement to contextualize a real understood as a fabric of forces, in order to understand the origin of the dominant values and that of the capitalist system. Moreover, it will be important to develop the idea that within a civil society, itself prey to a crisis of the sittlichkeit (the ethical life), history tends to separate the interests in favor of imperceptible cowards perverse become legion, while insidiously affecting a social body incapable of escaping from material contingencies. We will then have the right to question the way in which revolutions occur?

Focusing on the representation of climate change in the British "quality press," this article argues that the discursive (re)construction of scientific claims in the media is strongly entangled with ideological standpoints. Understood here as a set of ideas and values that legitimate a program of action vis-à-vis a given social and political order, ideology works as a powerful selection device in deciding what is scientific news, i.e. what the relevant "facts" are, and who are the authorized "agents of definition" of science matters. The representation of scientific knowledge has important implications for evaluating political programs and assessing the responsibility of both governments and the public in addressing climate ...

Research comparing heterosexuals with bisexuals and homosexuals in economics and the social sciences typically relies on two strategies to identify sexual orientation in existing survey data of general populations. Probing respondents to self-report their sexual orientation is generally considered the preferred option. Since self-reports are unavailable in most large multidisciplinary surveys, often researchers infer sexual orientation from the gender-constellation of a respondent's partnership instead. Based on German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) data, this article reviews both strategies empirically in the context of a household panel survey. The analysis shows that self-reported and partnership-inferred sexual orientation are not mutual substitutes, instead leading to substantively different conclusions about differences between heterosexuals and LGBs (Lesbian, Gays, and Bisexuals). The article discusses problems of non-coverage in partnership-inferred sexual orientation and also investigates measurement error in self-reported sexual orientation, finding notable mode and interviewer effects.