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Recognition of the need to consider the military an actor in political development has yet to produce adequate formats to describe its role in political development or reliable predictors of the role which particular armies will play. This article suggests a strategy to describe and measure the inputs of the military into political development and to work toward pre dictors of the inputs which different armies will make. When the analyst describes inputs in terms of the three distinct cate gories proposed, he can measure the significance of the military role for political development, as well as its content. In con cert, these categories—resources, aspects of activity, and rou tines—govern the collection and analysis of data to insure that: (1) all relevant military behaviors are handled and (2) the cen tral concern with political development is not subordinated to the study of the military as an end in itself. We propose that these categories can locate the inputs which have desired effects on political development. Different inquiries assist us to pre dict and control which inputs the military will make. From studies of organizations, we know that differences on charac teristics common to them tend to produce different capabilities and intentions. Similarly, differences on correctly selected characteristics of the military exert a significant and predict able influence on its role in political development. Completion of these inquiries locates for us which changes in military es tablishments will augment their contribution to political de velopment.

While most Indian Citizenship histories reminisce the 'long fifties' (1947-1964) to have been an era of liberal triumph, the internment of Chinese Indians uncovers a gloomier past as Noel Mariam unfolds in this article. She argues that the case of Chinese-Indian internment in the post-war period helps trace semblances of how the liberal state mutates … Continued

Results of a study of pre- and postcommissioning education in the US Air Force. Courses covering communication skills, military conduct, leadership, and defense studies.

Recent analyses & theories about public choice suggest faster public sector expansion in states with highly elastic revenue structures. The contribution of tax revenue elasticity to the growth of expenditures in the 50 US states since 1960 is estimated, based on elasticity measures for state revenue compiled by the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. Results for 1960-1970 show a small positive relationship between revenue elasticity & expenditure growth, but this becomes weak & negative for 1970-1976. Spending has increased most in states with the least elastic revenue sources; these states have made considerable changes in tax laws, while states with elastic revenue sources have been more likely to cut taxes than to increase spending. Federal aid, rather than tax elasticity, is the best predictor of state expenditure growth, while legislative changes in tax structure have enabled states to keep pace with rising demand for revenue through growth in population & real income. 2 Tables. Modified HA.

Since the 1970s, federal and state policy-makers have become increasingly concerned with improving higher education performance. In this quest, state performance funding for higher education has become widely used. As of June 2014, twenty-six states were operating performance funding programs and four more have programs awaiting implementation. This article reviews the forms, extent, origins, implementation, impacts (intended and unintended), and policy prospects of performance funding. Performance funding has become quite widespread with formidable political support, yet it has also experienced considerable implementation vicissitudes, with many programs being discontinued and even those that have survived encountering substantial obstacles and unintended impacts. Although evidence suggests that performance funding does stimulate colleges and universities to substantially change their policies and practices, it is yet unclear whether performance funding improves student outcomes. The article concludes by advancing policy recommendations for addressing the implementation obstacles and unintended side effects associated with performance funding.

This paper proposes and analyzes a model of a "European economy" with three overlapping generations, redistributive social security, and public universities without tuition. Individuals differ ex ante. The effect of wage tax rate on occupational choice and the voting equilibrium of wage tax rate and educational investments are analyzed both under full certainty and with income risks facing the educated and the uneducated.