Suchergebnisse

[ES] La integración europea conlleva una reordenación generalizada de los procesos de adopción de decisiones a nivel nacional. Efectivamente, la transferencia del ejercicio de competencias derivadas de la Constitución mediante la suscripción de un tratado europeo se realiza con independencia de cuál sea el órgano interno competente hasta ese momento para ejercer la competencia transferida. De este modo se transfieren poderes que afectan a cualquiera de los tres niveles de Gobierno internos (estatal, autonómico y local) y a cualquiera de los poderes en que estos se encuentran horizontalmente divididos (Parlamentos, Gobiernos o Administración en el caso de los dos niveles superiores). En lo que respecta a este proyecto, el vaciamiento competencial que interesa es el experimentado por el Parlamento nacional. Ahora bien, la cuestión no se limita sólo al problema del debilitamiento de las Cortes Generales como consecuencia de la pérdida progresiva de capacidad de decisión, sino que presenta otra vertiente más preocupante y de mucha mayor relevancia: la ruptura del equilibrio constitucional de poderes entre Parlamento y Ejecutivo. Por su parte, las funciones parlamentarias se diluyen en el ámbito europeo y, en el interno. En cuanto a la potestad legislativa, la integración europea supone el desapoderamiento de las Asambleas nacionales que pasan a ser ejercidas por las instancias supranacionales, pero también lo son una serie de decisiones políticas importantes en las que ya no pueden intervenir. El primer capítulode la tesis delimita el efecto de la integración europea sobre la distribución horizontal de poderes, para determinar: en primer término, los efectos del derecho europeo sobre la actividad legislativa ordinaria de las Cámaras, en segundo lugar se detecta la importancia política europea en el funcionamiento regular de los instrumentos de relación entre Gobierno y Cortes Generales. Y por último se establece el impacto global de la integración sobre los poderes parlamentarios previos valorando si existe un reforzamiento del Ejecutivo frente al Parlamento como consecuencia. En el capítulo II, examina la importancia de la política europea en el funcionamiento regular de los instrumentos de relación entre Gobierno y Cortes Generales, en particular se estudiará el papel de la Comisión Mixta para la Unión Europea. Con el fin de valorar las medidas organizativas adoptadas en el Parlamento para canalizar su participación en las decisiones europeas se adopta una triple perspectiva en la valoración: a)La participación ascendente en la toma de decisiones de manera directa por el Parlamento (participación ascendente directa); b)La participación ascendente en la toma de decisiones europeas a través del condicionamiento de las posiciones del ejecutivo central (participación ascendente indirecta); y c)La participación del parlamento en la ejecución y desarrollo del derecho europeo y en el control de las posiciones gubernamentales sostenidas ante los órganos europeos (participación descendente). Por su parte el capítulo III, se centra en el resultado derivado de las críticas sobre la legitimidad democrática de las instituciones europeas ha llevado a emprender una evolución en el plano supranacional e intergubernamental- Se han creado nuevas fórmulas atribuidas a los Parlamentos nacionales que les permiten asumir un papel relevante como auténticos actores legislativos y coadyuvar en el control parlamentario hacia el Ejecutivo en los asuntos europeos. Para ello, en primer término, examinaremos la función de las distintas conferencias, posteriormente se recogen las actividades y propuestas realizadas en el marco de la cooperación interparlamentaria europea, con el propósito de valorar la eficacia de la actuación, por último conoceremos el papel ejercido por la Comisión Mixta para evaluar su participación en la coordinación parlamentaria. En segundo término, nuestro propósito es estudiar el nuevo escenario de participación enmarcado por el Sistema de Alerta temprana en defensa del respeto a los principios de proporcionalidad y subsidiariedad. Además, también examinaremos el papel de la Comisión Mixta en este método de control. La última parte de la tesis, es desarrollada en el Capítulo IV, se centra en el desafío de aportar soluciones a través del estudio del derecho comparado. En este sentido el modelo inglés, resulta de particular interés, debido a su consolidada labor del funcionamiento de su órgano parlamentario especializado, el European Scrutiny Committee de la Cámara de los Comunes.

Riassunto Nell'Unione Europea, l'uso di promotori di crescita ad azione ormonale, quali ormoni sessuali e corticosteroidi, è vietato nell'allevamento dei bovini da carne, al fine di tutelare la salute dei consumatori dalla presenza di residui potenzialmente pericolosi nei prodotti derivati. Ogni Stato Membro, allo scopo di verificare l'ottemperanza al divieto imposto, predispone annualmente un piano di controllo (PNR), per la ricerca nei tessuti e nelle matrici biologiche, mediante metodi chimici quali-quantitativi, di residui di sostanze che si presume possano essere utilizzate illecitamente. Per quanto riguarda i bovini, è stato recentemente preso in considerazione l'esame istopatologico, quale metodo di screening, poiché in grado di rilevare le gravi lesioni provocate dai trattamenti ormonali a carico degli organi bersaglio, le quali permangono per un tempo abbastanza lungo da poter essere svelate al momento della macellazione. In tal modo, sarebbe possibile evidenziare l'impiego illecito di promotori della crescita, anche se tale approccio analitico non consente un'identificazione a livello di singola molecola. Lo scopo di questa tesi è stato quello di effettuare un'indagine sulla prevalenza di bovini da carne potenzialmente trattati con sostanze ormonali illecite, in uno stabilimento di macellazione operante sul territorio nazionale. A tal fine, è stato realizzato uno studio multilivello su 90 animali (50 maschi e 40 femmine, di età compresa tra gli 11 e i 18 mesi), basato su osservazioni cliniche e comportamentali di ogni soggetto, sull'eventuale riscontro di lesioni anatomo-patologiche macroscopiche a carico di alcuni organi bersaglio (timo, prostata, ghiandola bulbo-uretrale) e sull'esame istologico, quale metodo di screening, di campioni di tali organi. Mentre non sono state riscontrate alterazioni alla visita ante-mortem e post-mortem, all'esame istologico sono stati evidenziati 6 casi (6,7%) di grave atrofia timica, caratterizzata da una notevole deplezione linfocitaria con sostituzione di cellule adipose. Questo quadro istopatologico, in assenza di un'eventuale denuncia di somministrazione farmacologica a scopo terapeutico, può essere associato ad un trattamento sospetto con corticosteroidi. Pertanto, i risultati di questa indagine suggeriscono che, nonostante una rigida legislazione a riguardo e l'attuazione del PNR, il problema dei trattamenti illeciti con sostanze ormonali sia ancora di preoccupante attualità. Parole chiave: trattamenti ormonali illeciti, bovini da carne, residui, istopatologia Abstract In the European Union, the use of growth promoters with hormonal action, such as sex hormones and corticosteroids, has been banned in beef cattle breeding, in order to protect the consumer from the presence of potentially dangerous residues in food products. Each Member State, to verify the enforcement of the ban imposed, carries out an annual control plan on residues (PNR), which, using quali-quantitative chemical analytical methods, is aimed at uncovering the presence of forbidden substances in tissues and biological matrices. Recently, in cattle, the histopathological examination has been introduced with screening purposes, due to the fact that it allows to detect the typical lesions provoked by the hormonal treatments to their target organs. Such lesions persist for a time long enough to be revealed at the slaughterhouse. In such a way, it would be possible to highlight the illegal use of growth promoters, although such an approach does not permit an identification at the level of single molecule. The aim of this thesis was to perform a survey on the prevalence of beef cattle potentially treated with illegal hormonal substances, in a slaughterhouse operating on the national territory. To this aim, a multilevel study was carried out on 90 animals (50 males and 40 females, 11-18 months old), based on clinical and behavioral observations of each subject, on the possible detection of anatomo-pathological macroscopic lesions of some target organs (thymus, prostate, bulbo-urethral gland) and on the histological examination on samples of these organs, as method of screening. During the ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection, no relevant alterations were found. At the histological analysis, 6 cases (6.7%) of severe thymic atrophy were highlighted, characterized by a remarkable lymphocyte depletion with replacement of fat cells. This histopathological picture, in the absence of any allegation of therapeutic drug administration, represents a strong indication of treatments with corticosteroids. Therefore, the results of this survey suggest that, despite the existence of a strict legislation and the implementation of the PNR, the problem of illegal treatments with hormonal substances is still of topical concern. Keywords: illegal hormonal treatments, beef cattle, residues, histopathological screening

Автор исследует наследство двух великих христианских мыслителейамериканца Райнхольда Нибура и итальянца Джорджио Ла Пиры. Райнхольд Нибур был протестантским богословом и политическим советником Совета международных отношений и штаба стратегического планирования Джорджа Кеннэна. Мэр Флоренции Джорджио Ла Пира был третичным доминиканцем и преподавателем римского права; он был знаменитым итальянским государственным деятелем и одним из отцов итальянской конституции. Во время периода холодной войны оба играли существенную роль во влиянии на общественное мнение, оба, так случилось, оказались среди большинства влиятельных религиозных мыслителей XX столетия. Автор анализирует их представления о международных отношениях, особенно о западной политике по отношению к Советскому Союзу, использованию ядерного оружия, войне во Вьетнаме и коммунистической проблеме. Наследство этих двух мыслителей очень актуально для этической стороны выбора в международной политике сегодня. Поэтому имена христианских мыслителей вернулись снова на передний план. Стоит отметить, что президент Обама цитирует Нибура в качестве одного из своихлюбимых философов. В интервью «Нью-Йорк таймс» Обама посчитал необходимым подчеркнуть идею Нибура относительно того, что есть «реальное зло, усталость и боль в мире и нужно быть осторожным и скромным в вере в способность устранить эти вещи. Однако мы не должны использовать его в качестве оправдания за цинизм и бездействия». Европейские наблюдатели и ученые также признают, что Обама следует за мыслью Нибура, который демифологизировал идею Америки как земного Царства Божия. Нибур хорошо знал об ограниченности всех гуманитарных схем. ДжорджиоЛа Пира знал также, что политика должна всегда базироваться на этических принципах и отражать существующее духовное, культурное, политическое и экономическое разнообразие. Его главной целью было формирование новой иерархии ценностей. Точно так же, как Райнхольд Нибур, Джорджио Ла Пира размышлял над ключевыми событиями ХХстолетия, искал политику, основанную на предписанияххристианства. Точно также, как Райнхольд Нибур, Ла Пира заявлял о приоритете политики по отношению к экономике. Однако между этими двумя мыслителями были некоторые различия. Онтологический пессимизм Нибура был известен. Напротив, Ла Пира был оптимистом. Он искренне полагал, что его личная политика поможет человечеству способствовать появлению нового мира. ; The author examines the legacy of two great Christian thinkers, the American Reinhold Niebuhr and the Italian Giorgio La Pira. Reinhold Niebuhr was a protestant theologian and political adviser to the Council of Foreign Relations and George Kennan's Policy Planning Staff. The Mayor of Florence, Giorgio La Pira was a Dominican tertiary and professor of Roman law; he was a prominent Italian statesman and one of the fathers of the Italian Constitution. During the Cold War period both played a significant role in influencing public opinion, both proved to be among most influential religious thinkers of the 20th century. The author analyzes their views on international relations, in particularly on the western policy towards the Soviet Union, the use of nuclear weapons, the war in Vietnam and the communist issue. The legacy of the two thinkers is highly topical in front of the ethical dimension of choices in international politics today. Therefore the names of Christian thinkers are back again to the fore. It is worth noting that President Obama cites Niebuhr as one of his favorite philosophers. In an interview with «The New York Times» Obama felt it necessary to emphasize the Niebuhr's idea that there is "a real evil, fatigue and pain in the world, and one should be careful and modest in his belief of being able to eliminate these things. Nevertheless, we should not use it as an excuse for cynicism and inaction". European observers and scholars also admit that Obama is following the thought of Niebuhr, who was demythologizing the idea of America as a visible place of the Kingdom of God». Niebuhr was well aware of the limitations of all humane schemes. Giorgio La Pira was aware as well that politics should always base on ethical principles and reflect the existing spiritual, cultural, political and economic diversity. His main purpose was the formation of a new hierarchy of values. Just like Reinhold Niebuhr, Giorgio La Pira, reflecting on key events of the 20th century, looked for a policy based on the precepts of Christianity. Just like Reinhold Niebuhr, La Pira stated the primacy of politics over economics. However there were some differences between the two thinkers. Niebuhr's ontological pessimism was well known. On the contrary, La Pira was an optimist. He sincerely believed that his personal policy would help mankind to promote the cause of a new world.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PORTUGUESE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM Portugal has 51 prisons of different types: 15 penitentiaries ("central prisons", normally larger ones) for inmates condemned to serve more than 6 months; 31 penitentiaries ("regional prisons") for inmates condemned to serve less than 6 months; and five penitentiaries ("special prisons") for inmates who need special attention, such as women, youths, policeman, and the sick (hospital). The first type of penitentiary has security wings to provide stricter isolation for problematic prisoners out of disciplinary regime. There are three types of general security regimes: medium, high and special. Monsanto Prison being the only special regime penitentiary – meaning a kind of North-American supermax regime. Almost all prison buildings are old. A renewal programme began in 2001, and in 2004 an official assessment of the prison system was presented to the public with the declaration that, with the progress being made, it would be possible to have an up-to-date "European-style" prison system within 12 years (2016). This programme included the concentration of facilities and population in just a few much larger high-tech buildings. However, due to the financial crisis, except for Caxias and Carregueira, which are new buildings (Caxias built into an older complex), all the plans to build new prisons were halted and the decommissioning of old prison sites reversed. In its place is now a renovation programme of old buildings, meaning later 19th century, first half of the 20th century. Starting in the 80's, the Portuguese penitentiary system is characterized by the growing political weight of the guards' union, the introduction of organized distribution of illegal drugs into the prisons resulting from the intensification of the "war on drugs," and the fragility of the administrative system with its tendency to hide behind justifications. These issues, among others, make for a prison system which, forgotten and left to its own devices by an ignorant and pretentious political class, has become inward looking and aggressive in its defensiveness. A problematic dynamic that has led to the stigmatisation not just of the inmates but also of the people working in prison. The problems continue with a chain of command broken at various levels, most significantly between the Ministry and the director-general, between the director-general and the guard corps and between prison directors and guards. Disconnected from the Ministry, the Directorate General is frequently left to both draw up prison policies and to be publicly accountable for what goes on in prison. The prison directors, out of touch with the DG, are left at the mercy of securitism (the prioritisation of security), which is the responsibility of the chiefs of the guards, whose power basis is long standing. The chiefs of the guards tend to get assigned to specific prisons on a long term basis, in contrast to the mobility of the directors [1]. This increases the likelihood that a director may not even get to fully comprehend the power dynamics in the prison, even when these are arrayed against her/him. There are also those directors who are afraid of getting to know the wings and talk to the prisoners, something that the DG does not appear to think it makes them unsuitable for the position. There is the informality that develops between guards and prisoners that can grow into a sort of intimacy where the exchange of favours and privileges are used as management tools. And, perhaps most glaringly, inspection entities who fear that their actions might disturb the status quo, the informal outlines of which they do not know nor want to know. The inspectors' argument being that they need to have the trust of the local agents under inspection because they are dependent upon the information that these may be willing to proffer, and that penitentiary powers must not be challenged, for those who would suffer the consequences, as retaliation, would be the prisoners. The fact is that each prison has its own rules defined locally, and neither attempts at standardization via administrative nor legislative means can bear results in a system in which respect for legality is not assured by either regulatory entities, the courts or police forces. ; Comissão Europeia, CIES/ISCTE-IUL

Nachhaltige Energieversorgung spielt eine wichtige Rolle für den Klimaschutz. Dabei gehört die Steigerung der Energieeffizienz zu den zentralen Elementen einer Energiewende. Die vorliegende Fallstudie beschäftigt sich intensiv mit einem in der Policy Analyse bisher vernachlässigten Politikfeld: der Energieeffizienzpolitik. In Deutschland wird viel Energie dazu gebraucht, um Gebäude zu heizen. Hier existieren große wirtschaftliche Effizienzpotentiale. Die EU sieht darin eine "Schlüsselrolle" und fordert von ihren Mitgliedstaaten mit der Richtlinie 2002/91/EG Rahmenbedingungen für energieeffizientere Gebäude. Mit Ansätzen der EU-Implementationsforschung und der Politikfeldanalyse untersucht die Arbeit den Implementationsprozess dieser Richtlinie zwischen 2003 und 2010 in Deutschland und beschreibt die formale und praktische Effektivität des Ergebnisses mithilfe neu entwickelter kontextspezifischer Kriterien. Eine detaillierte Prozess-Analyse identifiziert relevante Faktoren, die das politische Ergebnis beeinflusst haben. Formal hat Deutschland die EU-Gebäude-Richtlinie größtenteils implementiert. Doch einige Anforderungen sind verspätet oder unbefriedigend praktisch implementiert worden. Eine wichtige Ursache der Verzögerung waren inhaltliche Differenzen zwischen den politischen Ressorts. An der öffentlichen Debatte beteiligten sich starke Befürworter beider Seiten, die den Prozess zusätzlich beeinflussten. Für den Vollzug der Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) sind die Bundesländer zuständig; ihre Kontrolle der energetischen Mindeststandards bei Bestandsgebäuden ist jedoch nicht befriedigend. Es gibt kaum Daten zu der Frage, ob neu gebaute oder sanierte Gebäude den gesetzlichen Anforderungen entsprechen. Ursachen für den mangelhaften Vollzug liegen im Zielkonflikt zwischen ambitionierter Klimaschutzpolitik auf der einen und Bürokratieabbau auf der anderen Seite. Hier war der Bundesrat, der behördliche Stichproben ablehnte, entscheidender Akteur. Die Verzögerungen und die ineffektive praktische Implementation der Richtlinie in Deutschland waren Resultat politischer Auseinandersetzungen. Es gab also keine institutionellen oder administrativen Probleme bei der Implementation im engeren Sinne, wie sie Implementationsdefizite in anderen Fällen erklären. Abschließend werden konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen entwickelt, wie die Bundesregierung eine effektive Implementation der EU-Gebäude-Richtlinie gewährleisten (u.a. bessere formale Implementation des Energieausweises und der Heizungsinspektion sowie effektivere Durchsetzung der EnEV durch Stichprobenkontrollen) und erfolgreich gegen Widerstände von Interessengruppen durchsetzen kann (z.B. indem sie Pro-Effizienz-Interessenkoalitionen stärkt und neben dem Ordnungsrecht auch begleitende Instrumente weiterentwickelt, beispielsweise finanzielle Anreize sowie Information und Beratung, auch um mit dem gängigen Missverständnis aufzuräumen, die EnEV sei freiwillig). ; Sustainable energy supply plays an important role for climate protection. Enhancing energy efficiency is one of the key elements of the proclaimed energy transition. This case study deals with energy efficiency policy, a policy field that has been widely neglected by policy analysis so far. In Germany, much energy is used to heat buildings. Thus, heating of buildings holds a great economic potential for energy efficiency measures. The European Union sees energy efficiency policies related to heating of buildings as "a key factor" in this field. Its Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD, 2002/91/EG) provides a framework demanding more energy efficient buildings in its member states. This study uses approaches of EU implementation research and policy analysis to examine the process of implementation of the EPBD in Germany between 2003 and 2010. New context specific criteria are developed to describe the formal transposition and practical application of this directive. A detailed process analysis identifies relevant factors influencing the political results of its implementation. Formally, Germany has implemented most of the regulations required by the EPBD. However, some requirements have not been implemented in due time. Moreover, in terms of practical implementation, results have not always been satisfying. Important reasons for the delay were factual differences between the departments of the different ministries involved in the process. Strong supporters of both sides took part in the public debate and thus influenced the process further. The responsibility for the enforcement of the German Energy Saving Ordinance (Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV)) is assigned to the federal states. However, their control of minimum energy performance requirements in existing buildings is not satisfactory. Concerning the question of whether or not new or renovated buildings meet legal requirements, very few reliable data sets are available. The deficient enforcement can be explained by a target conflict between ambitioned climate policy on the one hand and the intent to reduce bureaucracy on the other hand. The Bundesrat (the second (federal) parliamentary body of Germany) was a key player, as it opposed random controls by the authorities as an instrument of enforcing compliance with the regulations required by the directive. Late and ineffective practical EPBD implementation measures in Germany were results of political contestation. Therefore, in this case, the implementation deficits cannot be explained by institutional or administrative problems as in other studies of EU implementation research. How should the federal government act to ensure an effective implementation of the EPBD? Concrete recommendations derived from this study suggest organizing a better formal transposition of energy performance certificates and inspection of boilers, plus effective enforcement through random controls by local authorities. In addition, the study provides advice on how to defend these measures in spite of opposition by interest groups: by strengthening pro-energy-efficiency-coalitions and by further developing joining instruments besides regulatory law: like financial incentives, information and consulting. These measures could also help to avoid the misconception that the EnEV was voluntary.

Dottorato di ricerca in Ecologia forestale ; Short Rotation Woody Crops (SRWC) is a method of cultivation of selected material of fast growing species (poplar, willow, eucalyptus, black locust) to produce in short time large quantity of biomass for energy purposes (calorific or/and electric energy). In a SRWC very high plant density per hectare is used (from 5-10,000 to 15,000 plants per hectare), the rotation age is 2-3 years. It is estimated that a SRWC Eucalyptus requires an average of at least 100 kg of N year, thus the use of irrigation and fertilization to meet the demand of this type of crop is not feasible because is a very uneconomic crop. Irrigation can be used as a rescue intervention and inorganic fertilizer at planting and after the cuts. For this reason, the fertilization with manure, where available, may be an attractive option because allows to properly dispose of the sewage and to give to the plant nutrients necessary for growth. The European Union Directive 91/676/EEC, known as Nitrates Directive, has dictated basic agronomic principles regarding the use of animal manure source, zoo-technical and waste waters from small food companies. The use of nitrification inhibitors together with animal effluents may be beneficial for nutrient recycling, soil quality, plant productivity and greenhouse gas emission, and offers economic advantages to make it an alternative to conventional fertilizers. The aim of this research was to investigate the sustainability of organic fertilization combined with a nitrification inhibitor in relations to carbon dynamics. Were compared the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor 3,4 dimethyl pyrazole phosphate (DMPP), together with the addition of fresh organic matter (bovine effluent, BE) to the soil of a short rotation forestry. The results of microcosm experiments suggested that the combined use of DMPP and BE could be a good solution to limit the drastic effect of BE application on soil biological properties and microbial dynamics. The preliminary study of field application of DMPP and BE evidenced that this strategy of fertilization could be also a good solution to reduce the ammonia and carbon dioxide emissions and to improve the productivity in SRWC agro-ecosystems of Mediterranean environment and preserve the soil functions. ; Le culture da legno a ciclo breve (SRWC) sono un metodo di coltivazione di materiale selezionato a rapida crescita di specie (pioppo, salice, eucalipto, robinia) per produrre in breve tempo grande quantità di biomassa a fini energetici (calorifico e / o elettrici energia). Una densità di piantw molto alta per ettaro viene utilizzata (da 5-10.000 a 15.000 piante per ettaro) e l'età di rotazione è di 2-3 anni. È stimato che un Eucalyptus SRWC richiede un media di almeno 100 kg di N anni, quindi l'uso di irrigazione e fertilizzazione per soddisfare la domanda di questo tipo di coltura non è possibile perché è una coltura non redditizia. Per questo motivo, la concimazione con liquami zootecnici, può essere un'opzione interessante in quanto permette di smaltire correttamente i liquami e di dare alla pianta le sostanze nutritive necessarie per la crescita. La Direttiva europea 91/676/CEE, nota come Direttiva sui nitrati, ha dettato le basi agronomiche per quanto riguarda l'uso di concime animale fonte, zoo-tecniche e le acque reflue provenienti da piccole le aziende alimentari. L'uso di inibitori della nitrificazione insieme ad effluenti animali può essere utile per il riciclaggio dei nutrienti, la qualità del suolo, la produttività e le emissioni di gas serra, e offre vantaggi economici tali da renderli un'alternativa ai fertilizzanti convenzionali. Lo scopo di questa ricerca è stato quello di indagare la sostenibilità della concimazione organica combinata con un inibitore della nitrificazione in relazioni con le dinamiche di carbonio nel suolo. E' stata confrontata l'efficacia dell' inibitore della nitrificazione 3,4 dimetil pirazolofosfato (DMPP), insieme con l'aggiunta di un effluente bovino,( BE) al terreno di una SRWC. I risultati di esperimenti in microcosmi suggeriscono che l'uso combinato di DMPP e BE potrebbe essere un buon soluzione per limitare l'effetto drastico dell'applicazione di BE sulle proprietà biologiche del suolo. Lo studio preliminare del campo applicazione di DMPP e BE ha evidenziato che questo strategia di fertilizzazione potrebbe essere anche un buon soluzione per ridurre le emissioni di ammoniaca e anidride carbonica e per migliorare la produttività economica in agro-ecosistemi di ambiente mediterraneo e preservare le funzioni del suolo.

This report describes the migration patterns of Romanian migrants in Italy before and after the accession of Romania into the European Union (EU). The findings and the main results presented throughout the report were collected by carrying out a survey in three main cities of Italy Milan, Turin and Rome which are recognized as the main destination regions of Romanians who have migrated to Italy since free visa liberalization in May 2004. The report focuses on four broad areas the profile and migration plans of migrants, regional differences and basic characteristics; labour market patterns during the migration experience, including income and remittances; social inclusion of migrants and access to social security and the health system; and, self-assessment of the migration experience and results of moving to Italy. The survey demonstrated that the mobility of migrants during the free visa regime was initially labour supply driven, whereas more recently, it has been labour demand that moved the migrant from his/her country of origin. However, the survey points out that almost half of Romanian migrants in Italy have indefinite migration plans. The remainder of the migrants express a preference for permanent migration, followed by long-term migration, while a preference for short-term migration is the least popular. The accession of Romania to the EU was accompanied by a flow of migrants with a higher preference for permanent and long-term migration, especially among those who arrived immediately after January 2007. Half of the migrants who had defined migration plans indicated that their current migration preferences, compared to the ones they had upon arrival, have shifted towards permanent migration. This is particularly true among women. As concerns remigration, or return to Romania, the survey reveals that migrants who are more likely to return to the country of origin or move to another country are those living in Rome while migrants who prefer to remain permanently are those living in Turin. As for labour market patterns and regional differences, four-fifths of migrants are employed, with the highest share of those working full-time found in Rome, followed by Turin and Milan. Unemployment among Romanian migrants seems to be the highest in Milan and the lowest in Turin. A significant proportion of migrant women have jobs in the categories 'Sales and services elementary job', 'Personal care and related workers' and 'Housekeeping and restaurant services'. Men mostly work as 'Extraction and building trades workers', 'Drivers and mobile plant operators' and 'Metal, machinery and related trades workers'. A non-negligible share of migrants work without a fixed contract which makes their employment position more vulnerable and open to exploitation. In addition, the survey shows that occupational switches occurred within all categories of occupational skill levels. In particular, there has been a trend towards jobs distinguished as medium and low skilled. Moreover, a comparison between education level and occupational skill level shows that highly skilled migrants, especially men, are employed in jobs below their level of educational achievement. A concern often expressed is that migrants who have access to health and social security services are more encouraged to enter or stay in a country. However, the survey rejected this hypothesis and suggests that neither receiving social security benefits nor the availability of accessing healthcare drives migrants' decision to enter and remain in the destination country. Access to healthcare, however, appears to have some potential effect on migration plans. We find that the longer migrants plan to stay in the country, the higher the percentage of them who have access to a general practitioner/doctor and the higher the number of them whose migration decision is affected by access to such services. Accordingly, it emerges that the length of stay in the destination country matters and it confirms that there is a correlation between the duration of stay and the effect on migration plans attributed to access to social security and health services, even though such cases represent less than one-fifth of migrants. Self-assessment of the migration experience and outcomes from moving to Italy demonstrated that overall most of Romanian migrants are happy with their migration experience in Italy. The self-assessment indicated 'making more money', 'finding a better job' and 'learning a new language' as the main positive outcomes from the migration experience. In contrast, 'insecurity about the future', 'discrimination', 'negative impact on family relationships' and 'doing work under the level of qualification' are listed among the main negative outcomes.

Despite the considerable percentage of inland waters in the temperate zone land cover, their role in the global carbon balance is not clear and the existing data suggest large type specific differences. Respiratory CO2 release from inland waters is a major process in the global carbon cycle, retaining more than half of the carbon flux from terrestrial sources that otherwise would reach the sea. The strongly lake-type-specific balance between primary production and respiration determines whether a lake acts regionally as a net sink or source of CO2. In the global change context even small changes in photosynthesis and respiration rates and/or in the loadings of organic matter or nutrients (e.g. phosphorus) may change the metabolic type of the lake and turn it from autotrophic to heterotrophic system or vice versa. Todays in situ sondes fitted with sensitive and accurate optical oxygen probes have become a useful tool for estimating lake ecosystem metabolism through high frequency continuous measurements. The sonde method provides an alternative to more traditional methods of measuring metabolism that only use discrete samples. Continuous sampling by sondes overcomes many of the limitations of discrete samples and makes it possible to measure metabolism in a wide variety of systems. Long-term observations across many years define the range of natural variability of ecological systems and provide a baseline from which to assess whether a system has changed significantly. Regular hydrological data on large and shallow (area 270 km2; mean depth 2.8 m) Lake Võrtsjärv have been collected for more than 80 years. Regular measurements of nutrients and ecosystem components started in 1960s. Lake Võrtsjärv was intensively studied for more than 50 years before the first monitoring buoy was deployed for high frequency measurements of physical and chemical parameters. Phytoplankton primary production in situ measurements with monthly frequency started in Võrtsjärv already in 1982 but the dataset has many gaps. Present thesis summarizes for Lake Võrtsjärv: the first data on seasonal changes of the ecosystem metabolism based on high frequency measurements; the reconstruction of long term series of phytoplankton primary production by bio-optical modelling; the incoming and outgoing fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon; and gives an overview of phosphorus retention in Lake Võrtsjärv compared with 54 lakes and reservoirs in different climate regions around the world. ; Hoolimata siseveekogude rohkusest parasvöötmes, mis on limnoloogiliselt enim uuritud piirkond Maal, ei ole meil senini selget ülevaadet nende veekogude rollist globaalses süsinikubilansis. Elusorganismide elutegevuse käigus toodetav süsihappegaas (CO2) vabaneb meid ümbritsevasse keskkonda. Magevetes hingamisel vabaneva CO2 kogus omab olulist rolli globaalses süsinikuringes. Tänu mageveekogudes toimuvale fotosünteesile tarbitakse esmatootjate (primaarprodutsentide) poolt ära rohkem kui pool kogu maismaal toodetavast süsihappegaasist, mis vastasel juhul jõuaks meid ümbritsevasse keskkonda. Veekogudes toimuva primaarproduktsiooni ja hingamise alusel saab järved jagada kahte erinevasse ainevahetuse tüüpi: CO2 tootvateks (heterotroofseteks) ja CO2 talletavateks (autotroofseteks). Globaalses kontekstis võib ka väikene nihe nii primaarproduktsiooni kui hingamise tasakaalus, põhjustatuna näiteks orgaanilise aine või toiteainete (näiteks fosforiühendite) sissevoolu muutustest, muuta järve kui terviku ainevahetuse tüüpi. Oma varasematele uurimistele ja teadmistele tuginedes oletasime, et Võrtsjärv võib vahetada oma metabolismi tüüpi jää tuleku ja minekuga. Jää- ja lumekatte all väheneb oluliselt vette jõudev valguse hulk, mis on üks kõige olulisem mõjur fotosünteesi käivitamisel ja läbiviimisel. Valguse ööpäevane ja aastaajaline muutlikkus ongi üheks peamiseks põhjuseks veekogude metabolismitüübi kujundamisel. Muutused erinevate tegurite osas, mis mõjutavad primaarproduktsiooni või hingamisprotsesse, võivad toimuda ajaliselt üsna kiiresti (tundide ja päevade jooksul), mistõttu oli neid seni kord kuus toimunud vaatluste abil väga raske jälgida. Võrtsjärve on regulaarseire raames uuritud juba rohkem kui 80 aastat. Primaarproduktsiooni mõõtmistega tehti algust 1982. aastal, kuid kogutud andmeridades esineb kahjuks mitmeid "auke". 2008. aastal alustati süsinikubilansi koostamiseks vajalikke uuringuid ka Võrtsjärve suurematest sissevooludes ning väljavoolus. Tänu Euroopa Liidu toetusfondidele ja riiklikult sihtfinantseeritavale teadusteemale soetati 2009. ja 2010. aastal mitmeid uurimisplatvorme ning ka järvepoi, millede abil said Võrtsjärvel alguse pidevmõõtmised. Käesolev töö: määratleb Võrtjärve kui suure ja madala eutroofse parasvöötme järve metabolismitüübi ja rolli nii regionaalses kui globaalses süsinikuringes; koondab Võrtsjärve primaarproduktsiooni (PP) pikaajalised muutused ning täidab PP andmestikus olevad lüngad modelleerimise abil; annab ülevaate Võrtsjärve sisse- ja väljavoolude süsinikuühendite ja toiteainete hulkadest; ning hindab fosfori kinnipidamist 54. erinevas maailma järves. ; The doctoral studies and the publication of the current thesis were supported by the Doctoral School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences created under the auspice of European Union Social Fund.

A study has been carried out of the fisheries of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus) of the Iberian South Atlantic region, specifically the Gulf of Cádiz and the Algarve. The perspectives of the study are both biological and socioeconomic, with the starting point being actual catches landed at the various ports of these regions. The characteristics of both the Spanish and Portuguese purse seine net fishing fleets have been studied, analysing the operations, activities and costings of the boats,owners and crews, considering also the cofradías (fishermens' associations), the owners'associations producers' organisations or cooperatives. Two basic types of fleet have been differentiated in the Spanish zone : that of Cádiz (36 boats) and Huelva (31 boats), on the basis of the characteristics of the boats (gross tonnage, engine HP, crew numbers, etc.); the more important of the markets served by these are Cádiz, El Puerto, Punta Umbría and Huelva. In the case of Portugal, the total fleet studied comprises the 67 vessels, only 30, associated in one or other of the Producers' Organisations (OPs): Barlapesca and Coopalgarvia; the two most relevant landing ports for these boats are Olhao and Portimao. From the results of our study and the conclusions drawn from the study of catches landed during the period 1985-1998, the ports of Cádiz, Olhao and Portimao were selected to conduct the biological study of the two species, on the basis of specimens caught by the same fleet. A total of 3,533 specimens of sardine (2000, 731 and 822, respectively, from Cádiz, Olhao and Portimao) and 4,187 of anchovy (3.976 from Cádiz and 211 from Olhao)have been analysed. In each species, our study has included the monthly variation in total length (TL), weight (W), age (by the otolith method), sex ratios, fatness condition (K), the gonadosomatic index (GSI), vicerosomatic index (VSI), repletion index (RI), L¥, k, w, and j´. The results obtained have been compared with those reported in previous studies of these same species. The most appropriate models of production (by Schaeffer and Fox) have been applied to the data collected on the two species, particularly the catch and fishing effort required to achieve this, in order to determine Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) and the Total Admissible Catch for each. The economic parameters estimated include: total cost per unit of effort ( the variable cost or c), total fixed cost (FC), total cost (% v), VAT (u %)and the demand function, for both the Gulf of Cádiz and the Algarve for the purpose of developing the theoretical model, which we have then applied to determine the optimum state of exploitation of the two fisheries (Objectives I and II as proposed by Clark),studying the growth, fishing effort and the markets to produce a simulation of the profit and loss accounts for the two Spanish fleets. Lastly, a series of possible improvements for the regulation of fishing activity have been proposed, taking into account the number of days per year, the average profit for the boat owners and the average remuneration for the boat crew members. A suggested figure of 210 days/year per boat was taken as the basis for our "optimum state" calculations. In the case of the Cádiz fleet, the simulated results could be described as good, although the fact cannot be avoided that the economic future of this particular purse seine fleet is increasingly uncertain as it depends crucially on the outcome of the negotiations between the European Union and Morocco. In respect of the Huelva fleet, in relative terms, the results of the optimum state simulation would represent an increase of over 170% in the average annual profit of the owners and an increase of nearly 30% in the average remuneration of the crew members ; however, these % increases are from extremely low bases, in absolute terms. For example, comparison of the simulations for actual (non optimum) conditions for 1998 indicate an average crew remuneration in Huelva that is barely half of that in Cadiz, for considerably more days fishing. In reality, our proposals should only be seen as a worthwhile first step towards adequate returns on capital and labour for the Huelva fleet.

Nutritional benefits of fish can be attributed primarily to the content of high-quality proteins, vitamins, elements and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, fish and fishery products are susceptible to contamination by chemicals that have been recognized as ubiquitous environmental pollutants such as toxic elements and polychlorinated organic compounds. Fish consumption could be therefore considered as one of the major sources of human exposure to all above-mentioned environmental contaminants. This paper is focused on mercury (Hg) that enters the environment by both, natural means (such as volcanic activity, erosions and weathering, factors which contribute to the presence of Hg in water, soil and the atmosphere) and human activities - mining, fossil fuels combustion, industrial emissions, direct application of fertilizers and fungicides as well as disposal of solid waste. Total concentrations of Hg were measured in fish muscle and canned fish products available on Serbian market. Total of 651 samples were analyzed: 350 samples of marine fish (hake, mackerel, sprat, scorpanea, gilthead, salmon), 34 samples of freshwater fish (trout and carp) and 267 samples of canned fish products (tuna and sardines). Data were collected during 2011. For the purpose of intake assessment, we used the data obtained from the GEMS/Food Consumption Cluster Diets database. According to this source, estimated average weekly consumption of marine fish is 106.4 g/week, while freshwater fish and canned fish contribute to the consumption with 29.4 g and 18.2 g/week respectively. Mercury concentrations in marine fish were in the range of 0.005-0.208 μgg-1 (mean 0.040 μgg-1); in freshwater fish 0.005- 0.099 μgg-1 (mean 0.020 μgg-1) and in canned products they were in the range of 0.005-0.642 μgg-1 (mean 0.064 μgg-1). All analyzed samples contained mercury below the maximum level laid down by the European Union and Serbian regulation. The estimated weekly intake for total mercury, based on mean mercury value in fish and average body mass of 70 kg, was 0.095 μg/kg b.w./week. Based on FAO/WHO recommended safe limit and on obtained results, we can conclude that the intake of mercury in the case of consuming fish and canned fish products is lower than the safe limit. ; Nutritivna korist od konzumacije ribe ogleda se, pre svega u sadržaju visoko vrednih proteina, vitamina, makro i mikroelemenata i omega-3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina. Sa druge strane, riba i proizvodi od ribe su u značajnoj meri podložni hemijskoj kontaminaciji ubikvitarnim zagađivačima kao što su teški metal i polihlorovana organska jedinjenja. Zbog svega ovoga, konzumacija ribe se smatra jednim od najznačajnijih izvora izloženosti navedenim kontaminentima. U radu je ispitivana kontaminacija živom koja se u spoljašnjoj sredini može naći kao posledica prirodnih procesa (vulkanska aktivnost, erozija tla i klimatska dešavanja koja doprinose prisustvu žive u vodi, zemljištu i atmosferi), kao i aktivnosti čoveka - eksploatacija ruda, sagorevanje fosilnih goriva, emisija industrijskih gasova, direktna primena veštačkih đubriva i fungicida, kao i neadekvatno odlaganje čvrstog otpada. Sadržaj ukupne žive je određivan u svežoj i konzervisanoj ribi sa srpskog tržišta. Ispitan je 651 uzorak: 350 uzoraka morske ribe (oslić, skuša, sardela, škarpina, orada i losos), 34 uzorka slatkovodne ribe (šaran i pastrmka) i 267 uzoraka konzervisane ribe (tuna i sardela). Svi uzorci su analizirani tokom 2011. godine. Za procenu unosa korišćeni su podaci iz 'GEMS/Food Consumption Cluster Diets database'. Prema ovom izvoru, procenjena prosečna nedeljna konzumacija morske ribe iznosi 106,4 g, slatkovodne 29,4 g dok je ova vrednost za konzervisane proizvode od ribe 18,2 g. Sardžaj žive u morskoj ribi se kretao u opsegu od 0,005 do 0,208 μgg-1 (srednja vrednost 0,040 μgg-1); u slatkovodnoj ribi 0,005-0,099 μgg-1 (srednja vrednost 0,020 μgg-1), dok se u konzervisanim ribljim proizvodima sadržaj žive kretao od 0,005 do 0,642 μgg-1 (srednja vrednost 0,064 μgg-1). Nivo žive u svim ispitanim uzorcima je bio ispod maksimalno dozvoljenih vrednosti propisanih relevantnom legislativom EU kao i domaćim propisima. Procenjeni nedeljni unos žive baziran na srednjoj vrednosti žive u konzumiranoj ribi i prosečnoj telesnoj težini od 70 kg, bio je 0,095 μg/kg telesne mase nedeljno. Na osnovu preporuka FAO/WHO i dobijenih rezultata, može se zaključiti da je unos žive pri konzumaciji morske i slatkovodne ribe i konzervisanih ribljih proizvoda, niži od preporučenih graničnih vrednosti.

Nutritional benefits of fish can be attributed primarily to the content of high-quality proteins, vitamins, elements and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, fish and fishery products are susceptible to contamination by chemicals that have been recognized as ubiquitous environmental pollutants such as toxic elements and polychlorinated organic compounds. Fish consumption could be therefore considered as one of the major sources of human exposure to all above-mentioned environmental contaminants. This paper is focused on mercury (Hg) that enters the environment by both, natural means (such as volcanic activity, erosions and weathering, factors which contribute to the presence of Hg in water, soil and the atmosphere) and human activities - mining, fossil fuels combustion, industrial emissions, direct application of fertilizers and fungicides as well as disposal of solid waste. Total concentrations of Hg were measured in fish muscle and canned fish products available on Serbian market. Total of 651 samples were analyzed: 350 samples of marine fish (hake, mackerel, sprat, scorpanea, gilthead, salmon), 34 samples of freshwater fish (trout and carp) and 267 samples of canned fish products (tuna and sardines). Data were collected during 2011. For the purpose of intake assessment, we used the data obtained from the GEMS/Food Consumption Cluster Diets database. According to this source, estimated average weekly consumption of marine fish is 106.4 g/week, while freshwater fish and canned fish contribute to the consumption with 29.4 g and 18.2 g/week respectively. Mercury concentrations in marine fish were in the range of 0.005-0.208 μgg-1 (mean 0.040 μgg-1); in freshwater fish 0.005- 0.099 μgg-1 (mean 0.020 μgg-1) and in canned products they were in the range of 0.005-0.642 μgg-1 (mean 0.064 μgg-1). All analyzed samples contained mercury below the maximum level laid down by the European Union and Serbian regulation. The estimated weekly intake for total mercury, based on mean mercury value in fish and average body mass of 70 kg, was 0.095 μg/kg b.w./week. Based on FAO/WHO recommended safe limit and on obtained results, we can conclude that the intake of mercury in the case of consuming fish and canned fish products is lower than the safe limit. ; Nutritivna korist od konzumacije ribe ogleda se, pre svega u sadržaju visoko vrednih proteina, vitamina, makro i mikroelemenata i omega-3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina. Sa druge strane, riba i proizvodi od ribe su u značajnoj meri podložni hemijskoj kontaminaciji ubikvitarnim zagađivačima kao što su teški metal i polihlorovana organska jedinjenja. Zbog svega ovoga, konzumacija ribe se smatra jednim od najznačajnijih izvora izloženosti navedenim kontaminentima. U radu je ispitivana kontaminacija živom koja se u spoljašnjoj sredini može naći kao posledica prirodnih procesa (vulkanska aktivnost, erozija tla i klimatska dešavanja koja doprinose prisustvu žive u vodi, zemljištu i atmosferi), kao i aktivnosti čoveka - eksploatacija ruda, sagorevanje fosilnih goriva, emisija industrijskih gasova, direktna primena veštačkih đubriva i fungicida, kao i neadekvatno odlaganje čvrstog otpada. Sadržaj ukupne žive je određivan u svežoj i konzervisanoj ribi sa srpskog tržišta. Ispitan je 651 uzorak: 350 uzoraka morske ribe (oslić, skuša, sardela, škarpina, orada i losos), 34 uzorka slatkovodne ribe (šaran i pastrmka) i 267 uzoraka konzervisane ribe (tuna i sardela). Svi uzorci su analizirani tokom 2011. godine. Za procenu unosa korišćeni su podaci iz 'GEMS/Food Consumption Cluster Diets database'. Prema ovom izvoru, procenjena prosečna nedeljna konzumacija morske ribe iznosi 106,4 g, slatkovodne 29,4 g dok je ova vrednost za konzervisane proizvode od ribe 18,2 g. Sardžaj žive u morskoj ribi se kretao u opsegu od 0,005 do 0,208 μgg-1 (srednja vrednost 0,040 μgg-1); u slatkovodnoj ribi 0,005-0,099 μgg-1 (srednja vrednost 0,020 μgg-1), dok se u konzervisanim ribljim proizvodima sadržaj žive kretao od 0,005 do 0,642 μgg-1 (srednja vrednost 0,064 μgg-1). Nivo žive u svim ispitanim uzorcima je bio ispod maksimalno dozvoljenih vrednosti propisanih relevantnom legislativom EU kao i domaćim propisima. Procenjeni nedeljni unos žive baziran na srednjoj vrednosti žive u konzumiranoj ribi i prosečnoj telesnoj težini od 70 kg, bio je 0,095 μg/kg telesne mase nedeljno. Na osnovu preporuka FAO/WHO i dobijenih rezultata, može se zaključiti da je unos žive pri konzumaciji morske i slatkovodne ribe i konzervisanih ribljih proizvoda, niži od preporučenih graničnih vrednosti.

Il dibattito internazionale sulla sostenibilità e sui limiti dello sviluppo comporta la necessità di ricercare, individuare, consolidare norme, metodi, strategie e modelli comportamentali capaci di operare sul settore dell'edilizia; esso rappresenta infatti una quota importante (40%) dei consumi energetici nel contesto dell'Unione Europea. La normativa tecnica sta gradualmente recependo le indicazioni provenienti dalle conferenze internazionali sullo stato ambientale del pianeta, individuando nel complesso quadro della so-stenibilità le esigenze (dell'uomo e dell'ambiente, quest'ultimo inteso sia come riserva di materie prime che come ospite di ecosistemi), partendo dagli aspetti energetici, allargandosi poi ai temi ambientali, cominciando a strutturarsi anche in relazione agli aspetti economici e sociali. Si deli-neano, perciò, quadri di requisiti volti a determinare processi edilizi "sostenibili" ed a certificare la qualità degli stessi. In questo ambito si colloca la presente ricerca, volta prima ad esaminare (Capitoli 2, 3, 4 e 5) uno dei possibili quadri di requisiti di ecocompatibilità nel settore edilizio, proposto dalla norma UNI 11277:2008, successivamente a indagare le caratteristiche e le possibilità offerte da strumenti tecnici che, pur partendo come metodi di calcolo per definire, o stimare, determinate prestazio-ni, possono anche essere impiegati come valido strumento di progettazione (Capitolo 6). In base all'ambito di operatività e alla politica amministrativa che li adotta, si configurano infatti come linee guida alla progettazione o come prescrizioni, comunque nella direzione di un processo edi-lizio complessivamente meno impattante sull'ambiente e volto a preservare le limitate riserve di cui il pianeta Terra dispone oggi. La presentazione (2009) del Protocollo VEA della Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia, primo tentativo di rendere obbligatorio per interventi edilizi uno strumento di certificazione delle prestazioni am-bientali, ha offerto l'occasione di studiare attentamente i contenuti di un metodo di valutazione energetica ed ambientale. La collaborazione alla progettazione di un intervento di edi¬lizia pubblica sovvenzionata a Trieste, sviluppato secondo criteri di edilizia ecocompatibile, ha permesso di applicare compiutamente questo strumento, consentendo una valutazione delle potenzialità e delle criticità (Capitolo 8). Con l'emanazione del Protocollo ITACA 2011, giunto alla quarta revisione e parzialmente diverso dalle versioni precedenti che sono state diffusamente recepite in diversi contesti regionali, si concretizza in un unico riferimento nazionale la prassi di certificazione delle prestazioni energe-tiche ed ambientali. Tale opportunità è stata recentemente avallata (ottobre 2012) dalla firma di uno specifico accordo tra l'UNI e ITACA. La ricerca affronta dunque i requisiti connotanti la sostenibilità ambientale e l'efficienza energe-tica, analizzandone l'ampiezza e l'incisività sulle diverse fasi del ciclo di vita dell'organismo edilizio e cercando, pur con inevitabili incertezze, di riconoscerli all'interno di metodi di valutazione consolidati, al fine di analizzarne le tematiche affrontate, la complessità, le criticità e le carenze, i futuri scenari di applicabilità. International debate on sustainability and limits to growth needs researches and processes to ensure robust legislation, methods, strategies and better behaviors able to work on building con-struction context. 40% of European Union energy consumption refers to buildings. Technical reports are gradually receiving issues by international meetings concerning Earth's en-vironmental situation, enquiring in sustainability scheme human and environment requirements. The starting point has been energy performances, thus environment ones; now, these schemes are considering economic and social contents too, underlining the growth of structured requisites about a sustainable building process issue and its validation. This research studies one of the possible requirements schemes on sustainability in buildings, ex-pressed by UNI 11277:2008 guidelines. Then, in Chapters 3, 4 and 5 this scheme is developed in each single requirement, analyzing legislation context and useful techniques. In Chapter 6, this research enquires the structure of rating systems and their dual possible use as project phase check-list and calculation framework to define quality levels in building certification. In Chapter 7 and 8, the Friuli Venezia Giulia experience in building sustainable quality evaluation is described and analyzed referring to a case study that research developer is following since 2009. Protocollo VEA's issues, contents and limits are there considered and evaluated. In 2011, publication of Protocollo ITACA (4th review) is seen as a sensible way to ensure in our country a common, robust, structured standard for certifying energy and environmental quality in buildings. This research aims to fix most important environmental sustainability and energy efficiency re-quirements, to recognize them in sustainability quality rating system, to express a characterization of these systems about scope, requirements included, calculation method and the way they express buildings quality.

Tougher European Union regulations of ambient particulate matter (PM) will require apportionment of the different sources. Primary sources can be anthropological sources (biomass burning, fossil-fuel combustion, cooking, ….) and natural sources (vegetative detritus, crustal dust). PM can also be formed by gas-to-particle conversion processes (secondary sources). The identification and sources apportionment can be conducted by studying the organic fraction of aerosols using chemical analysis on off-line filters in ambient and in emissions of sources. In this work, methodologies of emission sources characterization by analyzing the organic fraction of PM and the sources apportionment on fine aerosol mass were developed and/or adapted from previous methodologies on many ambient sites. A special focus was placed on different sites of the Rhône-Alpes Region where many exceedances of authorized PM values are observed. Methodologies were developed primarily for an urban background site (Les Frênes site in Grenoble) and are based both on qualitative approaches (footprints study of large chemical family, use of tracer ratios) and quantitative approaches (PCA, isotopic carbon measurements, Molecular-Marker Chemical Mass Balance). They allow a good estimation of OM (organic matter) and PM sources in winter. Applications of those methodologies for other sites with different topologies (rural, valley bottoms, near sources, marine, in France and in Switzerland, for different seasons) showed the complementarity of the different methodologies proposed. It also pointed out the necessity of adapting them to the specificities of each sites in order to have a good estimation of PM. In addition, further work should still be done to improve sources apportionment of OM. Moreover, in the context of applying those methodologies to Swiss alpine valley sites, it got possible to compare the quantitative CMB approach based on the study of organic compounds with another approach based on the study of the inorganic fraction of aerosols. Methodologies developed and optimized during this work will be used like reference to scientific or regulation applications in other national or international studies. ; La réglementation plus sévère sur les niveaux de matières particulaires (PM) en atmosphère ambiante fixée par l'Union européenne à l'horizon 2015 impose de pouvoir quantifier les contributions des différentes sources d'émission. Les sources d'émissions primaires de particules peuvent être anthropiques (chauffage au bois, au fioul, émissions véhiculaires ou industrielles, combustion de déchets verts, activités de cuisine,…) ou naturelles (végétaux, poussières crustales). Des processus secondaires de formation des particules (conversion gaz-particules) peuvent également contribuer aux taux de PM mesurés. L'identification et la quantification des sources peuvent être conduites notamment à travers l'étude de la composante organique des aérosols réalisée à partir d'analyses chimiques de prélèvements sur filtres en atmosphère ambiante ou à l'émission. Dans ce travail, des méthodologies de caractérisation des sources d'émission par l'analyse de la fraction organique des PM et la quantification de leur influence sur les concentrations ambiantes en particules fines ont été développées et/ou adaptées de méthodologies existantes sur de nombreux sites d'observation. Une attention particulière a été portée sur différents sites de la région Rhône-Alpes où de nombreux épisodes de dépassements des valeurs limites en PM sont régulièrement enregistrés. Les méthodologies ont été développés dans un premier temps sur un site urbain de référence (sites des Frênes à Grenoble) et s'appuient à la fois sur des approches qualitatives d'études des sources (étude d'empreinte de grandes familles chimiques, utilisation de ratios de composés traceurs) et quantitatives (ACP, mesures isotopiques du carbone, Molecular-Marker Chemical Mass Balance). Elles permettent une bonne estimation des sources de matière organique (OM) et des PM en hiver. Leurs applications à d'autres sites de topologies différentes (ruraux, fond de vallées, proximités de sources, marin) en France et en Suisse et à d'autres saisons a permis de montrer la complémentarité des différentes approches introduites et la nécessité de leur adaptation aux spécificités des sites pour permettre une bonne estimation des PM. L'estimation des contributions des sources à l'OM reste cependant encore à améliorer. De plus, dans le cadre de leur application à des sites de vallées alpines suisses, l'approche quantitative de type CMB basée sur l'étude de traceurs organiques a pu être confrontée à une méthode basée sur l'étude de la composante inorganique des aérosols. Les méthodologies développées et mises en œuvre au cours de ce travail constituent des outils de référence dans le cadre d'études des sources d'aérosol à portée scientifique ou réglementaire à l'échelle nationale ou internationale.

Tougher European Union regulations of ambient particulate matter (PM) will require apportionment of the different sources. Primary sources can be anthropological sources (biomass burning, fossil-fuel combustion, cooking, ….) and natural sources (vegetative detritus, crustal dust). PM can also be formed by gas-to-particle conversion processes (secondary sources). The identification and sources apportionment can be conducted by studying the organic fraction of aerosols using chemical analysis on off-line filters in ambient and in emissions of sources. In this work, methodologies of emission sources characterization by analyzing the organic fraction of PM and the sources apportionment on fine aerosol mass were developed and/or adapted from previous methodologies on many ambient sites. A special focus was placed on different sites of the Rhône-Alpes Region where many exceedances of authorized PM values are observed. Methodologies were developed primarily for an urban background site (Les Frênes site in Grenoble) and are based both on qualitative approaches (footprints study of large chemical family, use of tracer ratios) and quantitative approaches (PCA, isotopic carbon measurements, Molecular-Marker Chemical Mass Balance). They allow a good estimation of OM (organic matter) and PM sources in winter. Applications of those methodologies for other sites with different topologies (rural, valley bottoms, near sources, marine, in France and in Switzerland, for different seasons) showed the complementarity of the different methodologies proposed. It also pointed out the necessity of adapting them to the specificities of each sites in order to have a good estimation of PM. In addition, further work should still be done to improve sources apportionment of OM. Moreover, in the context of applying those methodologies to Swiss alpine valley sites, it got possible to compare the quantitative CMB approach based on the study of organic compounds with another approach based on the study of the inorganic fraction of aerosols. Methodologies developed and optimized during this work will be used like reference to scientific or regulation applications in other national or international studies. ; La réglementation plus sévère sur les niveaux de matières particulaires (PM) en atmosphère ambiante fixée par l'Union européenne à l'horizon 2015 impose de pouvoir quantifier les contributions des différentes sources d'émission. Les sources d'émissions primaires de particules peuvent être anthropiques (chauffage au bois, au fioul, émissions véhiculaires ou industrielles, combustion de déchets verts, activités de cuisine,…) ou naturelles (végétaux, poussières crustales). Des processus secondaires de formation des particules (conversion gaz-particules) peuvent également contribuer aux taux de PM mesurés. L'identification et la quantification des sources peuvent être conduites notamment à travers l'étude de la composante organique des aérosols réalisée à partir d'analyses chimiques de prélèvements sur filtres en atmosphère ambiante ou à l'émission. Dans ce travail, des méthodologies de caractérisation des sources d'émission par l'analyse de la fraction organique des PM et la quantification de leur influence sur les concentrations ambiantes en particules fines ont été développées et/ou adaptées de méthodologies existantes sur de nombreux sites d'observation. Une attention particulière a été portée sur différents sites de la région Rhône-Alpes où de nombreux épisodes de dépassements des valeurs limites en PM sont régulièrement enregistrés. Les méthodologies ont été développés dans un premier temps sur un site urbain de référence (sites des Frênes à Grenoble) et s'appuient à la fois sur des approches qualitatives d'études des sources (étude d'empreinte de grandes familles chimiques, utilisation de ratios de composés traceurs) et quantitatives (ACP, mesures isotopiques du carbone, Molecular-Marker Chemical Mass Balance). Elles permettent une bonne estimation des sources de matière organique (OM) et des PM en hiver. Leurs applications à d'autres sites de topologies différentes (ruraux, fond de vallées, proximités de sources, marin) en France et en Suisse et à d'autres saisons a permis de montrer la complémentarité des différentes approches introduites et la nécessité de leur adaptation aux spécificités des sites pour permettre une bonne estimation des PM. L'estimation des contributions des sources à l'OM reste cependant encore à améliorer. De plus, dans le cadre de leur application à des sites de vallées alpines suisses, l'approche quantitative de type CMB basée sur l'étude de traceurs organiques a pu être confrontée à une méthode basée sur l'étude de la composante inorganique des aérosols. Les méthodologies développées et mises en œuvre au cours de ce travail constituent des outils de référence dans le cadre d'études des sources d'aérosol à portée scientifique ou réglementaire à l'échelle nationale ou internationale.

Elektroniskā versija nesatur pielikumus ; ANOTĀCIJA Tiesību spēks ir to realizācijā jeb piemērošanas iespējās, ko vislabāk parāda tiesiskās aizsardzības līdzekļi, t.i., tiesiski līdzekļi, kurus tiesību īpašnieks var vērst pret savu tiesību aizskārēju. Visplašākais intelektuālā īpašuma tiesību aizsardzības līdzekļu klāsts ir civiltiesībās, tomēr Latvijā šo līdzekļu pietiekama apzināšana un izmantošana nav notikusi ne teorijā, ne praksē. Promocijas darba pirmā nodaļa pēta tiesiskās aizsardzības līdzekļu koncepciju intelektuālā īpašuma tiesību kontekstā. Tiek konstatēti šai tiesību nozarei raksturīgie vispārīgie apstākļi, kas ietekmē pret pārkāpumiem lietojamos civiltiesiskās aizsardzības līdzekļus, kā arī meklēta šo līdzekļu vieta tiesību sistēmā un normatīvajos aktos. Tiek analizētas problēmas, kas saistītas ar intelektuālā īpašuma tiesību īpašnieku un sabiedrības interešu līdzsvara nodrošināšanu, un doti labākie risinājumi, kā sasniegt pēc iespējas likumīgu un taisnīgu rezultātu intelektuālā īpašuma tiesību pārkāpumu lietu izskatīšanā. Tiesā piemērojamos intelektuālā īpašuma tiesiskās aizsardzības līdzekļus var iedalīt divās grupās: pagaidu un galīgie līdzekļi. Otrā darba nodaļa specializējas pagaidu aizsardzības līdzekļu izpētē, kas piemērojami līdz lietas izskatīšanai pēc būtības. Šādi līdzekļi izmantojami, gan nodrošinot pierādījumus un prasību, gan nosakot pagaidu aizsardzības līdzekli, gan pieprasot pierādījumus un informāciju. Īpaša uzmanība pievērsta galvenā speciālā intelektuālā īpašuma tiesību pagaidu aizsardzības līdzekļa - pagaidu pienākumrīkojuma – terminoloģijas izstrādei un piemērošanas apstākļu izziņai. Tiek konstatētas šīs jomas problēmas un tās risinātas, pētot plašu tiesību avotu klāstu, tai skaitā citu valstu praksi. Trešā darba nodaļa analizē galīgos tiesiskās aizsardzības līdzekļus, kurus nosaka tiesas spriedumā konstatēta pārkāpuma gadījumā, un tie ietver pienākumrīkojumu (pārkāpēja pienākumu veikt konkrētas darbības vai atturēties no to veikšanas), mantiskā un nemantiskā kaitējuma kompensāciju, pārkāpēja peļņas piedziņu, pārkāpuma preču atsaukšanu un iznīcināšanu, tiesas nolēmuma publiskošanu. Šajā nodaļā tiek ne tikai konstatēts, kādi līdzekļi ir uzskatāmi par atsevišķiem tiesiskās aizsardzības līdzekļiem, bet arī pētīta to savietojamība un piemērošanas priekšnoteikumi. Šo līdzekļu piemērošanā galvenās problēmas ir neprecīza terminoloģija, nepilnīga starptautisko un Eiropas Savienības prasību pārņemšana, nepietiekama interpretācija un analīze prasībās un tiesu nolēmumos, neskaidri piemērošanas priekšnoteikumi, kompensācijas noteikšanas metodika, šo līdzekļu mijiedarbība un iespējamā kombinēšana. Darba kopsavilkumā tiek piedāvāti izpētes rezultāti un ieteikti labākie problēmu risinājumi. ; ANNOTATION The strength of rights lies in their enforceability, illustrated by remedies available for their infringements. Apart from criminal sanctions for extreme cases, the widest range of relief ensuring the enforcement of intellectual property rights is provided by civil law. However, a quality and thorough exploration and application of these remedies in Latvia have not been put into effect neither in literature, nor practice. The first chapter of the doctoral thesis examines the concept of remedies within the intellectual property law framework. It deals with general considerations that have an impact on civil remedies for intellectual property rights infringement. The place of these remedies in the system of law and in the acts of law has been inspected. The chapter also provides a discussion on problems relating to the ensuring the balance between the interests of intellectual property rights holders and the interests of the society, and it offers solutions in order to achieve the most legal and just litigation in intellectual property law cases. The remedies available for intellectual property rights infringement can be divided into two groups: preliminary measures and final remedies. The second chapter of the thesis deals with preliminary measures that are to be applied before the case on the merits is heard. Such measures include obtaining and securing of evidence, freezing of assets, preliminary injunction and information order. A special attention is devoted to interim injunction, looking for an appropriate terminology in the Latvian language and elaborating on the preconditions for application of the interim relief. The problems of the topic are discussed and being solved on the basis of wide range of sources, including experience of other states. The third chapter goes on looking at the civil remedies available at full trial: final injunction, damages, account of profits, recall from the channels of commerce and destruction of the infringing articles, and publication of the court order. It is inspected which of the abovementioned remedies are to be considered to be independent remedies under Latvian Law, what preconditions favor their application and which remedies can be combined. The main problems of the application of remedies in Latvia are inconsistent terminology, defective implementation of the international and European Union requirements, scarce motivation of claims and court judgments, unclear prerequisits for application of remedies, their interaction and combination. The summary of the thesis offers the results of the research and proposes solutions for the discussed problems.