Suchergebnisse

According to some legislation grouping can streamline data gap filling for the hazard assessment of substances. The GRACIOUS Framework aims to facilitate the application of grouping of nanomaterials or nanoforms (NFs), in a regulatory context and to support innovation. This includes using grouping to enable read-across from (a) source(s), for which data and information exist, to a similar target NF where information is lacking. The Framework provides an initial set of hypotheses for the grouping of NFs which take into account the identity and use(s) of the NFs, as well as the purpose of grouping. Initial collection of basic information allows selection of an appropriate pre-defined grouping hypothesis and a tailored Integrated Approach to Testing and Assessment (IATA), designed to generate new evidence to support acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis. Users needing to develop their own user-defined hypothesis (and IATA) are also supported by the Framework. In addition, the IATA guides acquisition of the information needed to support read-across. This approach gathers information to render risk assessment more efficient, affordable, as well as reducing the use of test animals.

Der Forschungs- und Technologiebericht 2016 ist ein Lagebericht über die aus Bundesmitteln geförderte Forschung, Technologie und Innovation in Österreich und wurde im Auftrag der Bundesministerien für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft (BMWFW) und Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie (BMVIT) erarbeitet. Auf Basis aktueller Daten und Befunde werden relevante Entwicklungstrends und ausgewählte Themen des österreichischen Innovationssystems beschrieben und in einem internationalen Kontext reflektiert. [.]

The tenth anniversary of the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe is the basis for this text which reflects upon the past ten years and what lies ahead for the future. An international group of academics and public intellectuals, including former dissidents and active politicians, engage in an exchange on the antecedents, causes, contexts, meanings and legacies of the 1989 revolutions. The contributors address various issues including liberal democracy and its enemies; modernity and discontent; economic reforms and their social impact; ethnicity; nationalism and religion; geopolitics; electoral systems and political power; European integration; and the demise of Yugoslavia

Understanding the Manitoba Election 2019 offers an early analysis of the campaign and insights into the decision that Manitoba voters made on September 10, 2019. This open-access publication features contributions from a team of experts who followed the campaign and contribute not just to a post-election review, but also to the major discussions that will permeate provincial life over the next four years. The thirteen chapters included here examine critical pieces of the election and how Manitobans understand and experience democracy in 2019-the activities and performance of the three main political parties; analysis of participants outside political parties in the 2019 election, including pollsters, unions, and the disability community; representation and diversity; the campaign itself, including turnout, campaigning, and voting; and key public policy issues, including health, poverty, and the impact of balanced budget legislation and rhetoric. Published in association with the University of Manitoba's Duff Roblin Chair in Government

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- I. Secularism's Historical Background -- Reflections on the Category of Secularism in India: Gandhi, Ambedkar, and the Ethics of Communal Representation, c. 1931 -- A View from the South: Ramasami's Public Critique of Religion -- Nehru's Faith -- II. Secularism and Democracy -- Closing the Debate on Secularism: A Personal Statement -- Living with Secularism -- The Contradictions of Secularism -- The Secular State and the Limits of Dialogue -- Secular Nationalism, Hindutva, and the Minority -- III. Sites of Secularism: Education, Media, and Cinema -- Secularism, History, and Contemporary Politics in India -- The Gujarat Experiment and Hindu National Realism: Lessons for Secularism -- Secularism and Popular Indian Cinema -- Neither State nor Faith: The Transcendental Significance of the Cinema -- IV. Secularism and Personal Law -- Siting Secularism in the Uniform Civil Code: A ''Riddle Wrapped Inside an Enigma''? -- The Supreme Court, the Media, and the Uniform Civil Code Debate in India -- Secularism and the Very Concept of Law -- V. Conversion -- Literacy and Conversion in the Discourse of Hindu Nationalism -- Christian Conversions, Hindutva, and Secularism -- Appendix: Chronology of the Career of Secularism in India -- Works Cited -- Contributors -- Index

The European Commission requested EFSA to conduct a pest categorisation of Sternochetus mangiferae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a monophagous pest weevil whose larvae exclusively feed on mango seeds, whereas adults feed on mango foliage. S. mangiferae is a species with reliable methods available for identification. It is regulated in the EU by Council Directive 2000/29/EC where it is listed in Annex IIB as a harmful organism whose introduction into EU Protected Zones (PZ) (Alentejo, Algarve and Madeira in Portugal, and Granada and Malaga in Spain) is banned. S. mangiferae is native to South East Asia and has spread to other mango-growing areas in Africa, South America and Oceania, causing significant damage. Larvae of S. mangiferae have been detected several times in mango fruit imported into the EU. In 2013, an outbreak was declared in one PZ in Spain. Official measures taken achieved eradication, which was officially declared in January 2018. The EFSA Plant Health Panel concludes that S. mangiferae could establish again and spread in the mango-growing areas of southern EU. Considering the criteria within the remit of EFSA to assess the status as a potential Union quarantine pest (QP), as a potential protected zone quarantine pest (PZQP) or as a potential regulated non-quarantine pest (RNQP), S. mangiferae meets with no uncertainties the criteria for consideration as a potential Union QP, as it is absent from the EU, potential pathways for entry exist, and its establishment would cause an economic impact. The criterion of the pest being present in the EU, which is a prerequisite for RNQP and PZ QP, is not met. (C) 2018 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.

The European Commission requested EFSA to conduct a pest categorisation of Acrobasis pirivorella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a monophagous moth whose larvae exclusively feed on developing buds, flowers, and fruits of cultivated and wild Pyrus spp. A. pirivorella is a species with reliable methods available for identification. A. pirivorella occurs in north-east Asia only, causing significant damage in cultivated pears. It is regulated in the EU by Council Directive 2000/29/EC where it is listed in Annex IIAI. Within this regulation, plants for planting of Pyrus spp. is a closed pathway. This species has never been reported by Europhyt. Fruits and cut branches of Pyrus spp. are open pathways. Biotic and abiotic conditions are conducive for establishment and spread of A. pirivorella in the EU. Were A. pirivorella to establish, impact on pear production is expected. Considering the criteria within the remit of EFSA to assess its regulatory plant health status, A. pirivorella meets the criteria for consideration as a potential Union quarantine pest (it is absent from the EU, potential pathways exist and its establishment would cause an economic impact). Given that A. pirivorella is not known to occur in the EU, it fails to meet some of the criteria required for regulated non-quarantine pest (RNQP) status. (C) 2018 European Food Safety Authority.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Arceuthobium spp. (non-EU), a well-defined and distinguishable group of parasitic plant species of the family Viscaceae, also known as dwarf mistletoes. These are flowering plants parasitising a wide range of conifers of the families Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. Arceuthobium species (non-EU) are regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI) as harmful organisms whose introduction into the EU is banned. Many Arceuthobium species are recognised, with most dwarf mistletoes native in the New World, and north-western Mexico and the western USA as the centre of diversity for the genus. Only two Arceuthobium species are native (and reported to be present) in the EU (Arceuthobium azoricum and Arceuthobium oxycedrum), which are thus not part of this pest categorisation. Hosts of non-EU dwarf mistletoes include species of the genera Abies, Cupressus, Juniperus, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga and Tsuga. Most Arceuthobium spp. can parasitise more than one species of conifer host. Dwarf mistletoes could enter the EU via host plants for planting and cut branches, but these pathways are closed. They could establish in the EU, as hosts are widespread and climatic conditions are favourable. They would be able to spread following establishment by human movement of host plants for planting and cut branches, as well as natural spread. Should non-EU dwarf mistletoes be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected on coniferous woodlands, plantations, ornamental trees and nurseries. The main uncertainties concern (i) the precise distribution and host range of the individual Arceuthobium spp. and (ii) the level of susceptibility of conifers native to Europe. For Arceuthobium spp. (non-EU) as a group of organisms, the criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met, while, for regulated non-quarantine pests, the criterion on the pest presence in the EU is not met. (C) 2018 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.

The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae) for the EU. C. sasakii is not currently regulated in the EU although C. niponensis, a valid species of no economic significance that was previously mistakenly synonymised with C. sasakii, is regulated in Annex IIAI of 2000/29 EC. C. sasakii is a well-defined species that is recognised as a major pest of apples, peaches and pears in eastern China, Japan, Korea and Far East Russia. C. sasakii is not known to occur in the EU. Adult C. sasakii emerge in the spring or early summer. Eggs are laid on host fruits. Larvae burrow into the fruit to develop. Infested fruits often drop early. Larvae exit fruit and overwinter in the soil. In the more southern areas of distribution, there can be two or more generations per year. Import of host fruit provides a potential pathway into the EU. C. sasakii occurs in a range of climates in Asia, some of which occur in the EU. Wild and commercially grown hosts are available within the EU. C. sasakii has the potential to establish within the EU where there could be one or two generations per year. Impacts could be expected in apples, pears and other rosaceous fruit crops. The level of impacts would be uncertain. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of introduction of C. sasakii. C. sasakii meets all the criteria assessed by EFSA PLHP to satisfy the definition of a Union quarantine pest. C. sasakii does not meet the criteria of occurring within the EU, nor plants for planting being the principal means of spread, so does not satisfy all the criteria for it to be regarded as a Union regulated non-quarantine pest (RNQP). (c) 2018 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.

The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Septoria malagutii, the causal agent of annular leaf spot of potato, for the EU. The pest is a well-defined fungal species and reliable methods exist for its detection and identification. S.malagutii is present in Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. The pest is not known to occur in the EU and is listed as Septoria lycopersici var. malagutii in Annex IAI of Directive 2000/29/EC, meaning its introduction into the EU is prohibited. The major cultivated host is Solanum tuberosum (potato), but other Solanum species including wild solanaceous plants are also affected. All hosts and pathways of entry of the pest into the EU are currently regulated. Host availability and climate matching suggest that S. malagutii could establish in parts of the EU and further spread mainly by human-assisted means. The pest affects leaves, stems and petioles of potato plants (but not the underground parts, including tubers) causing lesions, leaf necrosis and premature defoliation. In some infested areas, the disease has been reported to cause almost complete crop loss with favourable weather conditions and susceptible potato cultivars. The introduction of the pest into the EU would potentially cause impacts to potato production. The main uncertainties concern the host range, the maximum period the pest survives on host debris in soil, the maximum distance over which conidia of the pest could be dispersed by wind-driven rain and the magnitude of potential impacts to the EU. S.malagutii meets all the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as potential Union quarantine pest. The criteria for considering S. malagutii as a potential Union regulated non-quarantine pest are not met, since the pest is not known to occur in the EU. (c) 2018 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.