Актуальність. В статті наведені результати дослідження стану і перспектив розвитку готельно-ресторанного бізнесу України в сучасних політичних та соціально-економічних умовах. Предметом дослідження є динаміка розвитку готельно-ресторанного бізнесу в Україні та її регіонах. Мета дослідження полягає, по-перше, у визначенні основних чинників впливу на ефективність функціонування готелів і ресторанів, по-друге, формулюванні на цій базі практичних рекомендацій, спрямованих на динамічний розвиток галузі. Методи дослідження. Дослідження проводилося шляхом опрацювання законодавства України, наукових публікацій з питань діяльності готелів і ресторанів, даних державної статистики, експертних оцінок керівників підприємств індустрії гостинності. Головні результати і висновки. В результаті дослідження розкрито сутність та механізм впливу різноманітних чинників на розвиток вітчизняного готельно-ресторанного бізнесу. Дослідження показало, що значне скорочення платоспроможного попиту на послуги готелів і ресторанів в нинішніх кризових умовах є головною проблемою для розвитку галузі гостинності. Проаналізовані регіональні особливості діяльності готелів і ресторанів. Визначені передумови динамічного зростання галузі гостинності, зокрема зростання реальних доходів населення, ділової активності, відновлення туристичних потоків. Важливим чинником розвитку готельно-ресторанного бізнесу є поглиблення міжнародної інтеграції України з країнами Євросоюзу. В статті запропоновано створення механізму дієвого партнерства підприємств індустрії гостинності, провідних університетів та держави (органів місцевого самоврядування), що сприятиме запровадженню інновацій, залученню інвестицій у розвиток галузі, утворенню в готелях і ресторанах нових робочих місць. ; Актуальность. В статье приведены результаты исследования состояния и перспектив развития гостиничного и ресторанного бизнеса в Украине в современных политических и социально-экономических условиях. Предметом исследования является динамика развития гостиничного и ресторанного бизнеса в Украине и регионах. Цель исследования заключается, во-первых, в определении основных факторов влияния на эффективность функционирования гостиниц и ресторанов, во-вторых, формулировании на этой основе практических рекомендаций, направленных на динамическое развитие отрасли. Методы исследования. Исследование проводилось путем изучения законодательства Украины, научных публикаций по вопросам деятельности гостиниц и ресторанов, данных государственной статистики, экспертных оценок руководителей предприятий индустрии гостеприимства. Основные результаты и выводы. В результате исследования раскрыта сущность и механизм влияния основных факторов на развитие отечественного гостиничного и ресторанного бизнеса. Исследование показало, что значительное сокращение платежеспособного спроса на услуги гостиниц и ресторанов являются главной проблемой для развития отрасли гостеприимства. Проанализированы региональные особенности деятельности гостиниц и ресторанов, в частности увеличение реальных доходов населения, деловой активности, восстановление туристических потоков. Важным фактором развития гостиничного и ресторанного бизнеса является углубление международной интеграции Украины со странами ЕС. В статье предложено создать механизм действенного партнерства предприятий индустрии гостеприимства, ведущих университетов и государства (органов местного самоуправления), что будет способствовать разработке и внедрению инноваций, привлечению инвестиций в развитие отрасли, созданию новых рабочих мест в гостиницах и ресторанах. ; Relevance of the research. The article presents the results of the study at the state and prospects of the hotel and restaurant business in Ukraine in the current political and socioeconomic conditions. The subject of the study is the dynamics of hotel and restaurant business development in Ukraine and its regions. The aim of the article is, firstly, to determine the main factors influencing the efficiency of the functioning of hotels and restaurants, and secondly, the formulation of practical recommendations on this basis, aimed at the dynamic development in the industry. Methodology of investigation consists in the elaboration of legislation in Ukraine, scientific publications on the hotels and restaurants activities, data of state statistics, expert assessments of managers of enterprises of the hospitality industry. The main results of the article are the essence and mechanism of the influence in various factors on the development of the domestic hotel and restaurant business are revealed. Conclusions. The research has shown that a significant reduction in solvent demand for hotel and restaurant services in the current crisis is a major challenge for the hospitality industry. The regional features of the hotel and restaurant activity are analyzed. The conditions for the dynamic growth of the hospitality sector, in particular the growth of real incomes, business activity, and the restoration of tourist flows, are determined. An important factor in the development of hotel and restaurant business is the deepening of the international integration in Ukraine with the countries of the European Union. The article proposes the creation of a mechanism for effective partnership between enterprises of the hospitality industry, leading universities and the state (local governments), which will facilitate the introduction of innovations, attract investments in the development of the industry, the creation of new jobs in hotels and restaurants.
The article considers the process of development of the decentralization reform in Ukraine, started in 2014. The aim of the article is to analyze the conformity of the reform process with the strategic goals declared be government and expectations of the European organizations that have directed their efforts to support democratization and improve the quality of administration in Ukraine. The article focuses on the historical and political significance of the concept of «Europe of Regions», the influence of which determined the course of the integration process on the European continent and of the task of regionalization of the countries of Europe. In the article was proposed to consider the reform of decentralization in Ukraine in the context of a pan-European trend that began more than sixty years ago. The author drew attention to the existence of a significant scientific base, formed in Europe as a result of the development of decentralization reforms. Was considered the process of forming the European policy of decentralization and regionalization, was noted the influence of such organizations as the Assembly of European Regions, the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe, the Council of European Municipalities and Regions, the Committee of the EU Region. It was pointed out that devolution, deconcentration, divestiture, and deregulation are traditionally the forms of decentralization, which manifest themselves in the political, budgetary and administrative spheres with the aim of weakening centralism and overcoming the unification and unitarist tendencies. The article examines the strategic goals of the government of Ukraine from 2014 and the expert and institutional assessments of the four-year stage of reform in Ukraine. It is indicated that the data of national sociological companies diverge from the expert assessments presented in 2017–2018 by the organizations of the Council of Europe and the EU, as well as by the parliamentary committee of the Ukraine-EU Association. It is noted that the declared goals of the government to implement Decentralization reforms in practice prove to be poorly supported by real actions. The reason for this is the unwillingness to carry out a full-scale reform, on the one hand, in connection with the events in Donbass and the Crimea, and on the other hand, due to the divergence of the views of Ukrainian reformers with the ideas of the supporters of the European idea of «Europe of the Regions». ; В статье рассмотрен процесс развития реформы децентрализации в Украине, начатой в 2014 году. Целью статьи определен анализ соответствия процесса реформирования анонсированным правительством стратегическим целям и ожиданиям европейских организаций, которые направили свои усилия на поддержку демократизации и повышение качества администрирования в Украине. В статье делается акцент на исторической и политической значимости концепции «Европа регионов», влияние которой определило ход интеграционного процесса на европейском контитенте и задачи регионализации стран Европы. Предложено рассматривать реформу децентрализации в Украине в контексте общеевропейской тенденции, начавшейся более шестидесяти лет назад. Автором акцентировано внимание на существовании значительной научной базы, сформировавшейся в Европе в результате разработки реформ децентрализации. Рассмотрен процесс формирования европейской политики децентрализации и регионализации, отмечено влияние таких организаций как Ассамблея европейских регионов, Конгресс местных и региональных органов власти Европы, Совет европейских муниципалитетов и регионов, Комитет регионов ЕС. Указано, что формами децентрализации традиционно выступают деволюция, деконцентрация, дивестиция, дерегуляция, которые проявляются в политической, бюджетной и административной сферах с целью ослабления централизма и преодоления унификационной и унитаристской тенденций. В статье рассмотрены стратегические цели правительства Украины с 2014 года и экспертные и институциональные оценки четырехлетнего этапа реформирования в Украине. Указано, что данные национальных социологических компаний расходятся с экспертными оценками, представленными в 2017–2018 годах организациями Совета Европы и ЕС, а также парламентским комитетом Ассоциации Украина — ЕС. Отмечено, что декларируемые цели правительства осуществить реформы децентрализации на практике оказываются слабо поддержаны реальными действиями. Причиной тому называется неготовность осуществить полномасштабное реформирование, с одной стороны, в связи с событиями на Донбасе и в Крыму, а с другой стороны, в связи с расхождением представлений украинских реформаторов с представлениями сторонников европейской идеи «Европы регионов». ; У статті розглянуто процес розвитку чергового етапу реформи децентралізації в Україні, розпочатої в 2014 році, з огляду на анонсовані урядом стратегічні цілі та з огляду на очікування європейських організацій, які спрямували свої зусилля на підтримку демократизації та підвищення якості адміністрування в Україні. У статті розглянуто стратегічні цілі уряду, експертні та інституційні оцінки чотирирічного етапу реформування в Україні, представлено цілі реформ децентралізації та досвід реформування в країнах Європи, простежено процес розвитку форм децентралізації: дереuуляції, деконцентрації, деволюції, дівестиції, проаналізовано реалізацію цих форм в адміністративній, бюджетній та політичній сферах.
У роботі наведено ретроспективний аналіз розвитку концепції Organic та охарактеризовано її основні етапи. Визначено, що концепція Organic 1.0 була закладена піонерами органічного та біодинамічного руху і базувалася на використанні науково обґрунтованої системи органічного сільського господарства. Підкреслено, що із становленням концепції Organic 2.0 задекларовано перші органічні стандарти, законодавство та міжнародні організації, які сформували міцне підґрунтя для подальшого стрімкого розвитку сталих органічних сільськогосподарських практик. Наголошено, що Organic 3.0 значно розширює можливості та позиціонує органік як сучасну інноваційну систему землеробства, яка холістично вписує екологію, економіку, суспільство, культуру та відповідальність у місцевий, регіональний контекст з метою забезпечити широке засвоєння дійсно стійких сільськогосподарських систем та ринків на основі органічних принципів. Здійснено аргументацію відповідності сучасного стану розвитку вітчизняної органічної сфери концепції Organic 2.0 та наведено ретроспективу її становлення в Україні. Доведено необхідність активізації науково-практичних зусиль з метою формування механізму імплементації концепції Organic 3.0 у вітчизняну сільськогосподарську галузь. Проаналізовано основні підходи концепції Organic 3.0,впровадження яких є неодмінною умовою переходу на новий рівень розвитку аграрної галузі та досягнення її сталості. Запропоновано авторську систему заходів з імплементації вищезгаданої концепції в Україні для забезпечення інвестиційно інноваційної моделі розвитку аграрних підприємств, зміцнення конкурентної позиції вітчизняних агровиробників на світовому ринку органічної продукції та активізації інтеграції країни у міжнародний економічний простір. ; The paper presents a retrospective analysis of the development of the Organic concept and is characterized its main stages. Organic 1.0 has been found to be pioneered by organic and organic biodynamic movement and was based on the use of a scientifically sound system of organic Agriculture. It is emphasized that with the introduction of the concept Organic 2.0 has been declared the first organic standards, legislation and international organizations that formed a strong Soil for further rapid development of sustainable organic farming practices. It is emphasized that Organic 3.0 greatly expands the capabilities and positions Organic as a modern innovation, a system of agriculture that holistically integrates ecology, economy, society, culture and accountability in local, regional contexts to ensure widespread learning truly sustainable agricultural systems and markets based on organic principles. Done the argumentation of the relevance of the current state of development of the domestic organic sphere of the concept Organic 2.0 and a retrospective of its establishment in Ukraine. The need for activation was proved scientific and practical efforts to formulate the implementation mechanism of the Organic 3.0 concept into the domestic agricultural industry. The basic approaches of the concept of Organic 3.0 are analyzed, introduction of which is an indispensable condition for the transition to a new level of development of the agricultural industry and achieving its sustainability. The author's system of measures for implementation of the above is proposed concepts in Ukraine to provide an investment-innovative model for the development of agricultural enterprises capacity, strengthening the competitive position of domestic agricultural producers in the global organic market products and activation of the country's integration into the international economic space. ; В работе приведены ретроспективный анализ развития концепции Organic и охарактеризованы ее основные этапы. Определено, что концепция Organic 1.0 была заложена пионерами органического и биодинамического движения и базировалась на использовании научно обоснованной системы органическогосельского хозяйства. Подчеркнуто, что со становлением концепции Organic 2.0 задекларировано первые органические стандарты, законодательство и международные организации, которые сформировали прочное под Почва для дальнейшего стремительного развития устойчивых органических сельскохозяйственных практик.Отмечено, что Organic 3.0 значительно расширяет возможности и позиционирует органик как современную иновацийну систему земледелия, которая холистически вписывает экологию, экономику, общество, культуру и ответственность в местный, региональный контекст с целью обеспечить широкое усвоениедействительно устойчивых сельскохозяйственных систем и рынков на основе органических принципов. осуществлено аргументацию соответствии современного состояния развития отечественной органической сферы концепцииOrganic 2.0 и приведены ретроспективу ее становления в Украине. Доказана необходимость активизации научно-практических усилий с целью формирования механизма имплементации концепции Organic 3.0 в отечественную сельскохозяйственную отрасль. Проанализированы основные подходы концепции Organic 3.0, внедрение которых является непременным условием перехода на новый уровень развития аграрной отрасли и достижения ее устойчивости. Предложена авторская систему мер по имплементации вышеупомянутой концепции в Украине для обеспечения инвестиционно-инновационной модели развития аграрных пред-приятий, укрепление конкурентной позиции отечественных агропроизводителей на мировом рынке органической продукции и активизации интеграции страны в международное экономическое пространство.
Recently the small-scale enterprises' activity attracts the attention of the researchers, economists and politicians all over the world. This fact is related to producing the considerable portion of the GDP, solving the employment problems and the competitiveness increasing of the national economy by the small-scale enterprises. In this connection, the significant contribution of the small-scale enterprises to the high market performance creating and the various sectors of the national economy competitiveness improving stipulate the article subject relevance. Also the article topicality is due to the fact that today the small business in the need of the government support. Purpose. The subject of the study is the theoretical, methodological, statistical and practical aspects of the ways of the small business development search in the context of the unstable situation in the country. The purpose of the paper is to determine the necessary measures in the small business development field with the aim of leveling the negative internal and external factors. Design/methodology/approach. The basic principles of this research are the causality and objectivity principles, systematic and comparative methods, institutional and structural-functional approach. Findings. In this article the elaboration and implementation of the effective package plan is suggested. The purpose of such plan is to develop the small business in Ukraine on the integrity and system basis. It should include the following measures: The development and implementation of the government support mechanism. It should consist in the realization of the development programs and business support and should be adopted on the national and regional levels. The elaboration and legislative assignment of the legal control mechanism for the small-scale enterprises' activity. The elaboration and application of the government influence mechanism on the small business formation and development processes. This measure aims to create favorable economic conditions. The development of the effective export mechanism for the small-scale enterprises. The improving of the investment climate in the country. Research limitations/implications. The scientific significance of the article consists in the research of the possible ways of the small business development, taking into account the features of the market environment in Ukraine. Originality/value. The suggested in this article measures will further the increase of the Ukrainian economy competitiveness and will accelerate the process of Ukrainian integration in the world economy. The small business in Ukraine will be able to develop, operate on the appropriate level and overcome a lot of the negative financial and political factors by virtue of the government support ; Актуальность исследуемой темы обусловлена существенным вкладом малого предпринимательства в создание экономических условий для высокой эффективности рынка, повышение конкурентоспособности различных отраслей национального хозяйства, а также необходимостью государственной поддержки его развития. Предметом исследования являются теоретико-методологические, статистические и прикладные аспекты поиска путей развития малого предпринимательства в условиях нестабильной ситуации в стране. Целью исследования является определение необходимых мероприятий в сфере развития малого предпринимательства с целью нивелирования негативных внутренних и внешних факторов воздействия. Базовыми принципами исследования выступают принцип причинности и объективности, системный и сравнительный методы, институциональный и структурно-функциональный подходы. Научная значимость работы заключается в исследовании возможных путей развития малого предпринимательства с учетом особенностей рыночной среды Украины. Как вывод предлагается разработать и внедрить эффективный комплекс мер по развитию малого предпринимательства на основе целостности и системности. На практике это будет способствовать повышению конкурентоспособности украинской экономики и ускорит процесс интеграции страны в мировое хозяйство ; Актуальність досліджуваної теми зумовлена істотним внеском малого підприємництва у створення економічних умов для високої ефективності ринку, підвищення конкурентоспроможності різноманітних галузей національного господарства, а також необхідністю державної підтримки його розвитку. Предметом дослідження є теоретико-методологічні, статистичні та прикладні аспекти пошуку шляхів розвитку малого підприємництва в умовах нестабільної ситуації в країні. Метою дослідження є визначення необхідних заходів у сфері розвитку малого підприємництва з метою нівелювання негативних внутрішніх та зовнішніх факторів впливу. Базовими принципами дослідження виступають принцип причинності та об'єктивності, системний та порівняльний методи, інституціональний та структурно-функціональний підходи. Наукова значущість роботи полягає в дослідженні можливих шляхів розвитку малого підприємництва з урахуванням особливостей ринкового середовища України. Як висновок пропонується розробити та впровадити ефективний комплекс заходів з метою розвитку малого підприємництва на засадах цілісності та системності. На практиці це сприятиме підвищенню конкурентоспроможності української економіки та прискорить процес інтеграції країни в світове господарство
Russia has re-emerged as an influential player on the world stage and is looking to a "dynamic Asia as a strategic region in which to project its influence. While Russia's foreign policy focus has largely been directed towards the West, it is evident that Asia is a sphere of increasing strategic interest. As both the dynamic powerhouse of the global economy and the arena in which great power relations of the 21 st century will be played out, Asia is an important region for Russia's reassertion of influence. Russia's has a number of strategic interests in Asia. Firstly, Asia consists of largely developing nations with a growing demand for energy and Russia holds a vast proportion of the world's oil and gas reserves. This presents immense economic opportunities. Secondly, Russia's Far East is a vulnerable territory. The declining Russian population is in stark contrast to the hundreds of millions of Chinese across the 3400 km border. The infrastructure in the Far East is insufficient, corruption is extensive and illegal cross-border movement is common. A strengthened Russian presence in Asia would help to overcome these security concerns · and bolster domestic development. Thirdly, Asia provides an arena in which Russia can counter balance the U.S., particularly through their relationship with the Chinese. Russia's relationship with China however is a balancing act between benefits of the association and the dangers of being the junior partner. Finally, Russia has a vested interest in integrating itself into the region's workings in order to shape the environment to suit its future involvement and enhance its influence. This is reflected in Putin's multi-vectored foreign policy, promoting greater Russian engagement in Asia's multilateral forums and establishing bilateral relations not only with China but also Japan, India, North and South Korea and further into South East Asia. Russia's intention to realise these strategic interests is hampered by its limited capacities to shape outcomes. Russia has significant strategic weight because it possesses two key geostrategic tools - nuclear weapons and extensive energy reserves. Because of this and its reassertion in other spheres of influence, Russia has the potential to influence the emerging geopolitical balance between the major powers in Asia- China, Japan, India, and the U.S. Therefore Russia will continue to feature on the agenda of other Asian powers. However, Russia's ability to project its influence is restricted by a number of traditional barriers. The domestic conditions in the Russian Far East continue to hamper efforts to embrace economic expansion into Asia. The Russian economy is substantially reliant on energy prices, the settlements in the Far East lack the underlying preconditions for growth and state control of business in Russia discourages foreign investment and new technologies. Furthermore, issues stemming from Russia's cultural image and turbulent historical legacy in Asia continue to hinder attempts to expand its influence. Currently, Russian military capabilities in the Pacific are weak and require substantial investment. However as Russia rebuilds its military capabilities, changing the regional security dynamic, other Asian nations will look to restrict Russia's involvement in the region. Similarly, while Russia's energy and arms trade gives it strategic and economic leverage, other nations in Asia will be cautious when developing trade relationships. Most importantly, Russia's expansion into Asia is dependent on its relationship with China, which carries the baggage of a complex and unstable history. The mutual suspicion between the two nations does not bode well for a substantial strategic alliance. Russia's involvement in Asia has implications for Australia. While it is not a key player, Russia's reasserted presence will feature in the geopolitical calculations of the major powers and therefore the stability of East Asia. The Rudd Government's hesitation to sign the Agreement on Cooperation in the Use of Nuclear Energy for Peaceful Purposes with Russia highlights the growing awareness of this resurgent presence in the region. Russia's role as an arms supplier to Australia's immediate neighbours has security implications. Furthermore, Russia's expanding role as an energy supplier to China and India has the potential to displace Australia as a key energy exporter. Despite these implications, it is better to encourage Russia's positive integration into Asia rather than exclude and anger the resurgent power. Promoting greater Russian involvement in multilateral forums would encourage a more cooperative and diplomatic engagement m Asia.
Образование анализируется как социокультурный феномен в координатах цивилизационного развития, переосмысливаются цели и результаты образования в Украине. Качество образования исследовано как социокультурная проблема, решение которой заключается в приведении образования в соответствие с новыми социально-экономическими требованиями, в определении приоритетных направлений образовательной политики, стратегии и тактики действий в соответствии с потребностями и обществом и ресурсами государства. Система высшей школы рассмотрена как творческая среда, социокультурная функция которой заключается в воспроизводстве знаний и ценностей, создании концепций, теорий, методологии, технологий. Выявлены барьеры на пути реализации модернизационных идей, изучены риски некритического принятия рыночной идеологии в сфере образования. Обоснована необходимость формирования в общественном сознании понимания образования как социальной миссии, а не как услуги. Ключевые слова: антропологический подход, институционализм, информационное общество, компетентностный подход, кризис образования, «общество знания», синергетика, социально-конструкционистский подход, холизм. А.О. Яковлев ОСВІТА ЯК ПРЕДМЕТ ФІЛОСОФСЬКОЇ РЕФЛЕКСІЇ У КООРДИНАТАХ ЦИВІЛІЗАЦІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ Освіта аналізується як соціокультурний феномен у координатах цивілізаційного розвитку, переосмислюються цілі та результати освіти в Україні. Якість освіти досліджується як соціокультурна проблема, вирішення якої полягає у приведенні освіти у відповідність з новими соціально-економічними вимогами, у визначенні пріоритетних напрямів освітньої політики, стратегії й тактики дій відповідно до потреб суспільства і ресурсів держави. Систему вищої освіти розглянуто як творче середовище, соціокультурна функція якої полягає у відтворенні знань і цінностей, створенні концепцій, теорій, методології, технологій. Виявлено бар'єри на шляху реалізації модернізаційних ідей, вивчено ризики некритичного прийняття ринкової ідеології у сфері освіти. Обґрунтовано необхідність формування у суспільній свідомості розуміння освіти як соціальної місії, а не як послуги. Ключові слова: антропологічний підхід, інституціоналізм, інформаційне суспільство, компетентнісний підхід, криза освіти, синергетика, соціально-конструкціоністський підхід, «суспільство знань», холізм. A.Yakovlev EDUCATION AS A SUBJECT OF PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION IN THE COORDINATES OF CIVILIZATION DEVELOPMENT The purpose of this article is identifying the main priorities of modern education in Ukraine in the context of its orientation on democratization of educational process and society as a whole. The purposes and values of education in the conditions of information society and particularities of their transformation during formation of «knowledge society» are described. Highlighted priorities of modern education are: the European quality and availability of education, spiritual reference points of education, democracy in education, society development on the basis of new knowledge. The necessity of integration of education into culture as well as culture into education by forming the mechanism of cultural and national identification in a person is proved. Spiritual reference points of education are defined as independence, self-sufficiency and ability to self-realization of the person and his or her creative activity. Orientation of the educational process not to the state but to the person, to fundamental human values and consistent democratization of the whole educational space is ground. This orientation promotes formation of principles of democratic civil society, acts as the accelerator of development and spiritual and moral balance of market relations in Ukrainian society. Democracy in education provides strengthening of the role of public authorities, activation of participation of professional bodies and NGOs in educational, scientific-methods, business activities of educational institutions, forecasting of their development, assessing of the quality of educational services. Distinctions of modern approach to education in Ukraine are revealed. New requirements to training are described. Modern universities are considered as carriers of the European consciousness. The place and role of a higher educational institution in «university–student–employer» system is defined. Risks of noncritical acceptance of market ideology, understanding of education as a service rather than a social mission are revealed. Modernization of higher education in Ukraine provides changes in technology of realization of management functions, change of forms and methods of control, improvement of licensing procedure and monitoring of educational services. The new control system is approved as state-civil. It should take into account regional peculiarities, tendencies to autonomy of higher education institutions, competition of educational services, their orientation not to the reproduction but to the development. The strategic directions of improvement of education in Ukraine are highlighted. The ways of solving the problems of democratization of educational space in Ukraine are offered. The educational mechanisms of creation of conditions for self-realization of every citizen of Ukraine and development of a democratic state are offered. Keywords: democratization of the educational process, availability of education, spiritual reference points, European quality of education, information society, priorities of education, knowledge society.
Питання визнання та гарантування прав регіонів є дуже актуальним. Необхідність захисту прав та інтересів регіонів займає важливе місце в державній політиці країн Європи. ХХ сторіччя відмітилось активним процесом децентралізації державної влади в Європейський країнах, визнаються права регіонів, збільшуються їх роль не лише при вирішенні внутрішньодержавних питань, регіони стали активними учасниками міжнародних відносин. Незважаючи на суперечливість і складність, процес регіоналізації в країнах ЄС продовжується і сьогодні, це дозволяє зробити висновок, що політика децентралізації влади та регіоналізації здатні створити комфортні умови для життя регіонів, зберегти їх мовні, культурні традиції, їх самобутність, а також надати достатньо економічної самостійності для вирішення своїх внутрішній питань і задоволення економічних потреб. За рідкісними винятками, визнання широких прав регіонів ніде в Європі не переростають у погрозу територіальної цілісності та суверенітету держави. Завдяки виваженій політиці та відповідному законодавству можна досягти оптимального балансу прав та інтересів як регіонів, так і держави як носія суверенітету.Останнім часом процес перерозподілу влади розпочато і в Україні. Висказується багато побоювань з приводу того, чи потрібна Україні регіоналізація і які ризики в собі несе визнання і закріпленні за регіонами певної самостійності. Проте досвід країн ЄС може стати гарною основою за запровадження власних реформ. Ключові слова: регіон, регіоналізація, територіальна організація публічної влади, регіональні інтереси, права регіонів.Колинко Я. А. Регионы и их роль в современном интеграционном процессе / НИИ государственного строительства и местного самоуправления НАПрН Украины, ХарьковВопрос признания и гарантирования прав регионов является очень актуальным. Необходимость защиты прав и интересов регионов занимает важное место в государственной политике стран Европы. ХХ век отметился активным процессом децентрализации государственной власти в Европейских странах, признаются права регионов, возрастает их роль не только при решении внутригосударственных вопросов, регионы стали активными участниками международных отношений. Несмотря на противоречивость и сложность, процесс регионализации в странах ЕС продолжается и сегодня, это позволяет создать комфортные условия для жизни регионов, сохранить их языковые, культурные традиции, их самобытность, а также предоставить достаточно экономической самостоятельности для решения своих внутренних вопросов и удовлетворения экономический потребностей. За редким исключением, признание широких прав регионов нигде в Европе не перерастают в угрозу территориальной целостности и суверенитета государства. Благодаря взвешенной политике и соответствующему законодательству можно достичь оптимального баланса прав и интересов як регионов, так и государства как носителя суверенитета. В последнее время процесс перераспределения власти начат и в Украине. Высказывается много опасений по поводу того, нужна ли Украине регионализация и какие риски в себе несет признание и закрепление за регионами определенной степени самостоятельности. Тем не менее, опыт стран ЕС может послужить хорошей основой для проведения собственных реформ. Ключевые слова: регион, регионализация, территориальная организация публичной власти, региональные интересы, права регионов.Kolinko Ya. A. Regions and their role in the present -day integration process / Research Institute of the State Building and Local Government, National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkov The questions of the recognition and guarantee of the regions rights are very actual one. The necessity of the regions rights and interests protection takes the important place in the state policy of the European countries. The XX century marked itself by the active process of the decentralization of the state power in the European countries, the rights of regions are recognized and their role is increased not only in the process of the intrastate problems adoption but regions have become the active participants of the international relations. The process of the regionalization in the countries of the European Union, despite the controversy and complexity, still continuous today, permitting to make the conclusion that the policy of the decentralization of power and regionalization are able to create comfortable conditions for the life of regions, to preserve their language, cultural traditions and their identity. This above mentioned policy can also provide sufficient economic independence for solving their own national problems and satisfying their economic needs. With few exceptions, the recognition of regions broad rights nowhere in Europe does not grow up into threat to territorial integrity and sovereignty of the state. Thanks to the sensible policy and relevant legislation it is quite possible to achieve the optimal balance of rights and interests of both regions and the state as the carrier of sovereignty.Recently, the process of the redistribution of power in Ukraine has been initiated. It is expressed a lot of concerns in connection with whether regionalization is needed for Ukraine and what risks there are in providing regions with certain independence, recognized and confirmed for them. However, the experience of the EU can be a good basis for the own reforms implementation.Key words: region, regionalization, territorial organization of public power, regional interests, regions rights.
Ukraine occupies a special position among multiple centers of power. Sinceindependence, Ukraine is an active participant of global geopolitics, so study the problem of border areas is relevant for our country interest because it has specific geopolitical, cultural, civilizational and geo-economic features an develops on the periphery of geopolitical regions.Study the situation around the Ukrainian issue within the geo-strategic and geo-economic paradigm of geopolitical analysis of interstate integration makes it possible to consider the Ukrainian crisis as a fragment of the complete picture in the competition for resources between the fragmented West (USA and EU) and divided the East (Russia and China).Geo-economic component of the modern Ukrainian crisis is reflected in the struggle for the European market between the US and China in the global economic crisis. Ukrainian territory was to be part of the new Silk Road connecting China and the European Union markets. In other words, Russia perceives the «problem of Ukraine», as part of its relations with the West, while the West mainly as a deterrent capabilities of Moscow, as a regional and global power center.In such circumstances, an important issue for the possibility of the continued existence of Ukraine as an independent and integral state is to develop effective geo-strategic doctrine, which would include national security doctrine that determines the technology of the state behavior to achieve their goals in the geopolitical, geoeconomical and geo-information space. In the Ukrainian case, it is not just a strategy is the art of neutralizing the damaging effects of negative energy of multi-dimensional communication space. ; Украина занимает специфическое положение между несколькими центрами силы. С обретением независимости Украина является активным субъектом глобальной геополитики, поэтому исследование проблемы стыковых пространств является актуальным для нашей страны, развивающейся на периферии геополитических регионов и имееющей специфические геополитические, культурно-цивилизационные и геоэкономические черты.Исследование ситуации вокруг украинского вопроса в рамках геостратегической и геоэкономической парадигмы геополитического анализа межгосударственной интеграции дает возможность рассмотреть украинский кризис как фрагмент общей картины в процессе конкуренции за ресурсы между разобщенным Западом (ЕС и США) и разделенным Востоком (Россией и Китаем).Геоэкономическая составляющая в современном украинском кризисе находит свое отражение в борьбе за европейский рынок между США и Китаем в условиях глобального экономического кризиса. Украинская территория должна была стать частью нового Шелкового пути, соединяющего Китай и рынки Европейского союза. Другими словами, Россия воспринимает «проблему Украины», как часть своих отношений с Западом, тогда как Запад главным образом как фактор сдерживания возможностей Москвы, как регионального и мирового центра силы.В таких условиях важным делом для возможности дальнейшего существования Украины как самостоятельного и целостного государства является разработка эффективной геостратегической доктрины, которая бы включала доктрину национальной безопасности, определяющей технологию поведения государства для достижения своих целей в гео-политическом, геоеконоичном и геоинформационном пространстве. В украинском случае это не просто стратегия, это искусство нейтрализации разрушительных последствий негативной рубежной энергетики многомерного коммуникационного пространства ; Україна займає специфічне положення між кількома центрами сили. З отриманням незалежності Україна є активним суб'єктом глобальної геополітики, тому дослідження проблеми стикових просторів є актуальним для нашої держави, що розвивалась на периферії геополітичних регіонів і має специфічні геополітичні, культурно-цивілізаційні та геоекономічні риси.Дослідження ситуації навколо українського питання в рамках геостратегічної та геоекономічної парадигми геополітичного аналізу міждержавної інтеграції дає можливість розглянути українську кризу як фрагмент загальної картини в процесі конкуренції за ресурси, в самому широкому розумінні цього терміну (від вуглеводнів до людського потенціалу), між роз'єднаним Заходом (ЄС і США ) і розділеним Сходом (Росією і Китаєм ).Геоекономічна складова в сучасній українській кризі знаходить своє відображення у боротьбі за європейський ринок між США і Китаєм в умовах глобальної економічної кризи.Українська територія повинна була стати частиною нового Шовкового шляху, що з'єднує Китай і ринки Європейського союзу. Інакше кажучи, Росія сприймає «проблему України», як частину своїх відносин із Заходом, тоді як Захід головним чином як фактор стримування можливостей Москви, як регіонального та світового центру силиВ таких умовах найважливішою справою для можливості подальшого існування України як самостійної та цілісної держави є розробка єфективної геостратегічної доктрини, яка б включала доктрину національної безпеки, що визначає технологію поведінки держави для досягнення своїх цілей у геополітичному, геоеконоічному та геоінформаційному просторі. В українському випадку це не просто стратегія, це мистецтво нейтралізації руйнівних наслідків негативної рубіжної енергетики багатовимірного комунікаційного простору
Focused on the Chinese innovation, The paper researched on the typical experiences of foreign innovatiove countries and the revelations for china to build an innovative country. Firstly, the paper intruduced the original theory of innovative country:Schumpeterian's innovation theory. Secondly, it expounded the theory connotation of innovative country from two levels of technological economics and institutional economics and described totally the representatives and their basic theories of innovative country. Furthermore, it summed up the inevitability into the times of innovation-oriented nation, and the basic connotation and characteristic of innovative country. On that basis, it studied characteristics of foreign typical innovative countries in different levels, including USA, Japan, South Korea, Finland, Sweden. Finally, According to the achievements and shortcomings of building an innovative country of China at past time and making recommendations of the construction with Chinese characteristics, such as innovative national policy, institution, environment and so on, the paper specified the concepts of 'innovative country', concluded by advocating strengthening of national level capacities to revelate seven levels as follows: speeding up the national innovation system and culturing the initiate innovation ability of enterprises; improving the system and building a innovational security policies system perfectly; strengthening coordination between the innovation main bodies and enhancing the overall efficiency of system innovation; making good use of global science and technology resources, and expanding the economy and technology cooperation with developed countries; strengthening personnel training and setting up a relaxed environment for employment; accelerating the integration and construction of regional innovation system and improving the operating efficiency; building an innovation culture and strengthening the innovation spirit trainine and the innovational sense cultivation. Keywords: Innovative Countries; Different Countries; Innovation Theory; Innovational Policy; Etudes sur des pays innovateurs et les révélations pour la Chine Résumé: Cet article nous présente des recherches sur les expériences typiques des pays innovateurs étrangers et les révélations pour la Chine pour construire un nouveau modèle de pays innovateur. Dans un premier temps, on introduit la naissance de la théorie de pays innovateur, c'est-à-dire la théorie de l'innovation technique de Schumpeter; ensuite, on explique les connotations de la théorie de pays innovateur du point de vue de l'économie de technologie et de l'économie de politique en faisant une présentation complète et raffinée sur les personnages représentatifs étrangers et leurs opinions principales sur la théorie de pays innovateur ; et puis, on résume l'inévitabilité de l'entrée dans l'époque d'innovation, les connotations et les caractéristiques des pays innovateurs. A partir de cette base,on fait des études sur les caractéristiques de certians pays innovateurs typiques, par exemple les Etats-Unis, le Japon,la Coréé du Sund, la Finlande et la Suède. Finalement, des révélations et des réflexions sur la construction d'un pays innovateur en Chine. Mot-clés: pays innovateur; pays différents; la théorie d'innovation; la politique d'innovation 摘要:本文主要研究國外創新型國家的典型經驗以及對中國建設創新型國家的啟示。文章首先介紹創新型國家的理論緣起即熊彼特( Schumpeter,1912)的技術創新論;然後從技術經濟學和制度經濟學兩個層面闡述了創新型國家的理論內涵,將國外創新型國家理論的代表人物及主要觀點進行了全面、細緻的梳理;進一步總結了進入國家創新時代的必然性和創新型國家的基本內涵和特徵。在此基礎上,從不同層面對典型創新型國家的特點進行了研究其中包括美國、日本、韓國、芬蘭和瑞典。昀後從五個方面闡述了對我國創新型國家建設的啟示及思考。 關鍵詞:創新型國家;不同國家;創新理論;創新政策
L'obiettivo di tipo metodologico del contributo è la messa a punto di uno strumento di supporto al decisore pubblico per l'individuazione delle aree del territorio urbano da destinare alla sosta. La costruzione di tale strumento è guidata da criteri che fanno riferimento a scelte di tipo urbanistico più che di tipo trasportistico e che riguardano prevalentemente l'integrazione tra aspetti di salvaguardia ambientale, distribuzione delle attività e necessità di mobilità. Infatti, il percorso metodologico tende a coniugare le caratteristiche morfologico-insediative e ambientali del sito con la domanda di sosta che dipende dalle attività insediate nell'ambito urbano di rifermento, considerandole quali elementi-chiave nella costruzione di scelte compatibili di trasformazione della città, tanto nella fase di localizzazione, distribuzione e dimensionamento degli interventi quanto nella successiva fase di progettazione della tipologia costruttiva dei manufatti per la sosta. Il contributo, che fa riferimento ad uno studio più ampio, si compone di tre parti. La prima è dedicata alla definizione dell'algoritmo che rappresenta l'iter attraverso cui si definiscono le soluzioni praticabili e compatibili di localizzazione, distribuzione e tipologia delle aree di sosta e di progettazione degli spazi. La seconda parte è dedicata alla definizione degli ulteriori criteri di contesto che vanno di volta in volta adottati in relazione al la città di riferimento. La terza parte è dedicata alla individuazione degli spazi per la sosta di relazione a Napoli, come esempio applicativo concreto dell'algoritmo messo a punto e dei criteri di contesto individuati. L'idea guida dell'intero lavoro è orientata a scoraggiare l'ingresso veicolare nelle aree urbane consolidate e, quindi, ad evitare la localizzazione dei parcheggi nel centro città, considerati quali ulteriori elementi di attrazione dei flussi di traffico. ; The methodological target of this paper consists in setting up a supporting tool for the public decision-maker in individuating the areas for parking within urban territory. The construction of this tool is guided by criteria referring more to urban and regional planning choices than to transport ones and concerning mostly the integration among environmental safeguard, activities distribution and need for mobility. As matter of fact, the methodological route tends to join the morphological-settlement and environmental characteristics of the site with the demand for parking, which depends on the activities settled in the urban ambit of reference, considering them as key-elements in building compatible choices of city transformation either in the phase of localization, distribution and sizing of interventions or in the following phase of planning the building typology of parking equipments. This paper shares the position expressed in the report on sustainable European Cities, destined to the local authorities of any city in the states of the European Union, which belongs to those documents targeted to affect the development and implementation of innovating policies and actions for promoting a more sustainable urban Europe. Therefore, the paper is divided into three parts. The first part defines the algorithm showing the iter through which it is possible to define feasible and compatible solutions for envisaging localization, distribution and typology of the areas and spaces to be realized. The second part, through the real implementation in a particular case, the city of Naples, deals with the definition of further criteria that are time by time implemented according to the urban context of reference. The tird part deals with the application to Naples and individuates a specific typology of parking areas, as implementation of the worked out algorythm and of the above-said criteria. The central part of the paper deals, then, with defining a route through which, among the possible transformations, the feasible alternatives are univocally individuated according to the environmental, historical and geo-morphological compatibilities and on the base of the expressed demand. All the building process is targeted, from its beginning, to reach desired and chosen aims with the awareness, confirmed by the previous analysis phase, that there are limits, bonds and conditions circumscribing the field of physical transformation planning - concerning the parking realization in this case - within well defined boundaries. Although this paper shares the choice of mobility policies targeted to stop and discourage the vehicles transit in the city downtown and against the realization of parking in those areas, nevertheless the suggested algorithm leads to realize exclusively areas for residential parking in historical central areas.
[ITALIANO] L'obiettivo di tipo metodologico del contributo è la messa a punto di uno strumento di supporto al decisore pubblico per l'individuazione delle aree del territorio urbano da destinare alla sosta. La costruzione di tale strumento è guidata da criteri che fanno riferimento a scelte di tipo urbanistico più che di tipo trasportistico e che riguardano prevalentemente l'integrazione tra aspetti di salvaguardia ambientale, distribuzione delle attività e necessità di mobilità. Infatti, il percorso metodologico tende a coniugare le caratteristiche morfologico-insediative e ambientali del sito con la domanda di sosta che dipende dalle attività insediate nell'ambito urbano di rifermento, considerandole quali elementi-chiave nella costruzione di scelte compatibili di trasformazione della città, tanto nella fase di localizzazione, distribuzione e dimensionamento degli interventi quanto nella successiva fase di progettazione della tipologia costruttiva dei manufatti per la sosta. Il contributo, che fa riferimento ad uno studio più ampio, si compone di tre parti. La prima è dedicata alla definizione dell'algoritmo che rappresenta l'iter attraverso cui si definiscono le soluzioni praticabili e compatibili di localizzazione, distribuzione e tipologia delle aree di sosta e di progettazione degli spazi. La seconda parte è dedicata alla definizione degli ulteriori criteri di contesto che vanno di volta in volta adottati in relazione al la città di riferimento. La terza parte è dedicata alla individuazione degli spazi per la sosta di relazione a Napoli, come esempio applicativo concreto dell'algoritmo messo a punto e dei criteri di contesto individuati. L'idea guida dell'intero lavoro è orientata a scoraggiare l'ingresso veicolare nelle aree urbane consolidate e, quindi, ad evitare la localizzazione dei parcheggi nel centro città, considerati quali ulteriori elementi di attrazione dei flussi di traffico. / [ENGLISH] The methodological target of this paper consists in setting up a supporting tool for the public decision-maker in individuating the areas for parking within urban territory. The construction of this tool is guided by criteria referring more to urban and regional planning choices than to transport ones and concerning mostly the integration among environmental safeguard, activities distribution and need for mobility. As matter of fact, the methodological route tends to join the morphological-settlement and environmental characteristics of the site with the demand for parking, which depends on the activities settled in the urban ambit of reference, considering them as keyelements in building compatible choices of city transformation either in the phase of localization, distribution and sizing of interventions or in the following phase of planning the building typology of parking equipments. This paper shares the position expressed in the report on sustainable European Cities, destined to the local authorities of any city in the states of the European Union, which belongs to those documents targeted to affect the development and implementation of innovating policies and actions for promoting a more sustainable urban Europe. Therefore, the paper is divided into three parts. The first part defines the algorithm showing the iter through which it is possible to define feasible and compatible solutions for envisaging localization, distribution and typology of the areas and spaces to be realized. The second part, through the real implementation in a particular case, the city of Naples, deals with the definition of further criteria that are time by time implemented according to the urban context of reference. The third part deals with the application to Naples and individuates a specific typology of parking areas, as implementation of the worked out algorythm and of the above-said criteria. The central part of the paper deals, then, with defining a route through which, among the possible transformations, the feasible alternatives are univocally individuated according to the environmental, historical and geo-morphological compatibilities and on the base of the expressed demand. All the building process is targeted, from its beginning, to reach desired and chosen aims with the awareness, confirmed by the previous analysis phase, that there are limits, bonds and conditions circumscribing the field of physical transformation planning - concerning the parking realization in this case - within well defined boundaries. Although this paper shares the choice of mobility policies targeted to stop and discourage the vehicles transit in the city downtown and against the realization of parking in those areas, nevertheless the suggested algorithm leads to realize exclusively areas for residential parking in historical central areas.
L'obiettivo di tipo metodologico del contributo è la messa a punto di uno strumento di supporto al decisore pubblico per l'individuazione delle aree del territorio urbano da destinare alla sosta. La costruzione di tale strumento è guidata da criteri che fanno riferimento a scelte di tipo urbanistico più che di tipo trasportistico e che riguardano prevalentemente l'integrazione tra aspetti di salvaguardia ambientale, distribuzione delle attività e necessità di mobilità. Infatti, il percorso metodologico tende a coniugare le caratteristiche morfologico-insediative e ambientali del sito con la domanda di sosta che dipende dalle attività insediate nell'ambito urbano di rifermento, considerandole quali elementi-chiave nella costruzione di scelte compatibili di trasformazione della città, tanto nella fase di localizzazione, distribuzione e dimensionamento degli interventi quanto nella successiva fase di progettazione della tipologia costruttiva dei manufatti per la sosta. Il contributo, che fa riferimento ad uno studio più ampio, si compone di tre parti. La prima è dedicata alla definizione dell'algoritmo che rappresenta l'iter attraverso cui si definiscono le soluzioni praticabili e compatibili di localizzazione, distribuzione e tipologia delle aree di sosta e di progettazione degli spazi. La seconda parte è dedicata alla definizione degli ulteriori criteri di contesto che vanno di volta in volta adottati in relazione al la città di riferimento. La terza parte è dedicata alla individuazione degli spazi per la sosta di relazione a Napoli, come esempio applicativo concreto dell'algoritmo messo a punto e dei criteri di contesto individuati. L'idea guida dell'intero lavoro è orientata a scoraggiare l'ingresso veicolare nelle aree urbane consolidate e, quindi, ad evitare la localizzazione dei parcheggi nel centro città, considerati quali ulteriori elementi di attrazione dei flussi di traffico. ; The methodological target of this paper consists in setting up a supporting tool for the public decision-maker in individuating the areas for parking within urban territory. The construction of this tool is guided by criteria referring more to urban and regional planning choices than to transport ones and concerning mostly the integration among environmental safeguard, activities distribution and need for mobility. As matter of fact, the methodological route tends to join the morphological-settlement and environmental characteristics of the site with the demand for parking, which depends on the activities settled in the urban ambit of reference, considering them as key-elements in building compatible choices of city transformation either in the phase of localization, distribution and sizing of interventions or in the following phase of planning the building typology of parking equipments. This paper shares the position expressed in the report on sustainable European Cities, destined to the local authorities of any city in the states of the European Union, which belongs to those documents targeted to affect the development and implementation of innovating policies and actions for promoting a more sustainable urban Europe. Therefore, the paper is divided into three parts. The first part defines the algorithm showing the iter through which it is possible to define feasible and compatible solutions for envisaging localization, distribution and typology of the areas and spaces to be realized. The second part, through the real implementation in a particular case, the city of Naples, deals with the definition of further criteria that are time by time implemented according to the urban context of reference. The tird part deals with the application to Naples and individuates a specific typology of parking areas, as implementation of the worked out algorythm and of the above-said criteria. The central part of the paper deals, then, with defining a route through which, among the possible transformations, the feasible alternatives are univocally individuated according to the environmental, historical and geo-morphological compatibilities and on the base of the expressed demand. All the building process is targeted, from its beginning, to reach desired and chosen aims with the awareness, confirmed by the previous analysis phase, that there are limits, bonds and conditions circumscribing the field of physical transformation planning - concerning the parking realization in this case - within well defined boundaries. Although this paper shares the choice of mobility policies targeted to stop and discourage the vehicles transit in the city downtown and against the realization of parking in those areas, nevertheless the suggested algorithm leads to realize exclusively areas for residential parking in historical central areas.
Since the Asian Financial Crisis in the late 1990s and through the Global Financial Crisis of the last decade, commendable progress has been made by the member states of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in improving economic and human development outcomes both within each country and across countries. Since 1997, the economies of the poorest countries in the ASEAN, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam, have generally grown faster than the richer economies, which has reduced gaps in per capita incomes. Overall, child mortality rates have been cut by two-thirds across the ASEAN. And significant reductions have occurred even in some of the poorer member countries such as Cambodia and Lao PDR. However, this report The ASEAN Equitable Development Monitor (henceforth referred to as The Monitor), also shows that much remains to be done to ensure that the poorest members of the ASEAN community, within countries and across countries, are not left behind as the countries of the ASEAN integrate further. In both policies and development outcomes, differences across the countries of the ASEAN remain large. In this context, the monitor is designed to facilitate further discussion on policies and programs that can promote inclusive growth within ASEAN member countries and across the ASEAN community. It presents a number of indicators that are intended to provide a summary of development outcomes across and within the ten ASEAN countries and over time. On this basis, the monitor is intended to help policymakers in ASEAN member states to identify areas of concerns and prioritize national and regional interventions. The monitor tracks indicators across two broad sets of development outcomes and policies: (i) economic development; and (ii) human development.
25 Jahre nach dem Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion sind aus einem unitären Hochschulsystem 15 einzigartige nationale Systeme hervorgegangen. Deren Entwicklung wurde von je eigenen ökonomischen, kulturellen und politischen Kräften beeinflusst und geprägt, sowohl nationalen wie internationalen Ursprungs (Johnstone and Bain 2002). Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit untersucht die Veränderungen der Governance von Hochschulsystemen der drei postsowjetischen Staaten Russland, Kasachstan und Moldau über den Zeitraum von 1991 bis 2015, analysiert, zu welchem Grad diese Entwicklungen einem Prozess der Konvergenz hin zu einem "globalen Modell" oder einem "postsowjetischen Modell" folgen und formuliert Hypothesen über die treibenden Kräfte und Pfadabhängigkeiten, welche auf nationalem, regionalen und globaler Ebene diese Entwicklungen befördert, gehemmt oder auf idiosynkratische Art und Weise geprägt haben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass global propagierte Governanceinstrumente – wie z.B. Globalbudgets, erweiterte Befugnisse der Hochschulleitung, externe Qualitätssicherung, Stakeholdergovernancegremien – in allen drei untersuchten Ländern Verbreitung finden und ein Prozess der Konvergenz hin zu einem "global Modell" der Hochschulgovernance stattfindet. Gleichzeitig zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die spezifischen Eigenarten der nationalen Governancearrangements durch die Einführung dieser neuen Instrumente in der Regel nicht ersetzt werden und dem Bestehenden stattdessen als zusätzliche Ebenen hinzugefügt werden. Wo die Logiken der neuen mit den alten Strukturen kollidieren, zeigt sich, dass sich die tradierten Strukturen und Prozesse in der Regel durchsetzen. Zudem zeigt sich, dass die Governancearrangements der drei untersuchten Länder eine große Zahl spezieller Eigenschaften teilen, durch die sie sich systematisch von jenem propagierten globalen Modell abheben. Jenes "Postsowjetische Modell" der Hochschulgovernance zeichnet sich durch dominante Rolle des Staates, Hierarchie als primäre und legitime Form der Governance sowie einen geringen Grad an Vertrauen zwischen den zentralen Akteuren des Hochschulsystems aus. Zuletzt illustriert die Dissertation die Divergenzen und Besonderheiten der Governancemodelle in Russland, Kasachstan und Moldau. Die vorliegende Dissertation leistet somit einen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Entwicklung der Governance der Hochschulsysteme in einer sich dynamisch entwickelten Weltregion, welche in der akademischen Literatur bislang nur wenig Aufmerksamkeit erhalten hat.:Table of Contents Table of Figures . 5 Preliminary remarks and acknowledgements . 6 Glossary . 8 1 Abstract . 11 2 Introduction . 13 2.1 Research Topic . 13 2.2 Starting point and personal research interest . 14 2.3 Research approach . 15 2.4 Relevance to research and practice . 16 2.5 Structure . 16 3 Steps towards a framework of analysis . 17 3.1 The Governance of Higher Education Systems . 17 3.1.1 Higher Education systems . 17 3.1.2 Governance in higher education . 23 3.1.3 Summary: Making sense of higher education governance . 32 3.2 The changing governance of higher education systems . 33 3.2.1 Conceptualizing forces of change in the governance of higher education systems: The 'Glonacal' agency heuristic . 33 3.2.2 Global trends and the emergence of a "global model" of higher education governance36 3.2.3 Instruments of Governance of Higher Education Systems . 49 3.2.4 Conclusion: A global model of HE governance? . 66 3.3 State of research on the governance of higher education in post-Soviet countries . 67 3.3.1 European Integration in the post-Soviet space . 70 4 Framework of Analysis and Research Design . 73 4.1 Research Questions and Scope of Analysis . 73 4.2 Research Methodology, Case Study Design, and Data Collection . 74 4.2.1 Case Studies and data collection . 74 4.2.2 Comparing the governance of higher education systems and assessing convergence . 77 4.2.3 Discussion of validity and reliability of the chosen case study design . 78 4.3 Limitations of the study . 79 5 The Point of Departure: The Soviet Union . 80 5.1 Introduction - Key features of the Soviet Higher Education system . 80 5.2 Structure of the HE system . 83 5.3 The governance of higher education in the Soviet Union . 85 5.3.1 Actors and their capabilities . 85 5.3.2 Educational Standards and Quality Assurance . 86 page 3 5.3.3 Regulation of admission into higher education . 88 5.3.4 Institutional governance, decision-making and institutional autonomy . 89 5.3.5 Financing of HEIs. 90 5.4 The HE Reforms of 1987 . 91 5.5 The break-up and transition of the Soviet higher education system . 94 6 The Russian Federation . 99 6.1 Introduction . 99 6.2 The development of the governance of the higher education system in Russia . 99 6.2.1 De-regulation and marketization of higher education (1991-2000) . 100 6.2.2 Renaissance of state control, internationalization and renewed investment into higher education (2000-2004) . 105 6.2.3 Asserting state control and promoting differentiation of the higher education system (2004-2012) . 110 6.2.4 Differentiated state steering (2012-2016) . 119 6.3 The governance model of the Russian HE system by 2015 . 128 7 The Republic of Kazakhstan . 134 7.1 Introduction . 134 7.2 The development of the governance of the higher education system in Kazakhstan . 135 7.2.1 Establishing statehood and institutions (1991-1999) . 136 7.2.2 Curbing corruption and saddling the market (1999-2004) . 139 7.2.3 Preparing to join the Bologna Space (2005-2010) . 146 7.2.4 Differentiation and expanding autonomy (2011-2017) . 153 7.3 The governance model of the Kazakh HE system by 2015 . 171 8 The Republic of Moldova . 173 8.1 Introduction . 173 8.2 The development of the governance of the higher education system in Moldova . 176 8.2.1 Experimentation and laisser-faire after independence (1991-1994) . 177 8.2.2 Attempts to establish impartial instruments to regulate quality (1994-2001) . 178 8.2.3 Re-Centralization of powers in the Ministry of Education (2001-2006) . 181 8.2.4 Creation of dysfunctional public structures (2006-2009) . 183 8.2.5 The long struggle for a new system of governance (2009-2015) . 184 8.3 The governance model of the Moldovan HE system by 2015 . 194 9 Cross-National Comparison of Developments and Discussion of Results . 197 9.1 How has the governance of higher education systems changed between 1991-2015? . 197 9.1.1 Common challenges and similar answers . 197 9.1.2 Diverging paths . 200 9.1.3 Two-track state steering system in Russia . 203 9.1.4 Marketization and expanding state-overseen stakeholder governance in Kazakhstan 205 page 4 9.1.5 Imitation of "European" institutions in Moldova . 207 9.2 Is there a convergence towards a "post-Soviet" or global model of governance of higher education systems? . 208 9.2.1 Quality Assurance . 208 9.2.2 Institutional Governance and University Autonomy . 210 9.2.3 Regulation of access . 211 9.2.4 Financing . 212 9.2.5 Conclusion: Is there a common model of governance? . 213 9.3 The interplay of national, regional and global factors on the development of the governance of higher education . 218 9.3.1 Global and European forces . 218 9.3.2 Regional forces . 224 9.3.3 National-level: Governments and Ministries responsible for higher education . 225 9.3.4 National-level: Stakeholder organizations. 232 9.3.5 National-level: Higher Education Institutions . 234 9.3.6 National-level: Institutional factors of path dependence . 235 10 Discussion and Outlook . 244 10.1 Concluding reflections on the contribution of this study to the field of research . 246 11 References . 247 12 Annexes . 269 12.1 Annex 1: Russia - The governance of the higher education system . 269 12.1.1 Russia: Structure of the higher education system . 269 12.1.2 Actors and their capabilities . 273 12.1.3 Instruments of higher education governance in Russia . 283 12.1.4 Competitive programs for investment and differentiation of higher education. 295 12.2 Annex 2: Kazakhstan – The governance of the higher education system . 299 12.2.1 Kazakhstan: Structure of the higher education system . 299 12.2.2 Actors and their capabilities . 302 12.2.3 Instruments of higher education governance in Kazakhstan . 310 12.3 Annex 3: Moldova – The governance of the higher education system . 322 12.3.1 Moldova: Structure of the higher education system . 322 12.3.2 Actors and their capabilities . 325 12.3.3 Instruments of higher education governance in Moldova . 328 12.4 Annex 4: The European "infrastructure" of quality assurance . 336 ; After 25 years of transformations of higher education systems in post-Soviet countries, the single Soviet model of higher education has evolved into fifteen unique national systems, shaped by economic, cul-tural, and political forces, both national and global (Johnstone and Bain 2002). International agencies such as the World Bank and the OECD have lobbied for a set of policies associated with the Washington Consensus (Neave, G. R. & van Vught, 1991). The Bologna Process has created isomorphic pressures, supported by EU policies and funding. Many post-Soviet States have responded to these influences, albeit with different motivations and unclear outcomes (Tomusk, 2011). Comparative research on these developments, however, is scarce and has primarily discussed them in terms of decentralization, mar-ketization and institutional autonomy (Heyneman 2010; Silova, 2011). This PhD thesis aims to 1) reconstruct the developments of governance of higher education systems, 2) analyze to what degree the developments represent a convergence towards a "global model" or a "Post-Soviet model" and 3) formulate hypotheses about driving forces and path dependencies at national, regional and global level which have driven or impeded these changes. Following work by Becher & Kogan (1992), Clark (1983), Jongbloed (2003), Paradeise (2009); Hood (2004); Dill (2010) and Dobbins et al. (2011), the research analyzes the object of analysis, the govern-ance of higher education systems, on five dimensions: 1. Educational Standards, quality assessment, and information provision; 2. Regulation of admissions to higher education; 3. Institutional structures, decision-making, and autonomy; 4. Higher education financing and incentive structures; and 5. The relationship of higher education and the state. Explanatory approaches draw upon perspectives of path dependence and models of institutional change drawing on work by North (1990), Steinmo (1992), Weick (1976), Pierson (2000) and Witte (2006). Three post-Soviet, non-EU, Bologna signatory states were selected to represent a diverse geographical sub-sample of the 15 post-Soviet States. The three countries studied in-depth are Russia, Moldova and Kazakhstan. The period of analysis comprises the changes taking place over a 25-year period between 1991 and 2015. Methodologically, the study rests on extensive literature analysis of previous academic publications, reports by international organizations such as the World Bank, OECD, and the EU, and national strategy papers. Building on this document analysis, over 60 semi-structured expert interviews were conducted with representatives of State organizations, HEIs and other stakeholder groups engaged in the govern-ance of higher education. The outcomes of interviews were used to situate developments in the particular page 12 social-political and societal contexts and to triangulate policy documents with various stakeholder per-spectives, in order to reconstruct how and why specific policy changes came about, were implemented or abandoned. The results show a differentiated picture: The governance instruments promoted by OECD, WB and EU are clearly recognizable in the 2015 governance arrangements in all three case countries. On this instru-ments-level "surface", a process of convergence towards the "global model" is clearly taking place. While these new instruments are being adopted, however, the specific national governance arrangements persist and continue to matter. Only in isolated instances are old instruments fully displaced. More com-monly, new structures are added as additional layers to existing governance arrangements. The three countries continue to share a number of unique characteristics which sets them apart from the Anglo-Saxon higher education systems, which have inspired the "global model". The dominating con-trolling role of the state has remained in place in all countries. This is strongly reinforced by national-level institutions and mental models which affirm hierarchy as the legitimate principle in governance and a lack of trust between actors in the system. In all case countries, the mutual expectation of state and HEIs alike remains that the state should be steering the higher education sector. This it does (Russia and Kazakhstan) or attempts to do (Moldova). Clearly, the adoption of governance instruments which are inspired by the "global model" does in no way equate with a retreat of the state. While the elements of university autonomy and stakeholder governance are slowly expanded, even this very process of loosening the reigns of the state is in great measure overseen and steered by the state. Shared character-istics, such as centralized control over admission; a state claim to steer and, in many cases, control the system; a hierarchical, authoritarian, personalized style of governance, management, leadership, as well as accountability form the discernable core of a common "post-Soviet" model of HE governance. The shared institutional past of the Soviet era, as well as common challenges, have facilitated and maintained these commonalities. As time passes, however, these post-Soviet commonalities are getting weaker. Divergent national-level forces and actors are driving or impeding reforms: While in Moldova, political volatility and underfund-ing have repeatedly undermined substantial reforms, Russia and Kazakhstan have each adopted govern-ance and management practices from New Public Management in new idiosyncratic ways: Kazakhstan has embarked on an authoritarian-driven decentralization program. Russia has created a two-tier system of state steering through financial incentivization and evaluation on the one hand, and tight oversight, control and intervention on the other. This dissertation sheds light on the developments, driving forces and mechanisms behind the convergence and divergence of approaches to higher education governance in an under-studied region of the world.:Table of Contents Table of Figures . 5 Preliminary remarks and acknowledgements . 6 Glossary . 8 1 Abstract . 11 2 Introduction . 13 2.1 Research Topic . 13 2.2 Starting point and personal research interest . 14 2.3 Research approach . 15 2.4 Relevance to research and practice . 16 2.5 Structure . 16 3 Steps towards a framework of analysis . 17 3.1 The Governance of Higher Education Systems . 17 3.1.1 Higher Education systems . 17 3.1.2 Governance in higher education . 23 3.1.3 Summary: Making sense of higher education governance . 32 3.2 The changing governance of higher education systems . 33 3.2.1 Conceptualizing forces of change in the governance of higher education systems: The 'Glonacal' agency heuristic . 33 3.2.2 Global trends and the emergence of a "global model" of higher education governance36 3.2.3 Instruments of Governance of Higher Education Systems . 49 3.2.4 Conclusion: A global model of HE governance? . 66 3.3 State of research on the governance of higher education in post-Soviet countries . 67 3.3.1 European Integration in the post-Soviet space . 70 4 Framework of Analysis and Research Design . 73 4.1 Research Questions and Scope of Analysis . 73 4.2 Research Methodology, Case Study Design, and Data Collection . 74 4.2.1 Case Studies and data collection . 74 4.2.2 Comparing the governance of higher education systems and assessing convergence . 77 4.2.3 Discussion of validity and reliability of the chosen case study design . 78 4.3 Limitations of the study . 79 5 The Point of Departure: The Soviet Union . 80 5.1 Introduction - Key features of the Soviet Higher Education system . 80 5.2 Structure of the HE system . 83 5.3 The governance of higher education in the Soviet Union . 85 5.3.1 Actors and their capabilities . 85 5.3.2 Educational Standards and Quality Assurance . 86 page 3 5.3.3 Regulation of admission into higher education . 88 5.3.4 Institutional governance, decision-making and institutional autonomy . 89 5.3.5 Financing of HEIs. 90 5.4 The HE Reforms of 1987 . 91 5.5 The break-up and transition of the Soviet higher education system . 94 6 The Russian Federation . 99 6.1 Introduction . 99 6.2 The development of the governance of the higher education system in Russia . 99 6.2.1 De-regulation and marketization of higher education (1991-2000) . 100 6.2.2 Renaissance of state control, internationalization and renewed investment into higher education (2000-2004) . 105 6.2.3 Asserting state control and promoting differentiation of the higher education system (2004-2012) . 110 6.2.4 Differentiated state steering (2012-2016) . 119 6.3 The governance model of the Russian HE system by 2015 . 128 7 The Republic of Kazakhstan . 134 7.1 Introduction . 134 7.2 The development of the governance of the higher education system in Kazakhstan . 135 7.2.1 Establishing statehood and institutions (1991-1999) . 136 7.2.2 Curbing corruption and saddling the market (1999-2004) . 139 7.2.3 Preparing to join the Bologna Space (2005-2010) . 146 7.2.4 Differentiation and expanding autonomy (2011-2017) . 153 7.3 The governance model of the Kazakh HE system by 2015 . 171 8 The Republic of Moldova . 173 8.1 Introduction . 173 8.2 The development of the governance of the higher education system in Moldova . 176 8.2.1 Experimentation and laisser-faire after independence (1991-1994) . 177 8.2.2 Attempts to establish impartial instruments to regulate quality (1994-2001) . 178 8.2.3 Re-Centralization of powers in the Ministry of Education (2001-2006) . 181 8.2.4 Creation of dysfunctional public structures (2006-2009) . 183 8.2.5 The long struggle for a new system of governance (2009-2015) . 184 8.3 The governance model of the Moldovan HE system by 2015 . 194 9 Cross-National Comparison of Developments and Discussion of Results . 197 9.1 How has the governance of higher education systems changed between 1991-2015? . 197 9.1.1 Common challenges and similar answers . 197 9.1.2 Diverging paths . 200 9.1.3 Two-track state steering system in Russia . 203 9.1.4 Marketization and expanding state-overseen stakeholder governance in Kazakhstan 205 page 4 9.1.5 Imitation of "European" institutions in Moldova . 207 9.2 Is there a convergence towards a "post-Soviet" or global model of governance of higher education systems? . 208 9.2.1 Quality Assurance . 208 9.2.2 Institutional Governance and University Autonomy . 210 9.2.3 Regulation of access . 211 9.2.4 Financing . 212 9.2.5 Conclusion: Is there a common model of governance? . 213 9.3 The interplay of national, regional and global factors on the development of the governance of higher education . 218 9.3.1 Global and European forces . 218 9.3.2 Regional forces . 224 9.3.3 National-level: Governments and Ministries responsible for higher education . 225 9.3.4 National-level: Stakeholder organizations. 232 9.3.5 National-level: Higher Education Institutions . 234 9.3.6 National-level: Institutional factors of path dependence . 235 10 Discussion and Outlook . 244 10.1 Concluding reflections on the contribution of this study to the field of research . 246 11 References . 247 12 Annexes . 269 12.1 Annex 1: Russia - The governance of the higher education system . 269 12.1.1 Russia: Structure of the higher education system . 269 12.1.2 Actors and their capabilities . 273 12.1.3 Instruments of higher education governance in Russia . 283 12.1.4 Competitive programs for investment and differentiation of higher education. 295 12.2 Annex 2: Kazakhstan – The governance of the higher education system . 299 12.2.1 Kazakhstan: Structure of the higher education system . 299 12.2.2 Actors and their capabilities . 302 12.2.3 Instruments of higher education governance in Kazakhstan . 310 12.3 Annex 3: Moldova – The governance of the higher education system . 322 12.3.1 Moldova: Structure of the higher education system . 322 12.3.2 Actors and their capabilities . 325 12.3.3 Instruments of higher education governance in Moldova . 328 12.4 Annex 4: The European "infrastructure" of quality assurance . 336
Eine dauerhafte Verfügbarkeit ist nicht garantiert und liegt vollumfänglich in den Händen der Herausgeber:innen. Bitte erstellen Sie sich selbständig eine Kopie falls Sie diese Quelle zitieren möchten.
Sixteen years after the launch of the naval operation Atalanta, the EU has once again deployed naval capabilities to secure its shipping interests. The mission EUNAVFOR Aspides aims to shield merchant vessels passing through the Red Sea and a large part of the North-West Indian Ocean (NWIO) from the terrorist attacks of the Houthi military group.[1] To pressure Israel to end the war in Gaza, the rebel movement has been disrupting freedom of navigation in the Bab-el-Mandeb area by actively targeting vessels on the critical sea line of communication connecting the Indo-Pacific and Europe. The two regions together account for over 70 per cent of global trade in goods and services, with inter-region exchanges peaking in trade of high-value-added goods.[2] Rerouting the chokepoint adds 10-14 days of travel to reach Europe from East Asia via the Cape of Good Hope (even more if the diverted sea traffic puts under stress the African port infrastructure). Similarly, transportation costs have surged due to higher insurance rates, sunken cargo, supply-chain disruption etc., with a direct detrimental effect on European prosperity and global inflation. The repercussions are further magnified in the European southern states since container ships forced to avoid the Houthi threat by circumnavigating Africa have easier access to Europe through the continent's northern ports such as Rotterdam and Antwerp. Given the already existing advantages of certain Atlantic ports in terms of efficiency and interconnections with the European heartlands, such a geographical advantage could lead to the longer-term bypassing of southern harbours, with the consequential marginalisation of the Mediterranean Sea.[3]The birth of EUNAVFOR Aspides Faced with the emerging Houthi threat, Spain was reluctant to repurpose operation Atalanta – whose headquarters and operational commander, along with numerous other assets, are provided by Madrid – to address the Houthi attacks due to the qualitatively different character of the threat and the inherent risk of downplaying Somali piracy.[4] Such a decision prompted the Council to launch its fourth naval mission. The operation is tellingly named Aspides (shield in Greek), and is a strictly defensive mission to accompany and protect merchant vessels, without the mandate to conduct any operations on land. By launching the mission, leading European countries in maritime affairs demonstrated the willingness to adopt a distinct line from Washington and the US-led Prosperity Guardian mission, also highlighting the Union's strategic autonomy and cohesion. Indeed, the alternatives – building on the Coordinated Maritime Presence concept or the French-led operation Agenor – would have left assets outside EU command. Beyond the core duty of vessel protection, the mission is entrusted with deterring attacks, increasing maritime domain awareness or MDA[5] (a leitmotif of the European maritime engagement) and complementing other international endeavours. Operationally, Greece provides the headquarters and overall strategic command, confirming both Athens' increased maritime profile, as well as the Union's ad hoc approach to its command structures, which provides more flexibility and adaptability while raising complexity and the risk of duplication of efforts.[6] In turn, Italy furnishes the Force Commander, that is, the tactical command. After more than 16 years of naval missions, Aspides represents a relevant shift in terms of the scope, ambition and nature of EU maritime operations. Therefore, the EU needs to adapt the best practices and lessons learned from the past to a higher level of threat and operational involvement.EUNAVFOR Aspides vs Atalanta In 2008, the EU launched its first maritime mission for a similar goal as Aspides': securing the commercial route and freedom of navigation in the NWIO. However, the context was very different. Somali pirates were harassing commerce in the Gulf of Aden, threatening global recession and a humanitarian crisis in Somalia, while causing dramatic economic losses for the EU, which amounted to 11 billion US dollars per year.[7] Beyond commercial reasons, normative (upholding the rules-based order) and humanitarian (protecting seafarers and aid shipments directed to Somalia) concerns concurred to deploy Atalanta.[8] Instead of joining existing NATO and US-led anti-piracy efforts, member states decided to launch their own mission. Such a decision stemmed from the perception that the Commission's strategy and capacity to reach agreements with local states for the prosecution and incarceration of captured pirates offered a more sound and lawful solution.[9] Atalanta is fundamentally an anti-piracy and vessel protection operation with the capacity (and legitimacy) to intervene onshore and offshore. It is also part of a comprehensive regional approach featuring two other Common Security and Defence Policy capacity-building missions – EUTM and EUCAP Somalia – and regional maritime security, MDA and development projects. The operation has enjoyed a resounding success, which is evident in the disappearance of pirate incidents and the participation of non-EU countries in the mission and anti-piracy frameworks promoted by the Union. Therefore, Atalanta is still often considered a landmark contribution of the Union to global maritime security.[10] Despite suppressing piracy, however, the mission has been unable to eradicate its root causes. The recent resurfacing of piracy – due to the focus on the Houthis, reduction of assets for anti-piracy operations and the atrophy of anti-piracy structures[11] – demonstrates how piracy incidents re-appear when the naval deterrent is reduced.[12] Compared with Atalanta, Aspides operates amidst a very different international environment. Somali piracy was the primary result of a failed state incapable of controlling its waters and with a desperate population. While such a description suits Yemen too, the Houthi attacks started in response to the war in the Gaza Strip, and the group is backed by Teheran and part of the Iranian-led "axis of resistance". The threats are also qualitatively different. While piracy is driven by financial gains and eschews attention, maritime terrorism pursues political goals and seeks publicity. Furthermore, while Somali pirates reaped profits from sea trade, Houthis target commerce as such and employ higher-end capabilities, such as anti-ship missiles, speedboats and drones. Thus, the success of Aspides will depend on its capacity to safeguard trade routes near the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, which will be far more difficult than deterring pirates who tried to board vessels, rather than sinking them.What challenges lie ahead By launching Aspides, the EU has embarked on a dangerous naval mission outside its usual repertoire. Protecting vessels from Houthis' attacks is qualitatively different from anti-piracy activities like Atalanta, primarily because the attackers aim to destroy vessels and discourage trade rather than boarding and robbing ships. Additionally, a higher level of operational involvement is required. Having traditionally engaged primarily in the fight against blue crime, the EU is now addressing instead terrorist attacks at sea. Whereas much of the existing countermeasures to safeguard civilian vessels target human attackers (guards, barbed wire, water cannons, acoustic systems etc.), Houthis' drones and anti-ship missiles must be countered with higher-end capabilities, including artillery, projectiles targeting drones, boat nets, jamming and spoofing techniques etc. Finally, the regional environment must also be carefully considered, from both a strategic and political perspective. Indeed, the Red Sea crisis is dependent upon the Gaza War and Iranian support for the Houthis. Furthermore, it unfolds within a theatre crowded with multiple military missions and foreign militaries:[13] numerous actors, instruments and endeavours contribute to the security equation of the NWIO, adding further complexity to the strategic picture. Hence, the success of a defensive operation in neutralising the Houthi military threat seems uncertain; especially, considering the absence of a coherent and comprehensive framework that further differentiates Aspides from Atalanta. With Aspides, the EU is adopting a novel, distinct approach that aims to advance its strategic autonomy while avoiding escalation and addressing the disruption of trade in a key maritime region. By doing so, the Union wants to prove its capacity to pursue its interests independently and attain the status of global maritime security provider. Yet, as mentioned, there are numerous challenges that may complicate Aspides' path. Despite its defensive nature, the mission could escalate the confrontation with the Houthis or be accused of providing indirect support for Israel. Getting drawn into escalating confrontations with the Houthis might lead to a shift in strategy by the Yemeni armed group, resulting in the sabotaging of undersea cables, a scenario for which the operation is currently ill-prepared. Furthermore, the new mission faces problems of cooperation and competition with other naval operations, chiefly Atalanta, Agenor and Prosperity Guardian. Coordinating these missions is an operational challenge due to the partially overlapping mandates and limited assets of the participating states. Indeed, diverging national objectives could lead to operational tensions, ultimately hijacking Aspides' assets towards alternative endeavours. Lastly, the fact that the EU is simultaneously balancing other fronts, supporting Ukraine and pursuing internal rearmament, highlights the unprecedented ambition and magnitude of the task.Piero Barlucchi is a Master's graduate in International Relations and Diplomatic Affairs at the University of Bologna and former intern at the Centre for Security, Diplomacy and Strategy at the Brussels School of Governance, and the Centre for the Study of Democracy.[1] In January 2024, the US State Department designated the Houthis as a "Global Terrorist group". See US Department of State, Terrorist Designation of the Houthis, 17 January 2024, https://www.state.gov/terrorist-designation-of-the-houthis.[2] Girardi Benedetta, Paul van Hooft and Giovanni Cisco, "What the Indo-Pacific Means to Europe: Trade Value, Chokepoints, and Security Risks", in HCSS Reports, November 2023, https://hcss.nl/?p=61206.[3] Matteo Villa and Filippo Fasulo, "Mar Rosso, i costi della crisi: cinque grafici per capire", in ISPI Focus, 19 January 2024, https://www.ispionline.it/it?p=160905; Gian Enzo Duci, "Mar Rosso: porti mediterranei a rischio bypass", in ISPI Commentaries, 5 March 2024, https://www.ispionline.it/it?p=165404.[4] "Spanish PM Open to Creation of New EU Mission to Protect Vessels in Red Sea", in Reuters, 27 December 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/spanish-pm-open-creation-new-eu-mission-protect-vessels-red-sea-2023-12-27.[5] Maritime domain awareness refers to the production of knowledge about activities associated with the maritime domain that could impact the security, safety, environment or economy of the EU and its members.[6] Christian Bueger and Timothy Edmunds, "The European Union's Quest to Become a Global Maritime Security Provider", in Naval War College Review, Vol. 76, No. 2 (Spring 2023), Article 6, https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol76/iss2/6.[7] Ondřej Filipec, "The Evolution of EU Counter-Piracy Policy", in European Journal of Transformation Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2017), p. 20-39, https://czasopisma.bg.ug.edu.pl/index.php/journal-transformation/article/view/9130.[8] Trineke Palm, "Cooperative Bargaining in the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy: EUNAVFOR Atalanta", in Contemporary Politics, Vol. 25, No. 2 (2019), p. 129-149, https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2018.1477463.[9] Marianne Riddervold, The Maritime Turn in EU Foreign and Security Policies. Aims, Actors and Mechanisms of Integration, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018; Michael E. Smith, "Maritime Security and the CSDP: Interests, Operational Experience, and Strategies", in Laura Chappell, Jocelyn Mawdsley and Petar Petrov (eds), The EU, Strategy and Security Policy. Regional and Strategic Challenges, London/New York, Routledge, 2016, p. 119-134.[10] Eva Pejsova, "The EU as a Maritime Security Provider", in EUISS Briefs, No. 13 (December 2019), https://www.iss.europa.eu/node/2398.[11] Christian Bueger, "Somali Pirates Are Back in Action. A Strong Global Response Is Needed" in Safe Seas, 19 January 2024, https://www.linkedin.com/posts/bueger_somali-pirates-are-back-in-action-a-strong-activity-7153955942642921472-V1xa.[12] Neil Winn and Alexandra Lewis, "European Union Anti-Piracy Initiatives in the Horn of Africa: Linking Land-based Counter-Piracy with Maritime Security and Regional Development", in Third World Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 9 (2017), p. 2113-2128, DOI 10.1080/01436597.2017.1322460.[13] Neil Melvin, "The Foreign Military Presence in the Horn of Africa Region", in SIPRI Background Papers, April 2019, https://www.sipri.org/node/4796.
