Suchergebnisse

Diskussion der Entwicklung der Beziehungen zwischen Nigeria und Bulgarien, insbesondere bei der Landwirtschaftsentwicklung und der industriell-technischen Zusammenarbeit. Nicht alle Erwartungen wurden erfüllt. Fragen nach den Ursachen der Mängel, den relativen Erfolgen, den politischen und sozio-ökonomischen Gründen für die Zusammenarbeit Nigerias mit den sozialistischen Staaten. (DÜI-Wsl)

This article examines the reaction of the Romanian and Bulgarian ruling classes to the great transformations in South-East Europe in the aftermath of World War I. The conflict had revealed the intrinsic weakness of the economic and social structures of all the Balkan nation-states, victors and vanquished alike. This awareness prompted politicians in Romania and Bulgaria to seek massive industrialization accompanied by some social reforms (agrarian reform, education, etc.) with a view to decisive modernization. A strong industrial base supported by the state through protective policies and public orders seemed the fastest and safest way to transform the economic structure of the two countries, which until then had been predominantly agrarian. This economic action was accompanied by a lively scientific and cultural debate fueled by Bulgarian and Romanian economists convinced that industrialization was the only way to achieve emancipation from underdevelopment and subjection to the Western powers. On the whole, however, this policy approach, artificially supported by the state and inadequately powered by a modest internal market, did not prove capable of reversing the trend of Bulgarian and Romanian development. On the contrary, it had the effect of shifting precious resources away from the countryside, which remained mired in severe technical and human underdevelopment.

The importance of government expenditure management has increased during the last years. This paper provides empirical evidence on the cyclicality and the relationship between government expenditure and output in five European Union members in a period 1995–2009. We use Johansen cointegration test and the error correction model and analyze annual data on government expenditure in compliance with the COFOG international standard. The results confirm that the government expenditure functions are procyclical in most countries (91% cases in the sample). Output and government expenditure are cointegrated at least for four from ten expenditure functions in every country (four in the Czech Republic and Hungary, five in Bulgaria, seven in Slovakia and eight in Romania) and it implies a long-term relationship between government expenditure and output. Average value of long-run elasticity coefficients is 1.72 for all expenditure functions, 1.16 for total government expenditure. Conclusions about the short-run relationship between expenditure and output are not unambiguous due to a relatively low statistical significance. However, the coefficient values (average is 3.14) confirm the voracity hypothesis, as they suggest that in response to a given shock to real GDP, government expenditure will rise by even more in percentage points.

Lumen 3rd International Conference on Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty (LUMEN) - Current Paradigms in Social Sciences -- APR 10-13, 2013 -- Iasi, ROMANIA ; WOS: 000347957500013 ; In this study the relationship between government expenditure and rate of economic growth will be analyzed for Turkey, Romania and Bulgaria by using the data for the period 1995-2011. The main purpose of this study is to test whether there is an "inverted U" shape relationship between public spending and economic growth or not, and to find the optimal level of public spending for Turkey, Romania and Bulgaria economies. Theoretically, the relationship between optimal government expenditure and economic growth has been associated with Armey curve. Armey Curve, propounded by Richard Armey, is one of the tools that developed to demonstrates the role of the state in the economic process. The basic logic behind the Armey Curve is that the relationship between public spending and gross domestic product (GDP) is positive up to a certain point, thereafter the relationship becomes negative. According to Friedman (1997), the government has an important role in a free and open society. It is emphasized that, average contribution of the public sector in the economy is positive, but as the public share of national income increases from 15% to 50% the marginal contribution of the public sector will be negative. Therefore, Friedman advocates that based on development level of countries, the optimal level of public spending should be between 15% and 50%. The econometric method using in this study is ARDL bound testing approach developed by Paseran et al. (2001). Empirical findings show that the share of present public expenditure in GDP exceeds optimal public expenditure for three countries. Based on the results of the study, an economic policy proposal may be that the share of public expenditure should be reduced and the effectiveness of public expenditure programs should be increased. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. ; Lumen Res Ctr Social & Humanis Sci, Lumen Publishing House, Lumen UK

The paper discusses the current situation with OA resources in Bulgaria. We used various available web OA resource databases such as (DOAJ, OpenAIRE, ROAD, OpenDOAR, ROAR, ROARMAP, etc.) with an overview of previous papers and other relevant information written on the subject in order to discuss the development and state of OA in terms of scientific journals and IRs. To this added our own research on OA resources not included or indexed in the above-mentioned databases. The OA journals and IR were analyzed in terms of scientific fields, languages of publication, bibliographic content, software platforms and consistency. The need for and implementation of institutional OA policies as well as suggestions for the future development of OA in Bulgaria are discussed. ; Докладът разглежда настоящото състояние на ресурсите с отворен достъп в България. Използвани са различни бази данни на ресурси с ОД (DOAJ, ROAD, OpenDOAR, ROAR, ROARMAP, OpenAIRE, SCOPUS, Web of Science), както и преглед на предходни доклади и анализи по темата, с цел да се представи състоянието на OД у нас от гледна точка на развитието на научните списания и репозиториуми. Представено е и проучване на ресурсите с ОД в България, които не са включени или индексирани в посочените по-горе бази данни. Научните списания и институционални репозиториуми с ОД са анализирани по: научни области, език на публикуване, обхват на онлайн архива, библиографско съдържание, и актуално състояние. Обсъждат се необходимостта от въвеждане и прилагане на институционални политики на отворен достъп, както и инициативи за бъдещото развитие на ОД в България.