Suchergebnisse

Abstract Background Legislation is one of the most powerful weapons for improving population health and is often used by policy and decision makers. Little research exists to guide them as to whether legislation is feasible and/or will succeed. We aimed to produce a coherent and transferable evidence based framework of threats to legislative interventions to assist the decision making process and to test this through the 'case study' of legislation to ban smoking in cars carrying children. Methods We conceptualised legislative interventions as a complex social interventions and so used the realist synthesis method to systematically review the literature for evidence. 99 articles were found through searches on five electronic databases (MEDLINE, HMIC, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Social Policy and Practice) and iterative purposive searching. Our initial searches sought any studies that contained information on smoking in vehicles carrying children. Throughout the review we continued where needed to search for additional studies of any type that would conceptually contribute to helping build and/or test our framework. Results Our framework identified a series of transferable threats to public health legislation. When applied to smoking bans in vehicles; problem misidentification; public support; opposition; and enforcement issues were particularly prominent threats. Our framework enabled us to understand and explain the nature of each threat and to infer the most likely outcome if such legislation were to be proposed in a jurisdiction where no such ban existed. Specifically, the micro-environment of a vehicle can contain highly hazardous levels of second hand smoke. Public support for such legislation is high amongst smokers and non-smokers and their underlying motivations were very similar - wanting to practice the Millian principle of protecting children from harm. Evidence indicated that the tobacco industry was not likely to oppose legislation and arguments that such a law would be 'unenforceable' were unfounded. Conclusion It is possible to develop a coherent and transferable evidence based framework of the ideas and assumptions behind the threats to legislative intervention that may assist policy and decision makers to analyse and judge if legislation is feasible and/or likely to succeed.

This paper discusses the ways that European regional policy has been re-shaped in order to build on the role played by entrepreneurship in driving regional innovation. The various lines of re-thinking which have helped to reform the policy draw heavily on modern theories of entrepreneurship and innovation, and these insights have contributed significantly to many of the elements of new policy logic and framework. Yet, these ideas also derive both from worldwide, rather than EU-specific insights, and also from a wide range of academic fields. Setting the EU agenda within the broader global context is therefore also important in order to help identify both the commonalities and differences between policy approaches in different types of places.

Baggrunden for den nordiske deklaration om sprogpolitik genemgås og dens mulige im0plikationer for en europæisk sprogpolitik skitseres. Udgivelsesdato: 06.2009

Gegenstand der Untersuchung sind die Wirksamkeit arbeitsmarkpolitischer Maßnahmen und der Einfluß wohlfahrtsstaatlicher Sozialprogramme auf den Arbeitsmarkt in postkommunistischen Übergangsgesellschaften. Der Verfasser diskutiert vor dem Hintergrund von Erfahrungen in den OECD-Staaten Dimensionen einer aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Transformationsökonomien und erörtert in diesem Zusammenhang die Anpassungsfähigkeit des Arbeitsmarkts, die Mobilität des Faktors Arbeit, die Bedeutung betrieblicher Sozialprogramme, regionale Disparitäten und den Einfluß der Gewerkschaften. Im folgenden wird in international vergleichender Perspektive eine Evaluation der sozialpolitischen Orientierung in den postkommunistischen Reformstaaten vorgelegt. Die Untersuchung macht deutlich, daß die sozialpolitische Problemlage in diesen Staaten vor allem der makroökonomischen Schocksituation zuzuschreiben ist und sich mit dem Fortschreiten der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung abmildern wird. Ein "harter Kern" von Bedürftigen wird gleichwohl auf staatliche Wohlfahrtsprogramme angewiesen bleiben. (BIOst-Wpt)

Climate change introduces an additional concern to the semi-arid Northeast Brazil region, which already faces water scarcity challenges. This study analyzes water use and climate adaptation strategies and policy integration in the Petrolina and Juazeiro region. Drawing on the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) and using policy network analysis, the paper explores the interactions across and within coalitions at multiple levels, the decision-making spaces, and the distribution of political resources. Finally, it discusses the changes in Brazil after the 2016 presidential shift and the uncertainty of the subsystem consolidated over the past decade.

A sizeable literature studies whether governments strategically interact with each other through policy-diffusion, learning, fiscal and yardstick competition. This paper asks whether, in the presence of direct democratic institutions, spatial interactions additionally result from voters' direct actions. The proposed mechanism is that the voters' actions in vetoing a decision or inaugurating a preferred policy by a binding initiative in their jurisdiction can potentially have spillover effects on the actions of voters and special interest groups of neighboring jurisdictions. Utilizing data on around 1,800 voter-petitions across over 12,000 German municipalities in 2002-09, we find that a jurisdiction's probability of hosting a petition is positively driven by the neighbors' direct democratic activity. These effects are persistent, and are stronger for more visible instruments of direct democracy. The interactions are also mostly driven by petitions in same or similiar policy areas, and are stronger in towns with relatively more per capita newspapers.

V prispevku je pozornost usmerjena v problematiko jezikovne standardizacije oziroma njene faze, ki jo je treba vedno pogosteje posodabljati – jezikovne kodifikacije. Predstavljene so teoretske smernice in prikazana je kronologija normativistične dejavnosti na Slovenskem v 20. stoletju. Podrobneje je predstavljena sodobna jezikovna politika, ki kljub izkazanim interesom javnosti, potrebam pišočih, šolnikov, ne nameni temu področju pozornosti in financiranja, in to ne glede na obvezujoče dokumente, kot sta npr. Resolucija o nacionalnem programu za jezikovno politiko 2014–2018 in Akcijski načrt za jezikovno opremljenost, ki jih ministrstvo za kulturo oziroma služba za jezik redno naročata pri ekspertih, a jih ne udejanita. In the article, attention is drawn to the issue of language standardization, namely to one of its phases which must be updated increasingly often – language codifications. Theoretical guidelines are presented and the chronology of the prescriptive activities in Slovenia in the 20th century are shown. The language policy situation is presented in detail, as this area still lacks attention and funding, despite the expressed public interest and the needs of those who write and educate. The situation persists regardless of the binding documents, such as the Resolution on the National Programme for Language Policy 2014–2018 and the Action Plan for Language Infrastructure, which the Ministry of Culture, namely the Slovenian Language Service orders from the experts. They are, however, never realized.