Suchergebnisse

Conditional cash transfer (CCT), which was initiated in 2007, is becoming a centerpiece of the social protection system in the Philippines. This note reviews economic rationales for transferring a cash grant to the poor contingent on their certain behavior, major challenges in designing a CCT program, targeting methodologies, and impact evaluation designs, to show how the Philippines' CCT program is designed to resolve major difficulties in its design, targeting, and evaluation. The CCT program with a rigorous impact evaluation offers an excellent opportunity for policy makers and development practitioners to learn what works and what does not work in searching for effective poverty interventions.

In this paper, I relate the degree of progressivity of the income tax scheme to the prevailing income inequality in the society. I find that, consistent with the data, more unequal societies implement more progressive income tax systems. I build a model of political coalition formation, where different income groups have to agree on a tax scheme to finance the public good. I show that, the greater income inequality is, i.e. the further away the rich are from the rest of the population, the less able they are to credibly commit to participating in a coalition. Therefore, as income inequality rises, the rich are increasingly excluded from the design of the income tax scheme. Consequently, the rich bear a larger fraction of the public good, and the tax system becomes more progressive.

Conditional cash transfer (CCT), which was initiated in 2007, is becoming a centerpiece of the social protection system in the Philippines. This note reviews economic rationales for transferring a cash grant to the poor contingent on their certain behavior, major challenges in designing a CCT program, targeting methodologies, and impact evaluation designs, to show how the Philippines' CCT program is designed to resolve major difficulties in its design, targeting, and evaluation. The CCT program with a rigorous impact evaluation offers an excellent opportunity for policy makers and development practitioners to learn what works and what does not work in searching for effective poverty interventions.

Anecdotal evidence permeates accounts on the impact of the global economic crisis on Philippine poverty. This study systematically assesses the evidence and recent data. It adopts a somewhat eclectic approach as applying regression and decomposition techniques to trace the impact of the global economic crisis on gross domestic product and its major components, constructing panel data from nationally representative household surveys to trace the changes in household welfare during the crisis, and combining national income accounts and household survey data to simulate the differential effects of the crisis across population groups and social divides. Empirical findings suggest that although the Philippine economy did not slide to recession during the crisis, its impact on the economy and poverty across population groups was nonetheless severe

This report aims to summarize the current state of poverty in Sri Lanka by tracing its causes and recommending policies. Special attention is paid to human development issues in the conflict-affected areas. The ongoing conflict in the north and east remains both the principal cause for poverty and the most binding constraint to human development in Sri Lanka.

Anecdotal evidence permeates accounts on the impact of the global economic crisis on Philippine poverty. This study systematically assesses the evidence and recent data. It adopts a somewhat eclectic approach as applying regression and decomposition techniques to trace the impact of the global economic crisis on gross domestic product and its major components, constructing panel data from nationally representative household surveys to trace the changes in household welfare during the crisis, and combining national income accounts and household survey data to simulate the differential effects of the crisis across population groups and social divides. Empirical findings suggest that although the Philippine economy did not slide to recession during the crisis, its impact on the economy and poverty across population groups was nonetheless severe

This report aims to summarize the current state of poverty in Sri Lanka by tracing its causes and recommending policies. Special attention is paid to human development issues in the conflict-affected areas. The ongoing conflict in the north and east remains both the principal cause for poverty and the most binding constraint to human development in Sri Lanka.

This publication provides a quick guide to international and national public-private partnership cases in the health and education delivery sectors. Health and education are defining sectors for equitable human development and sustainable and inclusive economic growth for India. Given the strong economic growth of the country in the past decade, increasing demand for public investment across all sectors has created investment gaps in these key sectors. In addition, challenges are also increasing in terms of service delivery standards, performance benchmarks, and incorporation of technology into the provision of health and education services to all, especially the poorest and those located far from the urban growth centers of the country. Public-private partnerships or PPPs have shown their ability to meet some of these challenges both in India and overseas. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been assisting the Government of India since 2006 to develop PPPs across sectors in India, through a programmatic joint PPP Initiative, Mainstreaming PPPs in India. Under the initiative, a special task team of the ADB, together with the Government of India's Ministry of Finance and KPMG consultants undertook a rapid assessment study to develop possible PPP solutions for meeting the challenges of India's health and education sectors. Assessments of local PPP projects in the sector, consultations with state government officials in India, and best practice examples from the United Kingdom and other countries, have led to the development of this report. A number of suggested PPP models for possible pilot projects have been conceptualized in this report after further consultations with government and private sector professionals in India. A number of these models are already being tailored for structuring some initial projects under way in the country. This report will therefore provide a quick guide to international and national PPP cases in the sectors as well as practical ideas and suggested models to interested project sponsors, especially within government bodies responsible for sector development. Development of possible PPP projects based on some of the models and ideas suggested herewith will hopefully spur investment and efficiency gains in health and education infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms of the country.

Indonesia, despite steady economic growth in recent years, faces formidable challenges going forward. Economic growth has not returned to the level that prevailed before the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Progress toward reducing poverty and inequalities too has been slow during the recent years. Moreover, economic growth in the last decade has not been accompanied by significant employment generation. The country diagnostic studyIndonesia: Critical Development Constraintspresents a diagnosis of the critical development constraints the country faces. The report proposes policy options to help overcome constraints and to set the country on a path of high and sustained inclusive economic growth in the medium term.

This publication provides a quick guide to international and national public-private partnership cases in the health and education delivery sectors. Health and education are defining sectors for equitable human development and sustainable and inclusive economic growth for India. Given the strong economic growth of the country in the past decade, increasing demand for public investment across all sectors has created investment gaps in these key sectors. In addition, challenges are also increasing in terms of service delivery standards, performance benchmarks, and incorporation of technology into the provision of health and education services to all, especially the poorest and those located far from the urban growth centers of the country. Public-private partnerships or PPPs have shown their ability to meet some of these challenges both in India and overseas. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been assisting the Government of India since 2006 to develop PPPs across sectors in India, through a programmatic joint PPP Initiative, Mainstreaming PPPs in India. Under the initiative, a special task team of the ADB, together with the Government of India's Ministry of Finance and KPMG consultants undertook a rapid assessment study to develop possible PPP solutions for meeting the challenges of India's health and education sectors. Assessments of local PPP projects in the sector, consultations with state government officials in India, and best practice examples from the United Kingdom and other countries, have led to the development of this report. A number of suggested PPP models for possible pilot projects have been conceptualized in this report after further consultations with government and private sector professionals in India. A number of these models are already being tailored for structuring some initial projects under way in the country. This report will therefore provide a quick guide to international and national PPP cases in the sectors as well as practical ideas and suggested models to interested project sponsors, especially within government bodies responsible for sector development. Development of possible PPP projects based on some of the models and ideas suggested herewith will hopefully spur investment and efficiency gains in health and education infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms of the country.

Indonesia, despite steady economic growth in recent years, faces formidable challenges going forward. Economic growth has not returned to the level that prevailed before the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Progress toward reducing poverty and inequalities too has been slow during the recent years. Moreover, economic growth in the last decade has not been accompanied by significant employment generation. The country diagnostic studyIndonesia: Critical Development Constraintspresents a diagnosis of the critical development constraints the country faces. The report proposes policy options to help overcome constraints and to set the country on a path of high and sustained inclusive economic growth in the medium term.

Like most other developing countries, China experiences huge migration outflows from rural areas. Their most striking characteristic is a high geographical and temporal mobility. Rural migrants keep going back and forth between origin villages and destination areas. In this paper, we show that this temporary feature of migration can be linked to land rights insecurity. As village land ownership remains collective and as land use rights can be periodically reallocated, individual out-migration can result in deprivation of those rights. Moreover, the intensity of this insecurity varies according to the village-level management of land and the contractual status of land plots. We use these variations to identify the effect of land rights insecurity on migration behavior. Empirical results based on representative 2002 rural data demonstrate substantial impact. ; Comme dans la plupart des pays en voie de développement, les flux d'émigration rurale ont pris une ampleur considérable en Chine. Une de leurs caractéristiques les plus remarquables est leur importante versatilité, géographique aussi bien que temporelle. Les migrants ruraux vont et viennent entre village d'origine et régions de destination. Dans cet article, nous montrons que ce caractère temporaire des migrations peut être relié à l'insécurité des droits fonciers. La propriété foncière étant collective, et les droits d'usage concédés aux paysans pouvant être réalloués périodiquement, migrer peut mettre ces droits en danger. En outre, le degré de cette insécurité varie selon les politiques foncières locales et selon le statut contractuel des parcelles exploitées par les ménages. Nous utilisons ces variations pour identifier l'effet de l'insécurité des droits fonciers sur les comportements de migration. A partir d'une large enquête rurale de 2002, nos résultats empiriques démontrent qu'elle a un impact substantiel.