Suchergebnisse

Many international agreements of the European Union establish what we call joint bodies (JBs). Examples of such bodies include joint committees, joint sub-committees, and association and cooperation councils. Over the years, the EU has built an impressive global web of JBs, which bring together EU and third-country executive officials and play a key role in governing EU external relations. But not all of them are created equal, with some considerably stronger than others. What explains this variation in 'JB strength'? We formulate a cost–benefit argument, where stronger JBs generate greater costs and are primarily included in agreements promising greater benefits. Benefits, in turn, are greater if implementation helps the EU attain its goals, parties are interdependent, and agreements have a broad scope. Drawing on an original dataset of 547 agreements concluded since 1992, we find support for the argument that the EU strategically establishes joint bodies 'where they matter most'.

According to the author, unprecedented changes are taking place both in American and Japanese politics, and they will inevitably influence relations between the two nations. He attempts to assess what the future may hold for U.S.-Japanese relations when viewed from a theoretical perspective of a new tri-polar international economic order dominated by Western Europe (the European Community), the USA and Japan. (DÜI-Sen)

Academic and policy debates on alliances are yet to incorporate insights from foreign policy analysis (FPA) literature. Generally, bilateral relations between allies are either analyzed with insights from traditional IR theories (such as realism) or with policy-oriented work that does not engage any scholarly literature (focusing on only the day-to-day issues of international politics). I argue that FPA theories that make linkages between scholarly work and policy-oriented questions in an evidence-based and analytical fashion are capable of accounting for the most significant policy questions of modern international politics. This article analyzes US–Turkey relations in, arguably, their worst decade, with a role theoretic outlook. I claim that despite being close political and military allies since the 1940s, US–Turkey bilateral relations are witnessing their worst decade since the Arab uprisings in the MENA, due mostly to ideational factors that shape foreign policy. The conflictual relations originate from a change in US and Turkish foreign policy-makers' role conceptualizations vis-à-vis their countries' roles in the MENA region after the Arab uprisings and the role conflict this has caused with one another. Misaligned interests during the Arab uprisings, especially after 2014 in the Syrian civil war, have exacerbated the bilateral ties further. Drawing insights from elite interviews conducted in Turkey (2014–2016), Washington DC, and Ankara (2018–2020), I explain the sources of conflict in US–Turkey relations with a role theory perspective and offer policy prescriptions in conclusion.

Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine is not based on legitimate or reasonable security interests - it is a blatant rejection of Europe's security order. President Vladi­mir Putin already made this clear in his televised address on 21 February preceding the attack. Previously, Finland and Sweden had recalled the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) Final Act of 1975, to which Russia - as the successor state of the Soviet Union - has committed itself. According to the Helsinki Final Act, the sovereign equality of the signatory states is to be respected - and with it their right to choose their alliances freely. Moscow's military aggression not only pushes Helsinki and Stock­holm closer to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to an unprecedented extent, but it also makes the containment of Russian power an urgent matter once again. In the long term, it will have implications on the stability in the High North as well. (author's abstract)

"How are the rising mutual concerns of Asian and European countries shaping their approaches to the international order? Contributors to this volume discuss emerging critical issues in International relations, including the Indo-Pacific constructs, China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and the progress of established regional security mechanisms like the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. They also compare western and non-western approaches to these issues, with a holistic perspective on the origins and evolutions of these approaches. Both the Indo-Pacific constructs and BRI present a remarkable set of opportunities for Europe as well as Asia. This book presents key implications of the changing politico-security dynamics in the two regions from the perspectives of both Asian and European scholars and theoretical traditions. This volume is a must-read for scholars of International Relations with a focus on relations between Asia and Europe"--

Internationale Finanzkrisen erweisen sich als nicht seltene und zeitlich unbegrenzte Ereignisse. Jeder Finanzkrise in der Historie haften die gleichen klassischen Charakteristiken an: die Beschädigung makroökonomischer Indikatoren, der Psychologie sowie die Panik der Investoren, Spekulationen. Darüber hinaus beschränken sich die aktuellen Finanzstörungen nicht mehr nur auf Entwicklungsländer. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht darin, die Entwicklung des Rechtsrahmens der Verwaltung souveräner Schulden zu analysieren, um Elemente zusammenzutragen, die es erlauben die bevorzugten normativen Entscheidungen jedes Akteures zu verstehen, zu bewerten und im Anschluss entsprechend Handlungsanweisungen zu geben. Das gegenwärtige Szenario der Verschuldung souveräner Staaten führt unweigerlich zu einer unumkehrbaren Umwälzung der bekannten Rechtsverordnungen und -strukturen, die auf die Gewährleistung eines reibungslosen Funktionierens der Weltwirtschaft abzielen. Angesichts der gegenwärtigen normativen Unsicherheit, ist es von größter Bedeutung die Auseinandersetzung mit finanziellen Krisen, die entsprechenden Reformvorschläge, die Suche nach Systemverbesserungen hinsichtlich einer Marktregulierung und die Rolle der multilateralen Institutionen bezüglich der Verwaltung souveräner Schulden genauer zu untersuchen. Nach der Feststellung des Vorliegens einer internationalen Verpflichtung zum Staatsschuldenmanagement wird die Einführung einer Reihe normativer Werkzeuge befürwortet, um nationale Vorschriften auf Grundlage bereits bestehender Modelle zu integrieren. ; Historically, international financial crises do not occur in isolation but rather go hand in hand with the deterioration of macroeconomic indicators, investor panic and speculation. Until recently, the sovereign debt issue has principally concerned developing countries. However, the recent financial turmoil has revealed that developed countries can similarly be severely affected. Since the beginning of the 20th century, experts in international law have periodically discussed the possible remedies to the endemic situation of sovereign indebtedness. In 2001, the International Monetary Fund launched a proposal for a Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanism known as the 'Krueger Plan'; this was quickly abandoned in 2003. Due to the present economic and political cul-de-sac, the legal framework of sovereign debt management strongly preoccupies the international community. The current sovereign debt scenario necessarily involves an irreversible disruption of the legal rules and structures that currently support a proper functioning global economy. This doctoral thesis analyses the evolution of the legal framework and the normative choices favoured by each actor. Identifying which particular legal issues are essential to evaluate such complexity allows us to deepen the theoretical and practical suggestions designed to facilitate the resolution of sovereign debt crises. After establishing the leading international requirements for sovereign debt management, this thesis advocates the implementation of a normative set of tools designed to integrate domestic regulations on the basis of previous models. ; Les crises financières internationales ne se présentent pas comme des événements rares et isolés dans le temps. Des dénominateurs communs classiques à toute crise financière se retrouvent dans chaque cas historique : la détérioration des indicateurs macroéconomiques, la psychologie et les paniques des investisseurs, la spéculation. La problématique des dettes souveraines ne relevait jusqu'à présent principalement que des pays en développement, alors que les récentes perturbations financières ont démontré que les pays développés pouvaient également être gravement affectés. L'objectif de ce travail est d'analyser les évolutions du cadre juridique de la gestion des dettes souveraines pour réunir des éléments qui permettent de comprendre le choix normatif privilégié par chaque opérateur. L'actuel scénario d'endettement des États souverains entraîne nécessairement un bouleversement irréversible des règles et des structures juridiques connues qui visent à assurer le bon fonctionnement de l'économie mondiale. Face à l'actuelle incertitude normative, il est primordial d'étudier les supports du financement souverain, le traitement des crises, les propositions de réformes visant à améliorer le système et le rôle des institutions multilatérales dans la gestion de la dette souveraine. Après avoir déterminé l'existence d'un engagement international de gestion des dettes souveraines, nous plaidons pour la mise en œuvre d'un ensemble normatif d'outils conçus pour intégrer les réglementations nationales sur la base de modèles préexistants.

AbstractIntroductionZimbabwe adopted differentiated HIV care policies in 2015 to promote client‐centred care and relieve strain on health facilities. We examined the availability, experiences and perceptions of differentiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) delivery in rural Zimbabwe following the policy adoption.MethodsWe undertook a cross‐sectional mixed methods study in all the 26 facilities providing HIV care in a rural district in Zimbabwe. We collected quantitative data about ART delivery and visit durations from 31 healthcare providers and a purposive stratified sample of 378 clients obtaining ART either through routine care or differentiated ART delivery models. We performed 26 semi‐structured interviews among healthcare providers and seven focus group discussions (FGDs) among clients to elicit their perceptions and experiences of ART delivery. Data were collected in 2019, with one follow‐up FGD in 2021. We analysed the transcripts thematically, with inductive coding, to identify emerging themes.ResultsTwenty facilities (77%) offered at least one differentiated ART delivery models, including community ART refill groups (CARGs; 13 facilities, 50%), fast‐track refill (8, 31%), family refill (6, 23%) or club refill (1, 4%). Thirteen facilities (50%) offered only one model. The median visit duration was 28 minutes (interquartile range [IQR]: 16–62). Participants in fast‐track had the shortest visit durations (18 minutes, IQR: 11–24). Confidentiality and disclosure of HIV status, travelling long distances, travel costs and waiting times were the main issues influencing clients' views on differentiated ART delivery. Fast‐track refill was perceived as the preferred model of clients for its limited involuntary disclosure and efficiency. In contrast, group‐ and community‐based refill models reduced travel costs but were felt to be associated with involuntary disclosure of HIV status, which could discourage clients. Healthcare providers also experienced an additional workload when offering facility‐based group models, such as CARGs.ConclusionsDifferentiated ART delivery models were widely available in this rural setting, but most facilities did not offer a choice of models to address clients' diverse preferences. A minority offered fast‐track refills, although this model was often mentioned as desirable. Confidentiality, travel expenses and client waiting times are key elements to consider when planning and rolling out differentiated HIV care.

Introduction: Death and Life the United Nations Way -- Walking in the Door -- Learning to Walk the Diplomatic Path -- Settling Into an Expatriate World -- Jungle Hostages – I: Capture -- Jungle Hostages – II: Negotiating Peoples' Lives Across Cultures -- Jungle Hostages – III: A Deeply Troubled Resolution -- "Flying Pigs" – The Start of a Voyage into the Future -- Lighting the Way – Building the Future for Indigenous People of West Papua -- The Critical Importance of Local Engagement and Listening -- Changing Things in the Real World – Learning from the Edge -- Community Empowerment – Lessons from Peace Building and Urban Environment Initiatives in Poor Communities -- Revolution - Lead Up -- Revolution – NOW -- Revolution – Aftermath -- Opportunity out of Challenge – Opening Up Media Freedom -- The Time was Right - Basic Education Reform -- Tsunami – The Day the Ocean Moved -- The Human Story of the Tsunami -- Preparing for Another Tsunami -- Bridging the Two UN Cultures – Reform for the Future -- Final Wrap – The Force of Cultural Empowerment.

Part I: Framework -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: The Law of the Sea and its Relevance for Maritime Conflicts in East Asia -- Part II: Security Dimensions -- Chapter 3: Unmanned maritime platforms and the undersea struggle in the South China -- Chapter 4: Low Intensity Maritime Conflicts, Escalation Management and Technology -- Chapter 5: Military Automation, Robotics, and Maritime Security, Understanding New Dynamics in Conflict Escalation -- Part III: East Asian Maritime Competition and the Arctic -- Chapter 6: The Impact of Russia's Ukraine Invasion on the Arctic-From Cooperation to Conflict? -- Chapter 7: China's Arctic Strategy, From Follow-up to "Creative Involvement" -- Chapter 8: Japan's Arctic Strategy, Countering East Asian Maritime Insecurity and Competition with China -- Part IV: Seabed Mining -- Chapter 9: Rare and Infinite The Minami-torishima "Semi-infinite" Rare Earth Elements and the historical dynamics of Deep-Sea Mining -- Chapter 10: Japan's Seabed Mining as a Cause and Result of East Asian Maritime Tensions -- Chapter 11: Limited semi-infinity Japan's deepsea resources against the backdrop of China's rare earth -- Part V: Fishing and Renewable Energy -- Chapter 12: China's Digitalised Fishery Reform and Its Implications on the East Asian Maritime Order -- Chapter 13: Japan's New Whaling Policy, Marine Management in an Evolving Security and Technological Setting -- Chapter 14: Offshore Wind in Japan, Energy Production and Conflict Reduction? -- Part VI: Conclusions -- Chapter 15: Conclusions.

Chapter 1. Introduction: A Case for a Critical Biopolitical Analysis of the Global Drug Control -- Chapter 2. Drug Control Dispositif, State of Exception and Democracy -- Chapter 3. Which Knowledge Deserves to Be Named Knowledge: The Place for Science and Evidence in Drug Policy -- Chapter 4. Migrants, Substances, and Borders: The Case of the Spanish Southern Border -- Chapter 5. Conclusion. .