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Frontcover -- Table of Contents -- About the Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Prologue -- Aleida Assmann -- Introduction: Do Human Rights Trials Make a Difference after Conflict, Dictatorship and State-Sponsored Violence? -- Rosario Figari Layús and Ulrike Capdepón -- Human Rights Trials without Human Rights Law: Prosecuting Nazi Crimes in Postwar Germany After Nuremberg -- Annette Weinke -- Courts as a Site to Tell the "Truth": The Case of Former Prison Commander Alexandru Vişinescu -- Kristine Avram -- Seeking Justice for the Crimes of the Franco Dictatorship: The Politics of Victimhood in the "Argentine Legal Complaint" -- Ulrike Capdepón -- The Struggle of Victims for Human Rights Trials in Post-Dictatorship Chile -- Boris Hau -- The State Against the State: The Impact of Governmental Contradictions on Human Rights Trials and Victims in Argentina -- Rosario Figari Layús -- Operation Condor Trials Abroad: The Innovation and Domestic Constraints of Transnational Prosecution -- Debbie Sharnak -- Tensions Between Criminal Trials and the Sense of Justice in Post-Conflict Peru -- Iris Jave -- The International Criminal Court's "Africa Problem" and Suppression of the "Justice Cascade" -- Geoffrey Lugano -- Conditions and Cultural Consequences of International Criminal Justice Intervention The Case of Darfur -- Joachim J. Savelsberg -- The Effects of Seeking Justice on Behalf of the Victim: A Critical Analysis of Criminal Trials in the Kenyan Post-Election Violence Transitional Justice Process -- Valeria Vegh Weis -- Concluding Reflections: Towards the End of Impunity? The Scope and Impact of Human Rights Trials -- Rosario Figari Layús and Ulrike Capdepón -- Index -- Backcover.

The objective of the article was to analyze the process of criminal prosecution of people accused of committing crimes against the banking sector in the Russian Federation. Detecting such crimes, identifying the people who committed them in and compensating for the damages caused by such acts is the most difficult task for law enforcement officials in Russia. The most important part of these activities are procedural questions about the timing of the commencement of criminal proceedings and the procedure for their implementation in pre-trial proceedings. The methodological basis of this research is formed by the processing of the results of criminal cases, the results of surveys of researchers and detectives, members of the educational and methodological group of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. The authors have proposed the drafting of article 5, paragraph 55, of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation and its corresponding amendments to article 11. It is concluded that these contributions will make it possible to carry out the procedural work on compensation for damages caused by a crime in a much more effective manner.

One of the main characteristics of the so-called modern criminal law is the advancement of punitive barriers. The legislative technique used is that of danger crimes. Environmental criminal law is the branch of modern criminal law where this legislative technique acquires greater relevance due to the nature and complexity of the legal rights protected there. The objective of this article is to analyze the typical legislative structure of the crimes of "contamination of soil, subsoil, water and air pollution" in the Criminal Code, specifically the crimes contained in arts. 365, 366 and 367 Nicaraguan penal code to see if the criminal political approach to the current configuration of these typical figures is congruent with the concrete phenomenological reality that it tries to encompass through these crimes. However, it is not enough to carry out the present analysis (at least if what is intended is to make a serious treatment of this issue) trying to determine only the congruence of this criminal political approach in attention to the nature of the good, interest or purpose of study, but it goes further. That is to say, we consider that the analysis itself must take into account the concrete phenomenological reality and the problems of practical application that the use or implementation of one or another legislative technique may raise. ; Una de las principales características del denominado Derecho Penal moderno es el adelantamiento de las barreras punitivas. La técnica legislativa utilizada es la de los delitos de peligro. El Derecho Penal ambiental es la rama del moderno Derecho Penal donde adquiere mayor relevancia esta técnica legislativa por la naturaleza y complejidad de los bienes jurídicos ahí tutelados. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la estructura típica legislativa de los delitos de "contaminación de suelo, subsuelo, aguas y contaminación atmosférica" en el Código Penal, específicamente los delitos contenidos en los arts. 365, 366 y 367 Código penal nicaragüense para ver si el ...

Note from the publisher Welmoed Spahr -- Foreword Ronald V Clarke -- Preface Francesco Calderoni and Stefano Caneppele -- Introduction Ugljesa Ugi Zvekic -- Bullying and juvenile delinquency : common risks, different outcomes : how to prevent recidivism Anna Costanza Baldry -- Script analysis for crime controllers : extending the reach of situational crime prevention Benoit Leclerc -- The future of crime statistics Chris Lewis -- Preventing crime in the United Arab Emirates Gloria Laycock -- Providing opportunities : a sixth column for the techniques of situational crime prevention Joshua D. Freilich and Graeme R. Newman -- Preventing crime and evoking altruism Ken Pease -- Policing and the problem of trust Roberto Cornelli -- Social capital and crime Uberto Gatti -- Women victimization risk of violence in Poland Beata Z. Gruszczyńska -- Criticising social indicators David Nelken -- Self-reports as a measure of crime? A theoretical approach to understanding its strengths and weaknesses Ineke Haen Marshall -- How to record data on community sanctions and measures and the work of probation agencies across Europe : the approach of the European sourcebook Jörg-Martin Jehle and Stefan Harrendorf -- Old and new criminality : territory, society and immigration in Italy Luigi M. Solivetti -- Analyzing bank robbery in Italy Marco Dugato -- Patterns of theft and fraud by employees against the commercial sector in Switzerland and in Italy Giulia Mugellini, Giang Ly Isenring and Martin Killias -- Immigrants as victims of crime William F. McDonald -- Prevention of corruption : Slovenian perspective Gorazd Meško, Bojan Dobovšek and Branko Ažman -- An international approach towards corruption Hans de Doelder -- Corruption Dutch style Hans Nelen --

Without doubt since the 1990s inroads have been made in the development of international law in the sphere of sexual violence and armed conflict. Due to the progress made in international law itself and the tribunals of the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, international law can now be seen to have an array of tools with which to combat and prosecute perpetrators of sexual violence. These tools include humanitarian law, the Genocide Convention, crimes against humanity, customary international law, in particular the rules of jus cogens and the Rome Statute. An analysis will be made in this article of the effectiveness of these tools and how they can be utilised in order to prevent the on-going onslaught on women's bodies. It will be seen that the gradual acknowledgement of rape and sexual violence as an international crime has the potential of empowering women and can give them the ability to use international law as a powerful tool to redress violence perpetrated against them in armed conflict. This article will then examine whether this potential is in fact a reality for women who have suffered sexual abuse in armed conflict or have the developments merely paid lip service to these crimes and not been as progressive as was first hoped. Adapted from the source document.

Relying on experts in criminology and sociology, Appearance Bias and Crime describes the role of bias against citizens based on their physical appearance. From the point of suspicion to the decisions to arrest, convict, sentence, and apply the death penalty, crime control agents are influenced by the appearance of offenders; moreover, victims of crime are held blameworthy depending on their physical appearance. The editor and contributing authors discuss timely topics such as Black Lives Matter, terrorism, LGBTQ appearance, human trafficking, Indigenous appearance, the disabled, and the attractive versus unattractive among us. Demographic traits such as race, gender, age, and social class influence physical appearance and, thus, judgments about criminal involvement and victimization. This volume describes the social movements relevant to appearance bias, recommends legislative and policy changes, offers practical advice to social control agencies on how to reduce appearance bias, and proposes a new sub-discipline of appearance criminology.

Cover page -- Halftitle page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Dedication -- CONTENTS -- ILLUSTRATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER 1 THE ROOTS OF THE LAW OF WAR IN WORLD HISTORY -- Stone Age warfare -- The rise of kingship and the excesses of warfare -- The softening of royal power: a pre- Axial change? -- Ancient China and the Law of War -- Ancient India and the Law of War -- Ancient Israel and the Law of War -- The Law of War in Archaic and Classical Greece -- Greek views on the treatment of civilians during wartime -- Conclusion -- CHAPTER 2 THE LAW OF WAR IN ROME, THE ISLAMIC WORLD, AND THE EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES -- The Romans and the Law of War -- Stoicism, natural law, and the jus gentium -- Piracy and the jus gentium -- The Islamic world and the Law of War -- Medieval Europe and the Law of War -- The Truce of God and the Peace of God -- Conclusion -- CHAPTER 3 MAKING LAW IN THE SLAUGHTERHOUSE OF THE WORLD: EARLY MODERNITY AND THE LAW OF WAR -- The practice of the Law of War, 1300-1648 -- The theory of the Law of War in early modernity -- Conclusion -- CHAPTER 4 THE LAW OF WAR IN THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES -- The eighteenth century -- The nineteenth century -- Conclusion -- CHAPTER 5 THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND THE FAILURE OF THE LAW OF WAR -- German crimes in the First World War -- The collapse of the plan to try the Kaiser -- The debacle of efforts to prosecute other German war criminals -- Turkish crimes against Armenians -- Conclusion: the First World War and the quest for justice -- CHAPTER 6 THE SECOND WORLD WAR AND THE TRIUMPH OF THE LAW OF WAR -- German crimes in the Second World War -- The International Military Tribunal ( IMT ) at Nuremberg, 1945-6 -- The American National Military Tribunal ( NMT ) at Nuremberg -- The US Army military trials in Europe -- Japanese crimes in the Second World War.

В настоящей статье показано, что немаловажную роль в правовой охране цифровой экономики играет современное уголовное право, которое призвано сформировать систему правовых механизмов для обеспечения защиты общества от цифровых имущественных преступлений. Новый механизм уголовно-правовой охраны должен обеспечить эффективное противодействие как реальным, так и потенциальным криминальным угрозам в складывающейся цифровой реальности. Доказывается, что в условиях цифровизации назревает потребность в кардинальном реформировании главы 21 Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации. Предлагаются альтернативные направления усовершенствования уголовно-правовых положений об ответственности за преступления против собственности. Один из авторских вариантов построение новых отдельных составов имущественных преступлений имущественных злоупотреблений и иных нарушений в сфере информационно-телекоммуникационных сетей, в том числе сети Интернет. Другой выделение в рамках главы 21 Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации самостоятельной группы имущественных преступлений в сфере цифровой экономики, и соответственно разделения главы на две группы: вещные преступления против собственности (хищения чужого имущества, неправомерное завладение транспортным средством, уничтожение и повреждение чужого имущества) и преступления против собственности в сфере информационно-телекоммуникационных сетей. ; This article shows that an important role in the legal protection of the digital economy is played by modern criminal law, which is designed to form a system of legal mechanisms to ensure the protection of society from digital property crimes. The new mechanism of criminal legal protection should ensure effective counteraction to both real and potential criminal threats in the emerging digital reality. It is proved that in the context of digitalization, there is a need for a radical reform of Chapter 21 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Alternative directions for improving the criminal law provisions on liability for crimes against property are proposed. One of the author's options is to build new separate structures of property crimes property abuses and other violations in the field of information and telecommunications networks, including the Internet. Another is the allocation of an independent group of property crimes in the field of the digital economy within the framework of Chapter 21 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, and accordingly the division of the chapter into two groups: property crimes against property (theft of other people's property, illegal possession of a vehicle, destruction and damage to other people's property) and crimes against property in the field of information and telecommunications networks.

part PART I FEMINIST EPISTEMOLOGY -- chapter 1 Michele J. Burman, Susan A. Batchelor, and Jane A. Brown (2001), 'Researching Girls and Violence: Facing the Dilemmas of Fieldwork', British Journal of Criminology, 41, pp. 443–59. -- chapter 2 Elizabeth Comack (1999), 'Producing Feminist Knowledge: Lessons from Women in Trouble', Theoretical Criminology, 3, pp. 287–306. -- chapter 3 Russell P. Dobash and R. Emerson Dobash (2004), 'Women's Violence to Men in Intimate Relationships: Working on a Puzzle', British Journal of Criminology, 44, pp. 324–49. -- part PART II PATRIARCHY, CRIME AND JUSTICE -- chapter 4 Lisa Maher and Kathleen Daly (1996), 'Women in the Street-Level Drug Economy: Continuity or Change?', Criminology, 34, pp. 465–91. -- chapter 5 Teela Sanders (2004), 'The Risks of Street Prostitution: Punters, Police and Protesters', Urban Studies, 41, pp. 1703–17. -- chapter 6 Elizabeth A. Stanko (2006), 'Theorizing About Violence: Observations from the Economic and Social Research Council's Violence Research Program', Violence Against Women, 12, pp. 543–55. -- part PART III MASCULINITIES AND FEMININITIES -- chapter 7 Karen Joe Laidler and Geoffrey Hunt (2001), 'Accomplishing Femininity among the Girls in the Gang', British Journal of Criminology, 41, pp. 656–78. -- chapter 8 Katherine Irwin and Meda Chesney-Lind (2008), 'Girls' Violence: Beyond Dangerous Masculinity', Sociology Compass, 2, pp. 837–55. -- chapter 9 Mona J.E. Danner and Dianne Cyr Carmody (2001), 'Missing Gender in Cases of Infamous School Violence: Investigating Research and Media Explanation's', Justice Quarterly, 18, pp. 87–114. -- chapter 10 Hoan Bui and Merry Morash (2008), 'Immigration, Masculinity, and Intimate Partner Violence from the Standpoint of Domestic Violence Service Providers and Vietnamese-Origin Women', Feminist Criminology, 3, pp. 191–215. -- part PART IV INTERSECTIONS -- chapter 11 Hillary Potter (2006), 'An Argument for Black Feminist Criminology: Understanding African American Women's Experiences with Intimate Partner Abuse Using an Integrated Approach', Feminist Criminology, 1, pp. 106–24. -- chapter 12 Nikki Jones (2004), ' -- chapter 13 Yasmin Jiwani (2005), 'Walking a Tightrope: The Many Faces of Violence in the Lives of Racialized Immigrant Girls and Young Women', Violence Against Women, 11, pp. 846–75. -- chapter 14 Edna Erez, Madelaine Adelman and Carol Gregory (2009), 'Intersections of Immigration and Domestic Violence: Voices of Battered Immigrant Women', Feminist Criminology, 4, pp. 32–56. -- part PART V FEMINIST ASSESSMENTS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE ENTERPRISE -- chapter 15 John M. Macdonald and Meda Chesney-Lind (2001), 'Gender Bias and Juvenile Justice Revisited: A Multiyear Analysis', Crime and Delinquency, 47, pp. 173–95. -- chapter 16 Emily Gaarder, Nancy Rodriguez and Marjorie S. Zatz (2004), 'Criers, Liars and Manipulators: Probation Officers' Views of Girls', Justice Quarterly, 21, pp. 547–78. -- chapter 17 Kathleen J. Ferraro (2003), 'The Words Change, But the Melody Lingers: The Persistence of Battered Woman Syndrome in Criminal Cases Involving Battered Women', Violence Against Women, 9, pp. 110–29. -- chapter 18 Kelly Hannah-Moffat (1999), 'Moral Agent or Actuarial Subject: Risk and Canadian Women's Imprisonment', Theoretical Criminology, 3, pp. 71–94. -- chapter 19 Jill A. McCorkel (2003), 'Embodied Surveillance and the Gendering of Punishment', Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 32, pp. 41–76. -- chapter 20 Julia Sudbury (2002), 'Celling Black Bodies: Black Women in the Global Prison Industrial Complex', Feminist Review, 70, pp. 57–74. -- part PART VI FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES ON THE LAW AND ON JUSTICE -- chapter 21 Neal S. Websdale (1996), 'Predators: The Social Construction of -- chapter 22 Kathleen Daly and Julie Stubbs (2006), 'Feminist Engagement with Restorative Justice', Theoretical Criminology, 10, pp. 9–28. -- chapter 23 Tristan Anne Borer (2009), 'Gendered War and Gendered Peace: Truth Commissions and Postconflict Gender Violence: Lessons from South Africa', Violence Against Women, 15, pp. 1169–93.