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Within the field of environmental communication, it is common to distinguish between top-down and bottom-up processes. Whereas top-down processes are seen as driven by powerful governmental or institutional bodies, bottom-up processes are associated with citizen driven efforts. This paper, however, departs from that dichotomy by focusing on professionals as drivers of change towards green transition, thereby taking what has been termed a middle out approach (Janda & Parag, 2013). The professionals of relevance for green transition are employed in both the public and private sector, for instance as energy consultants, communication managers, or craftsmen with expertise on energy saving. They often interact with other professionals, citizens and political players, and can be viewed as intermediaries between citizens and governments (Kivimaa & Martiskainen, 2018). The professionals have no legislative power and work within the framework of political decisions made by others. However, instead of viewing them as simply carrying out or implementing political decisions, they should be seen as having a more substantial influence on green energy transition process. This calls for development of new methods which can facilitate future innovative ideas based on current professional expertise as well as dialogical exchange across professional backgrounds. This paper presents a method to make central professional actors within the district heating sector discuss future ideas on how to use residential buildings as flexibility generators in the system. The method is inspired by the Future Workshop approach suggested by Junk and Müllert (1987) and Lauttamäki (2014), but has been adjusted to address specific technical questions and participation from professionals rather than citizens. The method seeks to facilitate inter-professional sharing of experiences and perspectives, including discussions on potentials, challenges and visions for a future intermittent energy system. Key professional actors involved in the testing of the method were representatives from municipalities, utilities, housing associations, private companies, technology developers etc. While anticipation is nothing new to many of these actors in the form of technical modelling and simulation, the current use of future workshops offers a more holistic approach which allows the participants to co-articulate a diversity of anticipatory forms such such as societal visions, business models, and technological arrangements. This paper reports on three future workshops conducted at three different places in Denmark and include both method discussion and presentation of preliminary findings. The future workshops were structured in three different phases. In the first phase, the professionals were asked to individually brainstorm on key actors needed to realize an integration of buildings into a future intermittent energy system. The identified actors were then mapped out on concentric circles, to prioritize their importance between high and low. The professionals were asked to attach small post-it' notes to each of the actors about what they see as a central challenge for the specific actor in relation to the theme discussed. Phase two followed the same steps as phase one, but focused on the needs for technologies and infrastructures. Based on the mappings in phase one and two, the actors were asked in phase three to identify the most important challenges, as well as to create drawings of future ideal solutions to these challenges. A key part of the method is the use of tangible materials (concentric-circles, post-it-notes, drawings etc.) inspired from practices of participatory innovation (Buur & Matthews, 2008; Buur & Larsen, 2010) and participatory design (Sanders & Stappers, 2008; Simonsen & Robertsen, 2013). Those fields have a long tradition for using artefacts as means to engage many different actors in future innovations. In the future workshops the materials are placed on a table to focus the discussion within a group of different professionals. The materials serves as mediating artefacts between the professionals' different knowledge and perception, and are thus important for both representation of prior knowledge and learnings, as well as negotiation and construction of new meaning (Vygotsky, 1986; Cole & Engeström, 1993). As such the tangible materials are used to scaffold social interaction in the Future Workshops, as well as to provide common ground for communication between the professionals. Based on findings from the three workshops, the paper will reflect on strengths, weaknesses and potentials of using the Future Workshop approach as a way to engage professionals in anticipating a future flexible energy system. In specific the material design of the workshops and the interactional staging in successive phases will be given particular attention. References Cole, M., & Engeström, Y. (1993). A cultural-historical approach to distributed cognition. In G. Salomon (Ed.), Distributed cognitions: Psychological and educational considerations: Cambridge University Press. Janda, K.B. & Parag, Y. (2013) A middle-out approach for improving energy performance in buildings, Building Research & Information, (41) 1, 39-50, Junk, R., Müllert, N., 1987. Future workshops: How to Create Desirable Futures. London, England, Institute for Social Inventions. Kivimaa, P & Martiskainen, M. (2018). Innovation, low energy buildings and intermediaries in Europe: systematic case study review. Energy Efficiency (11), 31–51. Lauttamäki, V. (2014), Practical guide for facilitating a future workshop, Finland Futures Research Centre, Turku School of Economics, University of Turku, ISBN 978-952-249-297-5 Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and Language (2nd Revised Edition). Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Introduction. The paper deals with the phenomenon of language as a marker of people's identity, which is formed by building boundaries and describing relationships, primarily between neighbors. The aim of the research work is to analyze the forms of expression of journalists in the media.Methodology and sources. The report examines materials from the main release of the News of the first Polish television channel, concerning the two neighbors of the Poles, that is, the Germans and Russians. The collected material covers the period of November 16, 2015, that is, from the day of the inauguration of the new Polish government (which has a completely different approach to Poland's foreign affairs than its predecessors) until December 31, 2016. Created and described on the basis of the collected material stereotypes of German and Russian in modern Poland will be compared with the stereotypes of these two peoples, familiar to Poles by proverbs, which were found in the explanatory dictionaries of the Polish language, as well as in other dictionaries of proverbs and sayings. The linguistic analysis of the text, the socio-psychological-linguistic foundations of the formation of auto-and heterostereotypes, mass-media discourse and its impact on recipients were used as the theoretical basis for the arguments presented in the paper.Results and discussion. In Polish dictionaries, and dictionaries of Proverbs and sayings it was found 38 Proverbs Russian Proverbs and 107 of the Germans. It was analyzed how many of them are positive and how many negative traits of Russians and Germans. As for the Russian, positive traits can be found in only 6 of 38 Proverbs (15.7 percent). There are 18 positive of 107 sayings about Germans in Polish sources (16.8 percent). Specified number of Proverbs shows that the poles hand down from generation to generation a negative image of their neighbors. On the basis of material collected from "News" channel images of Russians and Germans were made up as well. During the period under review, any positive information about Russia and Russian has not appeared. As for the Germans, it is also dominated by a negative image, and, if to speak about positive things, they are never left without comment, which contains a warning.Conclusion. Heterostereotypes play an active role in fostering the way of thinking of contemporaries and, one can assume, representatives of the next generations, since popular wisdom and historical experience are passed on from generation to generation in each country. Heterostereotypes often become reality themselves, are inherited and acquire new symbolic meanings, and are updated depending on the political situation. A comparison of the heterostereotypes of Russian and German in Polish proverbs, the oldest of which were found in a dictionary published in 1830, with modern heterostereotypes from the main release of "News" proves that the description of the phenomenon of stereotypes in each new historical era is an important scientific problem. ; Введение. Рассматривается феномен языка как маркера идентичности народа, который формируется посредством построения границ и описания отношений, прежде всего между соседями. Целью работы является анализ форм высказывания журналистов в СМИ.Методология и источники. Исследованы материалы из главного выпуска «Новостей» первого канала польского телевидения, касающиеся двух соседей поляков, т. е. немцев и русских. Собранный материал охватывает собой период с 16 ноября 2015 г. (со дня инаугурации нового польского правительства, у которого совсем другой подход к иностранным делам Польши, чем у его предшественников) по 31 декабря 2016 г. Описанные на базе собранного материала стереотипы немца и русского в современной Польше сравниваются со стереотипами этих двух народов, хорошо знакомыми полякам по пословицам (использованы толковые словари польского языка, а также словари пословиц и поговорок). Теоретической основой для представленных в статье рассуждений послужил лингвистический анализ текста, социально-психолого-лингвистические основы образования авто- и гетеростереотипов, массмедийный дискурс и его воздействие на адресатов.Результаты и обсуждение. В польских толковых словарях, а также словарях пословиц и поговорок было найдено 38 пословиц о русских и 107 – о немцах. Проанализировано, сколько из них называют положительные, а сколько отрицательные черты характера русских и немцев. Что касается русских, положительные черты характера можно найти лишь в 6 из 38 пословиц (15,7 %). Положительных пословиц о немцах в польских источниках 18 из 107 (16,8 %). Указанные количества пословиц показывают, что поляки от поколения к поколению передают негативный образ своих соседей. На основе собранного материала из «Новостей» первого канала также составлены образы русских и немцев. За рассматриваемый период не появилось ни одной положительной информации о России и русских. Что касается немцев, то здесь также преобладает негативный образ, и, если говорить о положительных явлениях, они никогда не остаются без комментария, который содержит предостережение.Заключение. Гетеростереотипы играют активную роль в формировании образа мышления современников и, можно полагать, представителей следующих поколений, так как народная мудрость и исторический опыт передаются от поколения к поколению в каждой стране. Гетеростереотипы часто сами становятся реальностью, наследуются и приобретают новые символические значения и актуализируются в зависимости от политической ситуации. Сравнение гетеростереотипов русского и немца в польских пословицах, наистарейшие из которых были найдены в словаре, изданном в 1830 г., с современными гетеростереотипами из главного выпуска «Новостей» доказывает, что описание феномена стереотипов в каждую новую историческую эпоху является важной научной проблемой.

The article discusses and analyzes the role assessment and communication significance in state control systems in works and prominent representatives' statements of political thought from antiquity to the beginning of the twentieth century in accordance with the understanding of this phenomenon essence in the considered historical epochs. It is shown that from the history of political thought, although some well-founded concepts of the relationship between the authorities and the population of the thinkers of ancient China, India, and antiquity are known, they require more detailed and systematic understanding. The influence of the managerial and communicative ideas of Confucius, Plato and Aristotle on the subsequent works of Caesar, Cicero, the thinkers of the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the Enlightenment are consistently discussed. A comparative analysis of individual views on the relationship between the state of public administration and communication of theologians and scientists of the XIII-XVIII centuries was conducted: F.Aquinas, F.Petrarch, L.Bruni, N.Machiavelli, M.Luther, T.More, T.Campanella, J.Boden, G.Grotius, J.Locke, T.Hobbes. Particular attention is paid to the ideas of S.Montesquieu, I.Kant, and G.-V.-F.Hegel as the founders of the scientific discourse around the problems of war and peace, the effectiveness of government and relations with the subjects of this management, with thepeople. In particular, the developments of the Chicago school in the United States and the Institute for Social Research in Germany, which laid the theoretical foundation for the beginning of the formation of information and communication theories that created the basis of the modern stage of communication development in the late twentieth century - early twenty-first century. Research and analysis in the work of the first historical ideas and theoretical concepts of the role, communication place and importance in public administration systems, advanced for 2500 years by a galaxy of eminent thinkers of the past, allows to rethink the sources of conceptual ideas of communicology put forward in the 20th century and approach the objective assessment of the perspective the role of the communication component of the humanity civilizational development in the twenty-first century. ; У статті розглядається і аналізується оцінка ролі і значення комунікації в державних системах управління в працях і висловлюваннях видатних представників політичної думки від античності до початку ХХстоліття, відповідно до розуміння суті даного явища в розглянуті історичні епохи. Показано, що з історії політичної думки хоч і відомі деякі досить обґрунтовані концепції взаємин влади і населення мислителів стародавнього Китаю, Індії і античності, але вони вимагають більш детального та систематизованого осмислення. Послідовно розглянуто вплив управлінсько-комунікативних ідей Конфуція, Платона і Аристотеля на наступні праці Цезаря, Цицерона, мислителів Середніх віків, епох Відродження і Просвітництва. Проведено порівняльний аналіз окремих поглядів на взаємозв'язок стану державного управління і комунікації теологів і вчених XIII-XVIII століть: Ф.Аквінського, Ф.Петрарки, Л.Бруні, Н.Макіавеллі, М.Лютера, Т.Мора, Т.Кампанелли, Ж.Бодена, Г.Гроція, Дж.Локка, Т.Гоббса. Особливу увагу приділено ідеям Ш.Монтеск'є, І.Канта і Г.-В.-Ф.Гегеля як основоположників наукового дискурсу навколо проблем війни і миру, ефективності державного управління та взаємовідносин з суб'єктами цього управління, з народом. Зокрема, розглянуто і напрацювання Чиказької школи в США та Інституту соціальних досліджень у Німеччині якими було закладено теоретичний фундамент в початок формування теорій інформації та комунікації, які створили основу сучасного етапу розвитку комунікативістики в кінці ХХ століття - на початку ХХІ століття. Дослідження і аналіз в роботі перших історичних ідей і теоретичних концепцій ролі, місця та значення комунікації в системах державного управління, висунутих протягом 2500 років плеядою видатних мислителів минулого дозволяє переосмислити джерела концептуальних положень комунікативістики, висунуті в ХХ столітті, і підійти до об'єктивної оцінки перспективної ролі комунікаційної складової цивілізаційного розвитку людства в ХХI столітті. ; В статье рассматривается и анализируется оценка роли и значения коммуникации в государственных системах управления в трудах и высказываниях выдающихся представителей политической мысли от античности до начала ХХ века в соответствии с пониманием сути данного явления в рассматриваемые исторические эпохи. Показано, что из истории политической мысли хоть и известны некоторые достаточно обоснованные концепции взаимоотношений власти и населения мыслителей древнего Китая, Индии и античности, но они требуют более детального и систематизированного осмысления. Последовательно рассмотрено влияние управленческо-коммуникативных идей Конфуция, Платона и Аристотеля на последующие труды Цезаря, Цицерона, мыслителей Средних веков, эпох Возрождения и Просвещения. Проведен сравнительный анализ отдельных взглядов на взаимосвязь состояния государственного управления и коммуникации теологов и ученых XIII–XVIII веков: Ф.Аквинского, Ф.Петрарки, Л.Бруни, Н.Макиавелли, М.Лютера, Т.Мора, Т.Кампанеллы, Ж.Бодена, Г.Гроция, Дж.Локка, Т.Гоббса. Особое внимание уделено идеям Ш.Монтескье, И.Канта и Г.-В.-Ф.Гегеля как основоположников научного дискурса вокруг проблем войны и мира, эффективности государственного управления и взаимоотношений с субъектами этого управления, с народом. В частности, рассмотрено и наработки Чикагской школы в США и Института социальных исследований в Германии которыми было заложено теоретический фундамент в начало формирования теорий информации и коммуникации, создавших основу современного этапа развития коммуникативистики в конце ХХ века – начале ХХI века. Исследование и анализ в работе первых исторических идей и теоретических концепций роли, места и значения коммуникации в системах государственного управления, выдвинутых на протяжении 2500 лет плеядой выдающихся мыслителей прошлого позволяет переосмыслить источники концептуальных положений коммуникативистики, выдвинутые в ХХ веке, и подойти к объективной оценке перспективной роли коммуникационной составляющей цивилизационного развития человечества в ХХI веке.

Theoretical and methodological problems of country studies and regional studies in the context of creating and functioning of the Department of Country Studies and International Tourism at the Faculty of International Relations of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv are being researched in the article.In the rather complicated current geopolitical situation it is especially important for Ukraine to strengthen its status quo on the international arena, as well as to build its own system of international relations that are focused on the government interest. Therefore political elite of Ukraine should have its own vision of every country's part in global regional political economic and cultural processes as well as focus on the most powerful players of the current international system and influential countries Objective and reasonable attitude to the countries and regions, efficient use of the foreign experience in the transformation and creating the civil society based on democratic values and supremacy of lawThe problems of country studies as a subject of the scientific research in international relations. The first component of the system of knowledge about the country is defining its general specialties and its main features that sustain the country's uniqueness and exclusivity. It also includes figuring out geopolitical situation of the country its political and economic value in the international process. Finding the most essential and typical information about the specific areas of the life of the country that could be of interest to the related area and help forming a complete image of the country is also very important.Analysis in the country studies should include natural combination of various elements and factors defining functioning of the given society.Another important problem is preserving the comparative method in country studies research. It is important to keep specific method and multilevel system (global or local) which will help to successfully define social and economic processes of the country. To sum up it is important to stress that knowledge collected by country studies should be not only educating but more importantly effective and fruitful impact. However country studies should be considered an synthetic science that provides complete vision of the country as well as analyzes its development makes predictions about its future based on the mix of historical political economic cultural religious and other factors.Importance of the country studies is crucial for the activity of Ukrainian embassies and diplomatic entities and other foreign representatives. It was stated at the meeting of Ukraine's ambassadors diplomats and heads of the faculties of the universities who are educating diplomats that took place in December 2015 at the faculty of International relations of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv.Country studies is a necessary background, thorough theoretic and methodological base for the graduate to be able to make a professional evaluation of the processes in the country of stay, analyze them and make prognosis for the future. A graduate who specialized in specific country or region can be easily oriented onto political economic or cultural aspect of the country which will give him an opportunity to cover a much wider volume of work with spending less effort.Thanks to optimization of the specializations teaching staff of the department of the country studies and international tourism strengthened their scientific research in the regional studies sphere. Regionalization and regionalism became important elements of the scientific analysis in the beginning of the ХХІ century. It was supported by dynamic development of the regional cooperation and reaching to new geographical areas and confirmation from a lot of experts and politicians that region studies is a very effective way to strengthen international security. Regionalism and regionalization became crucial part of researching other processes characteristic for modern world such as globalization, integration, fragmentation, institutionalization and multialaterialism. It is also connected to the conflict solving matters, reformation of the system of international organizations, development politics of the underdeveloped countries, illegal immigration and environmental protection. The most important element in the concept of regionalism and the processes of regionalization is economic aspect. Economic connections are the most important part of the most regional structures and their cohesion is demonstrating the global dimension of the cooperation. Intensification of integration and disintegration processes in the world is also encouraging and increasing the interest to the subject which has objective and subjective dimension. All of the above is encouraging the department of country studies and international tourism to focus on developing theoretical and practical basics for country studies and region studies, learning about the experience of European regionalism, taking part in the forming regional strategy taking into account the international processes and analyzing regional transformation under the influence of geopolitical and geo-economic tendencies and influential factors.Key words: regional studies; European Union; globalization; region; international tourism; international education. ; Висвітлено історію створення, зміст навчальних бакалаврської та магістерських програм, діяльність аспірантури, наукову роботу та публікації викладачів, міжнародні зв'язки, участь у освітніх та наукових програмах кафедри країнознавства і міжнародного туризму факультету міжнародних відносин Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка. Розглянуто теоретико-методологічні проблеми країнознавства та регіональних студій.Ключові слова: країнознавство; регіональні студії; Європейський Союз; глобалізація; регіон; міжнародний туризм; міжнародна освіта.

Over the last 50 years freshwater and marine environments have become severely impaired due to contamination from pathogens, heavy metals, sediment, industrial chemicals and nutrients (MEA 2005b). In many countries, including New Zealand, increased nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loading to terrestrial and freshwater environments from diffuse nutrient sources are of particular concern (MEA 2005a; PCE 2015b; Steffen et al. 2015) and many governments now mandate control of diffuse nutrient loss to water. Water quality models are invaluable tools that can assist with decision making around this widespread issue through exploration of the current situation and future scenarios. Many water quality models exist, functioning at a variety of temporal and spatial scales and varying in detail and complexity. However, few, if any, simultaneously represent sub-field to catchment scale processes and outcomes, both of which are required to fully address water quality issues associated with diffuse nutrient sources. Those that do, likely require extensive time and expertise to operate. Water quality models embedded in the Land Utilisation and Capability Indicator (LUCI), an ecosystem service decision support framework, offer the opportunity to overcome these limitations. Being highly spatially explicit, yet straightforward to use, they can inform and assist individual land owners, catchment managers and other stakeholders with planning, decision making and management of water quality at sub-field to landscape scale. To model diffuse nutrient losses LUCI, like many catchment scale water quality models, requires some form of estimated nutrient loss, or export coefficient, from land units within the catchment of interest. To be representative export coefficients must consider climate, soil, topography, and land cover and management variables. A number of methods of export coefficient derivation exist, although generally they consider only very limited geo-climatic, land cover and land management variables. The principal aim of this study is development of algorithms capable of calculating New Zealand site specific N and P export coefficients from detailed geo-climatic, land cover and land management variables, for application in LUCI water quality models. Algorithms for pastoral land cover are developed from a large dataset comprising real pastoral farm input and output data from nutrient budgeting model OVERSEER. Algorithms are extended to land covers other than pasture, albeit in a limited manner. This is achieved through rescaling of the pastoral algorithms to account for relative differences in literature reported N and P losses from pasture and a variety of other New Zealand land covers. Application of the developed algorithms in LUCI water quality models results in positioning of export coefficients at the DEM grid square scale (≤ 15 m x 15 m for New Zealand). In addition, intra-basin configuration is considered in LUCI, at the same grid square scale, as water and nutrient flows are cascaded through the catchment. Application of the export coefficient calculating algorithms are applied to two contrasting New Zealand catchments. Tuapaka catchment, an 85ha agricultural foothill catchment in Manawatu, North Island, and Lake Rotorua catchment, a 502 km2 volcanic, mixed land cover catchment in Bay of Plenty, North Island. This research is supported by Ravensdown, a farmer owned co-operative, which plans to use LUCI extensively to advise and assist farmers with water quality issues. The ability to model mitigation strategies in LUCI is an important capability. Therefore, this research also includes a review of five particularly important on-farm mitigation strategies, which will later be used by the wider LUCI development team to assist with better parameterisation and improved performance of mitigation options in LUCI. Application of the developed algorithms at farm to catchment scale in LUCI results in considerably more nuanced, detailed maps and data showing N and P sources and pathways, compared to LUCI's previously used 'one export coefficient per land cover' approach. Although results indicate absolute nutrient loss values are not always 'correct' compared to either OVERSEER predictions or in-stream water quality measurements, these differences appear comparable to those seen with similar water quality models. In addition, the issue of representativeness of OVERSEER predictions and in-stream water quality measurements exists. Nevertheless improvement to absolute predictions is always an aim. This research indicates further improvements to LUCI water quality predictions could result from refinement of both pastoral and other land cover algorithms, and from improved representation of attenuation processes in LUCI, including groundwater representation. However, lack of measured on-land and in-stream N and P loss data is a major challenge to both algorithm refinement and to evaluation of results. In addition, more detailed spatial data would provide more nuanced results from algorithm application. Although the algorithm application context in this research is LUCI water quality models applied in New Zealand, this does not preclude application of the developed algorithms in other export coefficient based, catchment scale water quality models. Using spatial data pertaining to climate, soil, topographic and land management variables, land units of combined variables can be identified and the algorithms applied, resulting in explicitly positioned export coefficients that can be fed into the catchment scale water quality model of interest. Therefore, developments made here potentially represent a wider contribution to catchment scale modelling using export coefficients.

Purpose of the study. The digitization of the economy transforms the ways of delivering and consuming goods and services, which in turn affects all spheres of human activity. The field of electronic commerce is a relatively young area of statistical observation, therefore, at present, researchers, government officials, business representatives and other interested persons lack statistical information, which, in turn, helps to study the economic, social and environmental consequences of the digitized world. The purpose of this study is a quantitative description of the development trends and the degree of regional differentiation of electronic commerce in the Russian Federation in the context of international comparisons.Materials and methods. The article used the official statistical information of Rosstat and Eurostat, on the basis of which the trends in the development of electronic interaction in the business sphere were analyzed and tools were proposed for a quantitative description of regional digital gaps in the regions of Russia and the European Union countries for 2010–2017. As quantitative characteristics of regional differentiation, statistical indicators of variation and localization indicators were used (based on Gini and Lorentz coefficients). Results. The analysis conducted in the study showed the consistency of assessments of the regional digital divide based on economic and statistical indicators. This approach expands the possibilities for an in-depth quantitative description of the processes occurring in the field of digital trading. In addition, it was possible to identify the level of development of e-commerce in Russia in comparison with the leading economies of the European Union, as well as identify the scale of penetration of broadband Internet access among organizations, the involvement of Russian regions and European countries in the processes of placing and receiving orders for goods and services in the global network. According to the results of the study, it should be concluded that despite the obvious leading position of some European countries not only in comparison with Russian regions, but also on a global scale, the development of e-commerce in Russia and the European Union occurs at a comparable pace. It should also be noted that in the case of Russia, this development is more homogeneous in terms of regional differentiation.Conclusion. Despite the fact that digitalization is transforming both business and personal life, there is currently an extremely small amount of information that helps quantify the economic, social and environmental consequences of this phenomenon. In order to further improve the statistical accounting of the digital economy in general and aspects of electronic commerce in particular, at this stage it is necessary: to determine the nature, structure, characteristics, elements, levels of control, movement of the digital economy's commodity money supply for statistical purposes; identify specific digital technologies, their use in sectors of the economy and their contribution to the gross domestic product; develop a system of statistical indicators on the basis of state programs and strategies, the current methodology of statistical accounting of the information society, international recommendations and development of quantitative measurement of non-governmental organizations. ; Цель исследования. Цифровизация экономики трансформирует способы доставки и потребления товаров и услуг, что в свою очередь влияет на все сферы человеческой деятельности. Сфера электронной торговли – относительно молодое направление статистического наблюдения, поэтому, в настоящее время исследователи, государственные деятели, представители бизнеса и другие заинтересованные лица испытывают недостаток статистической информации, которая, в свою очередь, помогает изучить экономические, социальные и экологические последствия оцифрованного мира. Целью данного исследования является количественное описание тенденций развития и степени региональной дифференциации электронной торговли в Российской Федерации в контексте международных сравнений.Материалы и методы. В статье была использована официальная статистическая информация Росстата и Евростата, на основе которой были проанализированы тенденции развития электронного взаимодействия в бизнес-сфере и предложены инструменты для количественного описания региональных цифровых разрывов в регионах России и странах Европейского Союза за 2010–2017 гг. В качестве количественных характеристик региональной дифференциации были использованы статистические показатели вариации и показатели локализации (на основе коэффициентов Джини и Лоренца).Результаты. Проведенный в исследовании анализ показал состоятельность оценок регионального цифрового разрыва на основе экономико-статистических показателей. Данный подход расширяет возможности для углубленного количественного описания процессов, происходящих в сфере цифровой торговли. Кроме того, удалось выявить уровень развития электронной торговли России в сравнении с ведущими экономиками Европейского Союза, а также идентифицировать масштабы проникновения широкополосного доступа в Интернет среди организаций, вовлеченность российских регионов и европейских стран в процессы размещения и получения заказов на товары и услуги в глобальной сети. По итогам исследования следует заключить, что несмотря на явное лидирующее положение некоторых европейских стран не только по сравнению с российскими регионами, но и в мировых масштабах, развитие сферы электронной торговли в России и Европейском Союзе происходит в сопоставимых темпах. Следует также учесть, что в случае России – данное развитие имеет более однородный характер с точки зрения региональной дифференциации.Заключение. Несмотря на то, что цифровизация трансформирует как деловую, так и личную жизнь, в настоящее время наблюдается крайне малый масштаб информации, которая помогает количественно оценить экономические, социальные и экологические последствия данного явления. В целях дальнейшего совершенствования статистического учета цифровой экономики в целом и аспектов электронной торговли в частности на данном этапе необходимо: определить сущность, структуру, характерные особенности, элементы, уровни контроля, движение товарно-денежной массы цифровой экономики для целей статистики; идентифицировать конкретные цифровые технологии, их использование в отраслях хозяйства и их вклад в валовой внутренний продукт; разработать систему статистических показателей на основе государственных программ и стратегий, текущей методики статистического учета информационного общества, международных рекомендаций и разработок количественного измерения негосударственных организаций.

The project involved partners: Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tallinn University, University of Turku, Finnish Environment Intitute, and Regional Council of Satakunta ; SustainBaltic i.e. ICZM Plans for Sustaining Coastal and Marine Human-ecological Networks in the Baltic Region project is implemented for 27 months during 2016- 2018. SustainBaltic (CB354) is funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under the Central Baltic Programme 2014-2020. SustainBaltic is a joint cooperation project of University of Turku, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Finnish Environment Institute, Regional Council of Satakunta and Tallinn University. The project targets to improve the share of the managed coastal networks in the Central Baltic area by the cross-border preparation of the ICZM plans for total four case areas with their public assessment in Estonia and Finland. This was planned to achieve by 1) Integrating multidisciplinary human-ecological data on the whole project area: in Finland the regions of Satakunta and Southwest Finland and in Estonia the areas of Lääne, Harju and Lääne-Viru with their land-sea interfaces; 2) Selecting the themes of ICZMs and case study areas which locate along the coast of Lääne and Lääne-Viru in Estonia and in the region of Satakunta in Finland; 3) Making four digital ICZM plans which were first tested with the current regional land use of the project area; 4) Public assessing of the plans using both e-platforms and arranging working groups with the stakeholders and end-users directed by the project members; and 5) As the final results of SustainBaltic the updated completed ICZM plans can be downloaded from the websites of the partner organisations and at the http://www.utu.fi/ SustainBaltic, also beyond the project life span. In addition, the interim results and the other activity phases of the preparation of the first ICZM drafts are found at the https://blogit.utu.fi/sustainbaltic. This ICZM plan (hereinafter: the management plan) covers the Lääne-Viru case area, which extends from Käsmu to Kunda (see Figure 1). The management plan has a 10-year perspective, with the aim of outlining the current trends and the necessary activities. The management plan is a knowledge-based guidance document that combines various development strategies and can be used in the development of several plans, development plans, and strategic projects (see Figure 2). The management plan consists of two parts: a description of the situation and context based on values and challenges; and an operational part of the management plan that includes integrated activities and a scheme. The management plan is based on the maritime vision of Lääne-Viru county, which focuses on three main areas: a) ensuring the development of diverse maritime transport, ports, and maritime tourism, b) strengthening the viability of historic coastal villages and communities, c) using the natural resources of the marine and coastal zones sustainably. In this management plan, the socio-ecological networks of the sea and the land are determined and the suggestive activities are based on aspects of sustainable and balanced development. Sustainability means diverse cultural and economic activities that are integrated with environmental values and do not harm nature and natural resources in the long term. The management plan is primarily focused on the greater integration of traditional fields of activity and the opportunities for diversification, especially considering the possibilities of using the coastal sea and the land together, as well as the seasonal nature of many activities (recreational economy, coastal fishing). It is also important to integrate the fields of activity (combining activities) – coastal fishing and tourism, ports and sports camps, nature conservation, and entrepreneurship – as well as develop cooperation both within the areas of activity (ports, bathing spots, etc.) and between them. In the context of spatial planning in the European Union, the ICZM is formally considered separate from Marine Spatial Planning – MSP. The preparation of MSP is obligatory for Member States. The realisation of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management, however, is up to the countries and local authorities themselves. Therefore, there is no explicitly accepted methodology for the management plan. Many people have contributed to the preparation of the management plan. A number of interviews and meetings with different stakeholders were conducted during the preparation of the plan and the steering group of the Lääne-Viru case area advised in drafting the plan. The people who prepared the management plan thank the steering group consisting of representatives of local authorities – Anneli Kivisaar (Haljala rural municipality), Ivar Lilleberg (formerly Vihula rural municipality), Mati Jõgi (formerly Lääne-Viru county government), and Marit Laast (Viru-Nigula rural municipality) –, Imbi Mets and Maret Vildak from the Environmental Board, and Jaan Kangur from the Ministry of Finance. Many thanks to Kristel Toom (Tallinn University) for the financial administration; to all Finnish colleagues, and project colleagues from Estonian University of Life Sciences working with Läänemaa ICZM case. We also thank all the interviewees, participants in public discussions, and respondents to the questionnaires. ; SustainBaltic is funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the Central Baltic Programme 2014–2020

[spa] En este estudio se analizan los efectos de la implantación de un programa gubernamental de desarrollo comunitario denominado Desarrollo Integral de las Comunidades Especiales de Puerto Rico (2001), sobre los residentes del barrio Juan Domingo, un barrio pobre ubicado en una zona privilegiada del país. Cónsone con los ejercicios neoliberales que revitalizan el neo-comunitarianismo, este proyecto propuso erradicar la pobreza 1) promoviendo la autogestión, el apoderamiento y la generación del capital social entre los ciudadanos y 2) transformando el rol del Estado durante este proceso. El proyecto además buscaba mejorar las condiciones materiales de estos barrios, patrocinando y financiando un proyecto de infraestructura de importancia que estimularía la organización vecinal-colectiva. Este proceso produjo un nuevo territorio de negociación y subjetividad política que expande previas nociones sobre la relación entre ciudadanos pobres y el Estado. Basándome en los propósitos de esta política pública convertida en ley, la investigación responde las siguientes preguntas: ¿cómo esta intervención gubernamental e infraestructural fue interpretada y negociada a través de la política local? ¿Bajo qué condiciones los residentes del barrio Juan Domingo se convierten en agentes que actúan respondiendo a sus intereses? ¿Qué nuevas formas surgieron de hacer lo político? ¿Qué aportan estas nuevas formas a nuestro entendimiento de las dimensiones del poder, particularmente aquellas que promueven prácticas alternativas de organización y gobernanza? Finalmente y a modo de síntesis, ¿cómo los procesos político-económicos están simultáneamente implicados y obviados en el proceso de producir ciudadanos activos-sostenibles? Para responder estas preguntas exploro el encuentro entre lo que identifico como 1) la práctica gubernamental: ley tecnificada, posiciones de los funcionarios que la ejecutan, representantes de la autoridad local y 2) la práctica política: la forma en que los actores interpretan, apropian y estabilizan la intervención por medio de procesos políticos contestatarios o de subordinación. Ambas prácticas contienen un componente discursivo que nutre las acciones y a medida que éstas operan en la realidad social, se auto-revisan. Por esta razón ha sido necesario analizar la relación entre práctica gubernamental y política desde una perspectiva histórica. Además, esta etnografía ha contemplado un análisis en escalas para mostrar cómo la relación entre estas prácticas se genera y sustenta desde la experiencia local-comunitaria y desde las redes o alianzas nacionales. Los datos de esta investigación han sido recopilados a través de una etnografía situada (periodos 2009-2012), en el barrio Juan Domingo, ubicado en la ciudad de Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. Juan Domingo es un barrio atípico en la red de comunidades especiales del país, pero desde su incursión al programa gubernamental fue considerada una comunidad modelo. Esta categoría le fue conferida debido a las redes que en este barrio se desarrollaron con gestores del Tercer sector. La zona del barrio más vinculada a esta red de alianzas público- privadas es donde Comunidades Especiales consolida su programa. Al analizar este vínculo, fue posible comprender los significados asignados por el Estado a los conceptos de autogestión y apoderamiento, así como las potenciales dinámicas que se suscitarían en los barrios impactados por este proyecto. Si el fortalecimiento de la relación entre las organizaciones de base comunitaria y el Tercer Sector era uno de los objetivos de la ley para el Desarrollo Integral de las Comunidades Especiales, Juan Domingo brinda pistas de cómo se dilucidaría esta interacción. ; [eng] The purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of the governmental project called "Integral Development for the Special Communities" implemented by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, on the residents of Juan Domingo, a poor neighborhood in the metropolitan area, and its relationship with other public entities and non-governmental civic institutions. Its main objective is to discuss how political-economic processes are simultaneously implicated, and yet elided, in these processes of producing orderly, empowered, responsible, development subjects. More specifically, this research examines under what conditions due the subjects for the social and infrastructural intervention become agents who act upon their own priorities, and if their goals are conducted or not by the studied development project. In addition, it examines if the governmental intervention generates possibilities for collective organization, and if it does, what type of values this organization promotes. This ethnography contributes to the understanding of those policies that transform the role of State and the citizens, while producing conflicted ideas regarding the community and notions of wellbeing in times of socio-economic crisis. It also contributes to the general understanding of how governmental interventions are construed and negotiated through local politics, and how political subjects are produced. The data of this situated ethnography, undertaken from 2009-2012, explores the encounter between 1) practice of government: when the law becomes technical and is enacted by state workers and local representatives and 2) practice of politics: how actors react, appropriate or stabilize the development intervention in word or deed. When these political processes are challenged they often open a front of struggle. Since both practices are supported by strong discourses that shape action in social reality, I analyze them from an historical perspective. Also, since these practices are not only produced in the local-community level, but also in the national level, this ethnography takes into account the relationship between both contexts.

The cane-sugar sector in Reunion Island is developing within the framework of the common organization of the sugar market. Following its reform in 2006 and the announcement of the end of sugar quotas in October 2017, studies have shown that European sugar factories have the capacity to increase their competitiveness therefore being able to face this market liberalization, while on the contrary the sugar sector in the French overseas departments has not anymore sufficient leeway to ensure its sustainability. The French government has thus notified an annual financial aid of 38 million euros for the sugar industry in the French overseas departments by the decree of 10 May 2017. The aim is to balance the competitiveness between European sugar producers and to ensure the sustainability of the sector as a whole. This results locally to an adaptation of the development strategy for this sector and to the revision of the inter-professional agreements between the sugar industry in Reunion Island and the farmers. In this context and in anticipation of the inter-professional negotiations, a study on the income of sugar cane growers was initiated in 2016. Ninety surveys highlight the diversity of cane farms and their income according to the agro-climatic zone and their harvesting method. It also shows that the heterogeneity of the income depends strongly on the overall management of the farm. This field study coupled with the statistical analysis of the farm accountancy data network (FADN) and in accordance with the experts makes it possible to determine the various factors that influence the farmer's income in the short, medium and long term. Thanks to several indexes on price fluctuations and changes in cane payment, this thesis presents the trend of farm income for a typical cane grower between 2005 and 2015 as well as the annual income's variability depending on climatic conditions. It reveals the importance of risk management in the cane farm in order to stabilize its income from one year to the next. The management is analyzed in terms of operating cash flow. This complementary study defines both the origin of difficulties in managing cash flow by the planters and the consequences on their exploitation. As such, it describes the challenges of the cane-sugar sector related to this topic. In this work, margins of progress have been identified to support cane farms and to accompany them towards better management practices and optimized investments. The main results are available and the simulation tool developed for farm cash flow analysis can now be used by the cane-sugar inter-professional representatives. ; La filière canne-sucre de La Réunion évolue dans le cadre de l'Organisation Commune du Marché du sucre. Suite à sa réforme en 2006 et à l'annonce de la fin des quotas sucriers dès octobre 2017, des études ont montré que les sucreries européennes ont la capacité d'augmenter leur compétitivité pour faire face à cette libéralisation du marché, alors que l'industrie sucrière des DOM ne dispose que de peu de marges de manœuvre. L'État français a donc notifié, par le décret du 10 mai 2017, une aide financière annuelle de 38 M€ destinée à l'industrie sucrière des DOM. Celle-ci a pour objet de compenser le différentiel de compétitivité entre les sucriers européens et domiens et ainsi de pérenniser l'ensemble de la filière canne-sucre. Localement, cela se traduit par l'adaptation de la stratégie de développement de la filière et par la révision des accords interprofessionnels entre les industriels sucriers de La Réunion et les planteurs de canne. Dans ce cadre et pour préparer les négociations interprofessionnelles, une étude concernant le revenu des planteurs a été initiée en 2016. Quatre-vingt-dix enquêtes réalisées ont souligné la diversité des exploitations cannières et de leur revenu selon leur zone agro-climatique et leur mode de récolte. Elles montrent également que l'hétérogénéité des revenus dépend aussi fortement de la gestion globale de l'exploitation. Cette étude de terrain couplée à l'analyse statistique du réseau d'information comptable agricole (RICA) et aux dires des experts permet de reconstituer les différents facteurs qui influencent le revenu du planteur à court, moyen et long terme. Grâce à différents indices de fluctuation des prix et aux changements des modalités de paiement de la canne, ce mémoire présente l'évolution du revenu d'un planteur type entre 2005 et 2015 ainsi que la variabilité annuelle du revenu du planteur en fonction des conditions climatiques. Il dévoile l'importance de la gestion des risques auxquels l'exploitant cannier doit faire face pour stabiliser son revenu d'exploitation d'une année sur l'autre. Cette gestion est analysée par la suite sous l'angle de la trésorerie d'exploitation. Cette étude complémentaire révèle l'origine des difficultés de trésorerie que les planteurs peuvent rencontrer, les conséquences sur leur exploitation et fait un état des lieux des enjeux de filière relatifs à cette thématique. Grâce à ces travaux, des marges de progrès ont été identifiées pour soutenir les exploitations cannières et les accompagner vers de meilleures pratiques en termes de gestion courante et d'optimisation des investissements. Les principaux résultats de ces études sont aujourd'hui disponibles et l'outil de simulation élaboré est désormais opérationnel pour l'interprofession de la filière canne-sucre de La Réunion.

Santiago is the 7th largest major city of Latin America with almost 8 million inhabitants and is situated in a fairly closed watershed, surrounded on the eastern side by the high Andean mountain chain with altitudes of 5,000 m. From the Andean mountains, the Mapocho River and a set of large and small streams transport -often torrentially- water and sediment. In thirty years, Santiago has increased its size two fold, replacing previous agricultural lands, native forests and shrubs with urban land uses, and occupying rivers beds and streams. These land use and cover changes have had dramatic environmental consequences. The mentioned urban dynamic has produced a city in constant collision with the natural system. This structural disarticulation produces many environmental problems such as an increase in city's surface and air temperatures, an accelerated disappearance of vegetation, a major interruption in wind, sediment and water flows, and finally, increasing people's exposure to environmental hazards. Since streams, canals and rivers are structural components of Santiago's landscape, they can function as key links between the urban-social and natural system and provide multiple ecosystem services, helping to reduce environmental problems and ensure long-term urban sustainability. Traditionally, the analysis of river and streamsides has been focused on rural and natural landscapes as well as on environmental protection and nature conservation. Nowadays, there is an increasing interest and necessity to understand the environmental status, functions and possibilities of riparian zones in urban environments in order to delineate and plan greenways, which provide social and ecological benefits. Green infrastructure such as urban greenways is a key component of sustainable cities. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the socio-ecological status of urban riparian zones and even fewer to assess these areas in terms of their potential as multifunctional greenways. New efforts should be conducted to develop analytical application-oriented frameworks in the green infrastructure field. This research elaborates and proposes a transferable conceptual-methodological framework for evaluating the potential for multifunctional riparian greenway development. An analytical application-oriented framework to assess the potential for multifunctional green infrastructure development is proposed by articulating and improving three analyses hitherto used separately: multicriteria, least cost path and opportunities-challenges. The Mapocho River was selected for the application and testing of the proposed conceptual-methodological framework to contribute to multifunctional green infrastructure planning in Santiago as a city representative of the structure and processes of megacities in Latin America. First, the main ecological and social characteristics of the Mapocho's riparian zone are analyzed, making a synthesis of the socio-ecological status. Second, the suitability to provide multiple ecosystem services of the riparian zone is spatially explicitly modelled, first separately, as mono-functional suitability, and then, integrated into a multifunctional suitability evaluation. Third, the opportunities and challenges perceived by government actors are identified and analyzed as well as those derived from an institutional and regulatory analysis. Finally, the assessment phase concludes with a discussion on the main potential for the development of a greenway, resulting from the synthesis and integration of the most relevant findings of the suitability and opportunities analysis The socio-ecological status of the riparian zones is characterized by being highly altered in ecological terms, diverse in social terms, and highly used by the metropolitan transport infrastructure with a concentration of green areas in a few municipalities. This means that the riparian zone provides limited physical support for important social and ecological functions characteristic of these zones in urban environments: habitat, aesthetic, cooling, transport route and flood mitigation. The results reveal a significant east-west gradient in the socio-ecological status of riparian zone, which gradually decreases from east to west. The riparian zone of the Mapocho River in Santiago has good suitability as a wind corridor, providing a cooling effect and to mitigate flood hazards. The main challenges for the development of a multifunctional urban greenway in the Mapocho River corresponds to low levels of inter-jurisdictional and inter-sectoral coordination and cooperation, maintenance costs and the existence of urban highways in the zone. On the contrary, the main opportunities are the existence of important sectors of vacant land, increased political and social importance of urban green areas and the existence of a set of consolidated riparian parks. In synthesis, the assessment developed in the Mapocho River identifies the most important aspects to be considered and the greatest potentialities to capitalize in planning a multifunctional greenway along the Mapocho River. This is key when thinking about a possible master plan for the Mapocho River that returns the river to the city and values it as an axis for urban integration. The development of a multifunctional greenway in Santiago can considerably contribute to the social and ecological connectivity and thereby mitigate the socio-ecological segregation and disconnection characteristic of cities in the region. It may also contribute significantly to reconcile urban growth with ecological health and people's quality of life, maintaining functions and key ecosystem services and mitigating the negative effects of urbanization.

Evaluating the Role of Sanitation in Improving Child Health and Nutrition: Does it Matter and Can We Make it Count?bySumeet Rajshekhar PatilDoctor of Philosophy in EpidemiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyProfessor John M. Colford, Jr., ChairPoor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure and behaviors are believed to be the major contributors to the worldwide burden of diarrheal diseases and parasite infections; the second most leading cause of deaths among children under 5 years of age in developing and under-developed countries. India alone accounts for a third of those without improved sanitation (814 million), nearly 60% of those who practice open defecation (626 million), 25% of the world's deaths from diarrheal diseases among children under 5 years of age and approximately one third of the stunted children globally. Compared to this staggering burden of poor WASH in India, research on which WASH interventions are efficacious is limited particularly on sanitation. This dissertation seeks to bridge some of the gaps in sanitation public health research by answering following three questions.Does India's Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) – one of the largest rural sanitation program in the world – deliver the hypothesized health benefits of improved sanitation to pre-school age children in India? I use a cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the TSC in terms of prevalence of diarrhea, highly credible gastrointestinal infections, parasitic infections, anemia and child growth in terms of age adjusted height, weight and arm circumference. The sample consists of 5239 children under the age of 5 years from 80 villages in Dhar and Kargone districts of Madhya Pradesh state. I find that while the TSC almost doubled the coverage of private toilets (41% in the intervention group vs. 19% in the control group), the relative reduction in the open defecation rate was small and remained high in absolute magnitude (73% in the intervention group vs. 83% in the control group). Possibly due to inadequate reduction in open defecation levels, the TSC did not improve health of children under the age of 5 years in terms of above health outcome indicators. Can the private toilet coverage increase substantially by reducing the price of the toilets through subsidies? Subsidies are a cornerstone of India's TSC to increase private toilet coverage however little is known whether and to what extend these subsidies can increase the toilet coverage. I estimate the arc price elasticity of demand for private toilets using the data from the TSC trial in Madhya Pradesh. Taking advantage of variation in the level of subsidies offered by the Government of Madhya Pradesh to build private toilets, I find that the price elasticity of toilet demand is 0.91 so that if the price of a private toilet is reduced from ₹18000 to ₹6000 as per the new sanitation program norms in India, the private toilet coverage in rural India can increase from 30% (as per Census 2011 data) to 80%. However, using data from another experimental efficacy trial in Odisha of a pilot sanitation program that consisted of intensive behavior change, I find that the price elasticity is 0.26 and statistically not different from 0. The findings provide an evidence that the demand for private toilets is inelastic and reducing the price of toilets through subsidies may not be enough to increase the toilet coverage. Whether the built toilets be used regularly resulting in drastic reductions in open defecation levels, and whether this reduction in open defecation will result in improved health outcomes for children still remain unanswered.What are the importance of risk factors including owning a private toilet in explaining linear growth faltering among children aged 6-24 months? I propose and apply a variable importance analysis method using SuperLearner –– a machine learning based ensemble algorithm –– to objectively and non-parametrically model the relationship between HAZ and 51 risk factors related to child nutrition, pre- and post-natal care, mothers' health and nutrition, household socioeconomics, and water and sanitation. I also apply a new estimator called Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimator to estimate the magnitude and standard error of variable importance measures. I apply the proposed method the nationally representative Demographic and Health Survey data from India as a case study application. Subject to the available data and model limitations, I find that the following are main risk factors for stunting: mother of short stature (< 145 centimeter height); child not fed as per the WHO recommended guidelines; boiling drinking water; and children second or later in the birth order. I find that access to private sanitation explained -0.09 Z loss in HAZ which is a much smaller importance than above variables. However, the importance of sanitation may be underestimated because access to private toilet is an underestimate or poor indicator of reduction in open defecation or the reduction in exposure to enteric pathogens in the community.I conclude my dissertation by underlying the need for more evidence based advocacy, design and implementation of sanitation programs than what was done over the past 20 years, and flag some of the important consideration in design of future studies based on the insights gained in developing this dissertation.

Includes bibliographical references ; A great deal is riding on conservation efforts of the twenty-first century. In an era of extinction rates one thousand times faster than ever before, protected areas have emerged as the most widely used tool available to conservationists to curb the loss of species (Child, 2004; Jepson & Ladle, 2010) . The number and extent of protected areas has increased dramatically over the past century, and their future growth is guaranteed by international and national policies (Brockington et al., 2008). The growing prevalence of protected areas on a global landscape has increased contact between communities and conservation, frequently with conflict arising as a consequence (Dowie, 2009). Increasing recognition of the impact of protected areas on local people has given rise to international consensus is that there is a dearth of knowledge surrounding these implications which needs to be addressed (Brockington et al., 2006; Igoe, 2006; West et al., 2006) . It is this gap that this study sets out to ameliorate. The overarching aim of this research was to investigate the benefits and burdens that local communities experience from living beside a protected area. Further, this study also investigated the causes of these benefits and burdens, how they were distributed between communities at a local scale, and how local perception of the protected area was influenced as a result of these experiences. The Cederberg Wilderness Area, which has a history of restricting resource use dating back to the 1890s, was selected as the protected area of interest. Of the nine neighbouring communities, consideration of the origin and similarity between communities resulted in Bosdorp and Heuningvlei adopted as representatives for the study area. Household surveys, key informant interviews, observations and documentary evidence were utilised to obtain data, and triangulation was used across methods to validate findings (Jick, 1979). Household surveys and key informant interviews were conducted over two separate field visits between March and April, 2014. In particular, the findings of this study were considered in terms of the ecosystem services framework, as the dominant theory suggested in literature surrounding the benefits and burdens that people obtain from protected areas (CBD, 1992; Government of South Africa, 2010; MA, 2005). This study found that a total of 14 beneficial uses of natural resources provided directly or indirectly by the Cederberg Wilderness Area were enjoyed by the case study communities at a local scale. The distribution of these beneficial resource uses between the two communities varied widely, with just six of the 14 uses enjoyed in both communities. In addition to income generated directly by the Cederberg Wilderness Area through conservation and indirectly through tourism, participants agreed that they received benefits in terms of aesthetics, recreation, education, and spirituality. Seven burdens were raised by participants, with all but one shared between communities. However, the less economically able of the two communities, Heuningvlei, did experience a greater number and distribution of burdens than Bosdorp, the village from which most employees of the CWA originate, and the community who receive considerably more average monthly household income. Although all participants in Bosdorp disagreed with the statement that life would be better without rules associated with the Cederberg Wilderness Area, a third of Heuningvlei participants agreed therewith. The most noteworthy observation in terms of incongruence with the literature was the extent to which both communities benefited from the protected area. The reason suggested for this observation was twofold. First, the long history of living with resource restrictions in Heuningvlei has allowed the community to adjust its norms, values and practices in order to maximise benefit from the Cederberg Wilderness Area. Second, the establishment of the Bosdorp community in close proximity to the operational offices for the Cederberg Wilderness Area has allowed residents to maximise employment and other opportunities from the protected area. In order to ascertain the causes of the observations mentioned above, the findings were framed in terms of the ecosystem services framework. This framework was subsequently found to be ineffective in identifying these causes. However, all observations left unexplained by the ecosystem services framework were explained by adopting Access Theory (Ribot & Peluso, 2003). This highlighted the important role the communities played in realising ecosystem services, and allowed for an evaluation of the appropriateness of the ecosystem services framework for incorporating social dimensions in conservation approaches. In conclusion, it was ascertained that many of the findings observed in this study were highly contextual and more often determined by the social systems in question as opposed to ecological systems. Therefore, conservation approaches that aim to achieve more resilient systems must take these social systems into consideration. It was also concluded that the current dearth of information about the social implications of protected areas limits the utility of debates surrounding the need to take these implications into consideration in conservation practices, and poses a potential fatal flaw to conservation practices based on false assumptions of social systems. This study ends by calling for further research on this matter in order to achieve management approaches that result in resilient biodiversity conservation.

The research is based on the contribution that provides credit development to agricultural production, in this respect there is considered Ecuadorian case through a public bank represented by the National Development Bank, a public entity that provides financial services through its various branches throughout the country, agencies and special offices that provide productive activity in the country, mainly in agriculture, livestock, fishing, crafts, small and medium enterprises, that are regulated by laws, rules and regulations. First, there is determined and analyzed the area, in this case the Celica Canton of the Province of Loja. There is made a brief description of the area in order to know its main features of geographic location, its demographics and productive activity of the population. Similarly, there is analyzed the population of Pindal, neighborhood canton whose special office bank belongs to the Branch Celica. Subsequently, there are described the features of the National Development Bank how they are created, their functions, structure and management processes, and approval levels, offered services, types of credit granting and finally aspects that will provide a further understanding of the social function and economic development of this institution. In addition, there are mentioned factors for which the Ecuadorian Government has decided to transform this organization by creating a new public bank, which will begin operations in the last quarter of the year, from the perspective of providing financial services to productive sector. The following one is an analysis of the economic performance of active and passive operations of the Branch of the National Development Bank Celica, in order to know if the results have been favorable or not; and especially to know the amounts in volume and number of credit operations performed by this bank branch during the period of 2010 to 2013. The applied research methodology for the treatment of primary information collected through customer survey of the branch of the National Development Bank Celica; and the information obtained from interviewing the representative of the bank in Celica is processed into detail. Then the data obtained from the surveyed customers is detailed in charts and graphs that facilitate the understanding of the results. Finally, a global analysis of all information collected is mentioned in the part of conclusions and recommendations. To sum up, there are multiple factors that the National Development Bank should consider to improve the credit service offered to the productive sector. ; La investigación realizada se fundamenta en el aporte que brinda el crédito al desarrollo productivo agrícola, en este sentido se considera el caso ecuatoriano a través de la banca pública representada por el Banco Nacional de Fomento, entidad pública que brinda servicios financieros a todo el país a través de sus diferentes sucursales, agencias y oficinas especiales para fomentar la actividad productiva en el país, principalmente en la agricultura, ganadería, pesca, artesanía, pequeña y mediana empresa y cuyo accionar estar normado por leyes, reglamentos y normativas, Primeramente, se determina la zona de análisis, en este caso el Cantón Celica de la Provincia de Loja, para ello, se realiza una breve descripción de la zona para conocer sus características principales como ubicación geográfica, aspectos demográficos y actividad productiva de la población. De igual forma, se procede con la población de Pindal, cantón vecino cuya oficina especial bancaria reporta a la Sucursal Celica. Posteriormente, se describen las características del Banco Nacional de Fomento como son creación, funciones, estructura y administración, procesos y niveles de aprobación, servicios que brinda, tipos de crédito que otorga, aspectos que permitirán un mayor discernimiento de la función social y económica que desarrolla esta institución. Además, se mencionan los factores determinantes por las que el Gobierno Ecuatoriano ha decidido transformar este organismo, mediante la creación de una nueva banca pública, que iniciará sus operaciones el último trimestre del año, bajo la perspectiva de brindar servicios financieros oportunos y a la medida al sector productivo. Se continúa con el análisis de los resultados económicos de las operaciones activas y pasivas de la Sucursal del Banco Nacional de Fomento Celica, con la finalidad de conocer si los resultados obtenidos han sido favorables o no; y, especialmente conocer los montos en volumen y número de operaciones de crédito realizados por esta sucursal bancaria durante el período comprendido del 2010 al 2013. Se procede detallando la metodología de investigación aplicada para el tratamiento de la información primaria recolectada mediante encuesta a los clientes de la Sucursal del Banco Nacional de Fomento Celica; y, la información obtenida mediante entrevista a la representante de esta entidad bancaria en Celica. A continuación, se detallan los resultados obtenidos de la encuesta aplicada a los clientes, mediante tablas y gráficos que facilitan la comprensión de los resultados obtenidos. Finalmente, se realiza el análisis global de toda la información recopilada para las conclusiones y recomendaciones respectivas. Concluyéndose y recomendándose que, existen múltiples factores que el Banco Nacional de Fomento debe considerar para mejorar el servicio de crédito que brinda al sector productivo.

This report focuses on the contemporary rotational art collection in Parliament House that is intended for the use of Members and Senators in their offices and suites. The design of Parliament House by architects Mitchell/Giurgola and Thorpe (MGT) incorporated a revolutionary Art and Craft Program of purchases and commissions which was to add meaning and a conceptual theme to the building in order to express the unique democracy and identity of Australia. Chapter one highlights this as well as the inaugural formation of an Art Advisory Committee (AAC) which was to guide the Art and Craft Program. It also highlights the facilitation and creation of the collection in terms of acquisition policies. The easy execution of a fulfilled and representative art collection was encumbered due to government initiated budget cuts to the Parliament House construction in 1986. These cuts effected the contemporary art collection greatly, which is discussed in chapter two. In the interim period between the 1986 budget cuts and 1994 few acquisitions were made in relation to the contemporary art collection and the Art Section was run merely as a service to parliamentarians, offering the art which was purchased between 1983 and 1986. In 1994, however, Senator the Hon. Michael Beahan, President of the Senate, reactivated an art acquisitions policy and a new Art Advisory Committee which is detailed in chapter three. In June 2003 the Presiding Officers commissioned previous Director of the National Gallery of Australia, Ms. Betty Churcher to complete a review of Art Section operations as well as the structure and content of the collection. This is examined in chapter four. Church er subsequently created new guidelines for acquisitions which were to update the art collection. She identified long and short term priority areas which were to be focused on. She also introduced a proposal for an Art Advisory Consultant who was to work with the Director, Art Services and submit proposals to an AAC. In order to gauge an understanding of the relevance and history of the Parliament House Art Collection (PHAC) it was useful to ascertain parliamentarian's views and knowledge of the intention for art in Parliament House. From researching committees and parliamentary debates it is evident that there is a lack of knowledge regarding the original intention for the PHAC; lack of knowledge · about the original conceptual basis for the art and craft in parliament House; that many parliamentarians supported a reactivation of an acquisitions program, which had not occurred since the 1986 budget cuts; there is a lack of awareness of the original intention for the PHAC to support living artists; and therefore the art trends and practises of the time in which the building is in; andthat awareness by a few parliamentarians on the contemporary nature of the PHAC. These are examined further in chapter five. The content of the PHAC at the time of this report, as well as the acquisitions procedure is examined in chapter six. The architect's original aims and intention for the art program, as well as documents written by the Parliament House Construction Authority (PHCA) and subsequent reviews have aided several conclusions and recommendations in terms of the content of the PHAC; public awareness of the PHAC; and also general overarching aims for the PHAC. What can be ascertained is that the PHAC is intended to be contemporaneous with the time in which it is in, and therefore is intended to reflect the art trends and practices current at that time. This conclusion was resolved through the subsequent investigation of original stateme'nt s by the architects as well as art section staff and the Churcher review. Previous problem have related to the effects of the budget cuts. Potential problems could present themselves in the form of lack of awareness of the collection by the parliamentarians. There is also a need for more public awareness of the collection, in order to promote more research; scholarly investigation; maintain the integrity of the collection; and realise its potential. It is one of the few collections in the world composed solely of Australian artists (or by artists who have resided in Australia for an extended period of their creative work) and needs to be maintained continually to keep the context of the collection intact. This is highlighted in statements by current and previous art section staff as well as throughout original documents which highlight the need for greater public awareness and promotion. In regards to recommendations for priority acquisition areas of the contemporary rotational art collection it is evident that Middle Eastern, Asian and North African artists have to be added to the composition in order to reflect Australia's multicultural society. It is also essential that more energy is spent on acquiring female artists work in order to rectify the current imbalance. There is also a need to purchase New Media art in .order to reflect current artistic trends of art in Australia, which was an original aim of the architects. New Media art must not merely be accessioned into the collection because it is of that medium, but instead because it is relevant to the context of Parliament House.

秦漢時代的國家制度和意識形態對後世影響深遠,而祭祀制度是國家制度的重要組成部份,也代表了國家所倡導的思想規範。地方祭祀包括地方政府主導的官方祭祀和民衆自發的信仰活動,是國家禮儀制度和社會風俗信仰的交叉地帶。秦漢的國家祭祀體系隨著統一的深入發生了從覆蓋全國的神祠到集中於南北郊的改革,儒家思想確立為主流意識形態;地方祠祀在此過程中的地位升降和面貌變化成為國家禮制和意識形態變動、確立的一個標誌。 ; 以天地日月、社稷五穀、自然現象、物怪神怪等為對象的地方祠祀與山川祭祀、人神祭祀共同構成了地方祭祀的圖景。山川神具有求雨、保護神、個人禱祀等不同面向的作用;地方官員對山川祭祀的參與、利用與反對,則是政治需求與社會實際的影響。人神祭祀的信仰對象包括先王仁人、地方名人、神仙和厲鬼等,人神祭祀的性質多存在轉換,官方祭祀與民間信仰互相吸收和借鑑;地方官員鼓勵地方賢人祭祀,反對妖巫祭祀,作為實施教化的手段。 ; 地方政府的祭祀是國家制度的一部分,中央機關也對地方政府的祠祀有監管作用。隨著國家祭祀的成立與變革,地方祭祀在國家祭祀中的地位先升後降,官方祭祀和民間信仰在地方祠祀處交會,東漢時期的地方祭祀有許多呈現官方和民間相結合的特徵。儒家式國家禮制的成立使得祀典與淫祀有了明確的邊界,但是這一界線受到經濟、社會等多種因素的影響,存在著相當的彈性。「禮俗合一」是儒家式的社會理想,士人試圖通過對地方祭祀的管理實施教化,移風易俗;但是祭祀活動的實踐與諸多現實因素有關,還有個人與偶然因素的作用,社會信仰始終包含多重屬性,以「禮俗合一」為理想,卻始終多種社會意識並存,成為中國古代社會的重要特徵。 ; As the beginning of a united empire, Qin and Han Dynasties had established the elementary state institution for dynasties hereafter. Qin and Han Dynasties absorbed and reconciled various religious traditions, including religions of all social classes and different regions in their efforts to set up a sacrificial system; and then turned to a Confucian-oriented sacrificial system with the reverence for Confucianism. Local cults, containing popular beliefs and sacrificial practice of local governments, stood in the overlapped place of state sacrificial system and popular beliefs, therefore the shifts of status and sacrificial practice of local cults can be a representative of the settlement of official ritual system. ; Miscellaneous Gods were worshiped throughout the empire. The groundwork of this research is to investigate the existence of different kinds of local cults and the sacrificial practices. Worship to mountains and rivers were indispensable in both official religion and popular belief, and all levels of sacrifices had multiple functions in local society. The approval or opposition of sacrificial ceremonies by local officials mostly depended on social reality. Human gods accounted for a large part in local cults, who were worshiped in different motivation and social surroundings. The proportion of respectable officials and ...