Exceptions and limitations are an integral part of any effective copyright systems, they play a crucial role in striking a fair balance between the interests of the creators and rightholders, on the one hand, and those of the users of the protected works, on the other. The exceptions and limitations serve to secure such fundamental values as freedom of expression and information, freedom of art, science, research and education. Since the exceptions and limitations are not fully harmonised in the European Union, the lack of legal certainty is being cured by the caselaw of the Court of Justice. The role of the Court preliminary rulings in interpreting the relevant legal provisions and providing clarifications as to their application cannot be overemphasised. Moreover, in recent cases the Court of Justice considered the exceptions and limitations to copyright in the light of the European Convention on Human Rights and the settled caselaw of the European Court of Human Rights. Therefore, it is an opportunity for us to observe the growing attention of the Court of Justice to the human rights and fundamental freedoms protected by the European Convention.
Much previous research on popular support for European integration assumes that support is a function of economic calculations. I propose a different model, in which support is the consequence of the interplay between supranational and national politics: the higher citizens' opinion of the functioning of supranational institutions and the lower that of national institutions, the greater their support for integration. This is so because the worse the opinion of the national political system, the lower the opportunity cost of transferring sovereignty to Europe. In order to illustrate this hypothesis, I show that levels of national support for integration are higher in those countries that suffer greater corruption and have less-developed welfare states. Through an ordered logit analysis of one Eurobarometer survey, I test this political model at the individual level. Finally, I draw some conclusions from the empirical analysis for current discussions on the possibility of a European democracy.
The article analyses the legal significance of the application of the concept of the full membership of the Republic of Lithuania in the European Union as a constitutional value in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania. This idea is only acceptable in the context of the concept of a Constitution as an act establishing and protecting a specific system of values. It also reflects the openness of Lithuania's constitutional law to international law and European integration. The full membership of the Republic of Lithuania in the European Union is treated by the Lithuanian Constitutional Court as an element of the principle of the geopolitical orientation of the Lithuanian state, which is closely interrelated with the fundamental constitutional values (state independence, democracy and republic, etc.). Therefore, it is in the so-called "constitutional core", between the fundamental constitutional principles and values on which the constitutional system is based. This is one of the peculiarities of our constitutional system. Recognition of the status of a constitutional value presupposes the problems for Constitutional Court in appreciating the content and significance of this value and its relationship with other constitutional values. The balancing of the full membership of the Republic of Lithuania in the European Union as a constitutional value with other constitutional values is at the centre of constitutional interpretation. Moreover, it also relates to the problems of the axiological interpretation of the Constitution. The full membership of the Republic of Lithuania as a value is one of the elements of the constitutional principle of geopolitical orientation, which arises in constitutional jurisprudence as an element of constitutional identity. One of the aspects of the use of the concept of constitutional identity is the opposition of constitutional and European identity (constitutional identity is understood in this case as an instrument of self-defence against excessive integration). The Lithuanian constitutional concept, which declares that the full membership of the Republic of Lithuania in the European Union is a constitutional value and an element of constitutional identity, means that in the analysis of the legal problems of the interaction of the national and European Union legal systems, we must not simply view relations as "our own" and "foreign", but the interaction between "our own" and "our own from a wider perspective". This concept means that the constitutional identity cannot only be treated as an instrument for protecting the national system, but also as a measure for the well-founded establishment of balance between the national and EU legal systems.
The article analyses the legal significance of the application of the concept of the full membership of the Republic of Lithuania in the European Union as a constitutional value in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania. This idea is only acceptable in the context of the concept of a Constitution as an act establishing and protecting a specific system of values. It also reflects the openness of Lithuania's constitutional law to international law and European integration. The full membership of the Republic of Lithuania in the European Union is treated by the Lithuanian Constitutional Court as an element of the principle of the geopolitical orientation of the Lithuanian state, which is closely interrelated with the fundamental constitutional values (state independence, democracy and republic, etc.). Therefore, it is in the so-called "constitutional core", between the fundamental constitutional principles and values on which the constitutional system is based. This is one of the peculiarities of our constitutional system. Recognition of the status of a constitutional value presupposes the problems for Constitutional Court in appreciating the content and significance of this value and its relationship with other constitutional values. The balancing of the full membership of the Republic of Lithuania in the European Union as a constitutional value with other constitutional values is at the centre of constitutional interpretation. Moreover, it also relates to the problems of the axiological interpretation of the Constitution. The full membership of the Republic of Lithuania as a value is one of the elements of the constitutional principle of geopolitical orientation, which arises in constitutional jurisprudence as an element of constitutional identity. One of the aspects of the use of the concept of constitutional identity is the opposition of constitutional and European identity (constitutional identity is understood in this case as an instrument of self-defence against excessive integration). The Lithuanian constitutional concept, which declares that the full membership of the Republic of Lithuania in the European Union is a constitutional value and an element of constitutional identity, means that in the analysis of the legal problems of the interaction of the national and European Union legal systems, we must not simply view relations as "our own" and "foreign", but the interaction between "our own" and "our own from a wider perspective". This concept means that the constitutional identity cannot only be treated as an instrument for protecting the national system, but also as a measure for the well-founded establishment of balance between the national and EU legal systems.
In dieser Diplomarbeit wird der Einfluss des Europarats und der Europäischen Union auf die nationalen Rechtsrahmen zur substaatlichen Selbstverwaltung in den Mitgliedsstaaten anhand einer vergleichenden Fallstudie zu Slowenien und Kroatien erörtert. Hauptbezugspunkt sind dabei die Europäische Charta der kommunalen Selbstverwaltung und die damit verbundenen Monitoring-Berichte des Kongresses der Gemeinden und Regionen Europas auf Seiten des Europarats, sowie das Sekundärrecht zur Kohäsions- und Regionalpolitik in Hinblick auf die Europäische Union. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wird demnach der materielle Gehalt dieser Instrumente des Völker- und Europarechts dargestellt, wobei spezielles Augenmerk darauf gelegt wird, inwiefern diese zur Förderung von Dezentralisierung, substaatlicher Finanzautonomie sowie der Koordinierung und Zusammenarbeit zwischen subnationalen Verwaltungseinheiten beitragen können. Im zweiten Teil wird daraufhin der Umfang der völker- und europarechtlichen Verpflichtungen Sloweniens und Kroatiens, sowie vor Allem deren Umsetzung in nationales Recht untersucht. Dadurch wird nicht nur der generelle Einfluss der völker- und europarechtlichen Instrumente auf die substaatliche Selbstverwaltung erfasst, sondern auch untersucht, inwiefern sich dieser Einfluss in den beiden Staaten ähnelt. Anschließend an beide Teile wird exkursorisch der völker- und europarechtliche Rahmen zur grenzüberschreitenden Zusammenarbeit von Gebietskörperschaften und dessen Umsetzung in Slowenien und Kroatien erörtert und folglich untersucht, ob eine derartige Zusammenarbeit einen Mehrwert für subnationale Autonomie bedeutet. ; In this thesis, the impact of the Council of Europe and the European Union on the national legal framework for sub-state self-government in the member states will be discussed on the basis of a comparative case study on Slovenia and Croatia. Thereby, the cardinal points of reference are the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the monitoring reports issued thereto by the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities on the part of the Council of Europe, as well as secondary community legislation on Cohesion and Regional Policy in regard to the European Union. Thus, in the first part of this thesis the substance of these instruments of international and European law will be presented, whereby special emphasis is placed on the extent to which these may contribute to the promotion of decentralization, sub-state financial autonomy and coordination and cooperation between subnational administrative entities. Subsequently, the second part will assess Slovenia and Croatia?s obligations under the said international and European law and, in particular, the implementation thereof into domestic legislation. Accordingly, not only the general influence of international and European law on sub-state self-government will be elaborated, but it will also be examined to what extent this influence is comparable in the two states. By means of excursi subsequent to both parts of the thesis, the international and European legal framework for cross-border cooperation between local authorities and its implementation in Slovenia and Croatia will be investigated, whereby also the implications of such cooperation for subnational autonomy will be examined. ; vorgelegt von Simon Wendelin Burger ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2013 ; (VLID)239569
The role of software in society has changed drastically since the start of the twenty-first century. Software can now partially or fully facilitate diagnosis and treatment of a disease, regardless of whether it is psychological or pathological. Consequently, software plays a role comparable to medical equipment with a physical footprint. Understanding when software as a medical device must comply with applicable rules is vital for both manufacturers and regulators. We therefore examine the Medical Device Regulation to expand on the notion of intention, as this is the key basis for the classification of medical devices. Finally, we develop objective criteria that software must fulfil to be considered a medical device under European Union law.
International audience ; In the evolution of the European Community, the most obvious aspect is the various changes, without any specific limit, of its geographical dimension. As a result, there are many questions of the European Union's internal geopolitics as to the way in which the territories and their populations are represented in the various bodies as well as on the real nature of the democratic nature of the European Union. Finally, it is necessary to examine its relations with countries that are not members ; Dans l'évolution de l'Europe communautaire, l'aspect le plus manifeste tient aux différents changements, sans limite précisée, de sa dimension géographique. Il en résulte de nombreuses interrogations de géopolitique interne à l'Union européenne quant à la façon dont sont repré-sentés les territoires et leurs populations au sein des différentes instances comme à propos de la nature réelle du caractère démocratique de l'Union européenne. Enfin, il convient d'examiner ses relations avec les pays qui n'en sont pas membres.
International audience ; In the evolution of the European Community, the most obvious aspect is the various changes, without any specific limit, of its geographical dimension. As a result, there are many questions of the European Union's internal geopolitics as to the way in which the territories and their populations are represented in the various bodies as well as on the real nature of the democratic nature of the European Union. Finally, it is necessary to examine its relations with countries that are not members ; Dans l'évolution de l'Europe communautaire, l'aspect le plus manifeste tient aux différents changements, sans limite précisée, de sa dimension géographique. Il en résulte de nombreuses interrogations de géopolitique interne à l'Union européenne quant à la façon dont sont repré-sentés les territoires et leurs populations au sein des différentes instances comme à propos de la nature réelle du caractère démocratique de l'Union européenne. Enfin, il convient d'examiner ses relations avec les pays qui n'en sont pas membres.
The Board of the European Public Law Review Online on 22 January 2020 established a permanent Observatory on the "Conference on the Future of Europe".The observatory is structured according to thematic areas:- Environment: Alberto Lucarelli, Maria Chiara Girardi, Andrea Napolitano;- rights and immigration: Andrea Patroni Griffi, Luca Di Majo;- European economy and welfare: Carlo Iannello, Armando de Crescenzo, Guido Saltelli;- jurisprudence (role of the Courts): Sara Lieto, Daniela Mone, Maria Teresa Stile;- institutions: Alberto Lucarelli, Luigi Ferraro;- new technologies: Lorenzo Chieffi, Rosanna Fattibene. Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version) ; Il direttivo della Rassegna di diritto pubblico europeo online in data 22 gennaio 2020 ha istituito un Osservatorio permanente sulla "Conferenza sul futuro dell'Europa".L'osservatorio risulta così strutturato per ambiti tematici:- ambiente: Alberto Lucarelli, Maria Chiara Girardi, Andrea Napolitano;- diritti e immigrazione: Andrea Patroni Griffi, Luca Di Majo;- economia e welfare europeo: Carlo Iannello, Armando de Crescenzo, Guido Saltelli;- giurisprudenza (ruolo delle Corti): Sara Lieto, Daniela Mone, Maria Teresa Stile;- istituzioni: Alberto Lucarelli, Luigi Ferraro;- nuove tecnologie: Lorenzo Chieffi, Rosanna Fattibene.
Experience and loyalty have been identified as major explanations for why Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are selected as committee rapporteurs in the European Parliament. Yet, existing research implicitly assumes that these explanations operate in isolation of what the report is about. In this article, we hypothesize that the effects of experience and loyalty on MEPs' chances to become rapporteurs should be conditioned by the complexity of the Commission's legislative proposal. We show that party group coordinators indeed distribute the most complex legislative tasks to highly experienced MEPs but cannot confirm such a conditional relationship for the effect of loyalty. Our study contributes to the literature on the legislative organization in the European Parliament by highlighting the role of proposal complexity for the report allocation process.
1. Introduction : the main issues -- 2. Problem defined : policy errors -- 3. A bit of a theory -- 4. Anatomy of errors -- 5. Avoidable errors -- 6. Can organizations make mistakes? -- 7. Developing organizational capacity for error avoidance -- 8. Rules and norms in policy implementation -- 9. Incentives for error avoidance -- 10. Capacity for policy implementation -- 11. Obligations of EU membership -- 12. Synthesis and recommendations : policy experimentation and 'nudging' public administrations -- 13. Concluding remarks.
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In this article, we also analyse the judgment of the European Court of Justice in Audiolux case and its potential outcomes (the said Court put it clearly that the protection of minority shareholders is not the general principle of the European Union). Also, we emphasise that the regulation of mandatory bid does not protect minority shareholders in Lithuania, and raise its main regulatory problems. The supervisory institution should make all efforts to fulfil its obligation to protect the minority shareholders' rights in the mandatory bid procedure, and, secondly, where the major shareholder deliberately rejects to make the mandatory bid, the sanctions that are imposed for the infringement of the laws are not effective.
In this article, we also analyse the judgment of the European Court of Justice in Audiolux case and its potential outcomes (the said Court put it clearly that the protection of minority shareholders is not the general principle of the European Union). Also, we emphasise that the regulation of mandatory bid does not protect minority shareholders in Lithuania, and raise its main regulatory problems. The supervisory institution should make all efforts to fulfil its obligation to protect the minority shareholders' rights in the mandatory bid procedure, and, secondly, where the major shareholder deliberately rejects to make the mandatory bid, the sanctions that are imposed for the infringement of the laws are not effective.
