Suchergebnisse

Aquest article analitza la relació entre els artistes i les estrcuturas de poder portuguesos i les masses populars després de la Revolució de el 25 d'abril de 1974 i fins a 1977. L'anàlisi d'aquest període a Portugal considerarà les dinàmiques que envolten les pràctiques artístiques socialment compromeses integrades en l'espai públic, dins del seu marc històric i social. L'article sosté que el context artístic portuguès en estudi va sorgir de la motivació dels polítics i artistes per apropar l'art i les masses populars a l'procés revolucionari en curs. En aquesta aproximació, identifico la col·laboració com l'actitud més utilitzada pels artistes en relació amb el sistema polític i la població. Aquest enfocament va disminuir des de 1976, moment en què es va incrementar el conflicte amb les estructures de poder polític. Pel que fa a la relació amb la població, a partir d'aquest moment també hi va haver una disminució en l'ús d'eines col·laboratives i una intensificació d'eines transgressores i provocatives en les pràctiques artístiques. Aquests canvis seran articulats en l'article a partir de les condicions polítiques i socials objectives de país, i la seva influència en els matisos actitudinals identificats en les pràctiques artístiques socialment compromeses en anàlisi. ; This article analyzes the relationship between Portuguese artists and bodies of power and the popular masses after the Revolution of 25 April 1974 and until 1977. The analysis of this period in Portugal will consider the dynamics surrounding socially engaged artistic practices integrated in the public space, within its historic and social framework. The article argues that the Portuguese artistic context under consideration arose from the politicians and artists motivation to bring art and the popular masses closer to the ongoing revolutionary process. In this approach, I identify collaboration as the most frequent attitude used by artists in relation to the political system and population. This approach decreased since 1976, at which time there was an increase in conflict with the political power structures. Regarding the relationship with the population, from that moment on there was also a decrease in the use of collaborative tools and an intensification of transgressive and provocative tools in artisticpractices. These changes will be articulated in the article based on the country's objective political and social conditions, and their influence on attitudinal nuances identified in the socially engaged artistic practices under analysis. ; Este artículo analiza la relación entre los artistas y las estructuras de poder portugueses y las masas populares después de la Revolución del 25 de abril de 1974 y hasta 1977. El análisis de este período en Portugal considerará las dinámicas que rodean las prácticas artísticas socialmente comprometidas integradas en el espacio público, dentro de su marco histórico y social. El artículo sostiene que el contexto artístico portugués en estudio surgió de la motivación de los políticos y artistas para acercar el arte y las masas populares al proceso revolucionario en curso. En esta aproximación, identifico la colaboración como la actitud más utilizada por los artistas en relación con el sistema político y la población. Este enfoque disminuyó desde 1976, momento en el que se incrementó el conflicto con las estructuras de poder político. En cuanto a la relación con la población, a partir de ese momento también hubo una disminución en el uso de herramientas colaborativas y una intensificación de herramientas transgresoras yprovocativas en las prácticas artísticas. Estos cambios serán articulados en el artículo a partir de las condiciones políticas y sociales objetivas del país, y su influencia en los matices actitudinales identificados en las prácticas artísticas socialmente comprometidas en análisis. ; Cet article analyse les relations entre les artistes et les structures de pouvoir portugaises et les masses populaires après la Révolution du 25 avril 1974 et jusqu'en 1977. L'analyse de cette période au Portugal considérera les dynamiques qui entourent les pratiques artistiques socialement engagées intégrées dans l'espace public, dans leur cadre historique et social. L'article soutient que le contexte artistique portugais à l'étude est né de la motivation des politiciens et des artistes à rapprocher l'art et les masses populaires du processus révolutionnaire en cours. Dans cette approche, j'identifie la collaboration comme l'attitude la plus utilisée par les artistes par rapport au système politique et à la population. Cette approche a diminué depuis 1976, lorsque le conflit avec les structures du pouvoir politique s'est accru. Concernant le rapport à la population, à partir de ce moment, il y a également eu une diminution de l'utilisation des outils collaboratifs et une intensification des outils transgressifs et provocateurs dans les pratiques artistiques. Ces changements seront articulés dans l'article en fonction des conditions politiques et sociales objectives du pays, et de leur influence sur les nuances comportementales identifiées dans les pratiques artistiques socialement engagées en analyse. ; Questo articolo analizza il rapporto tra artisti e strutture di potere portoghesi e le masse popolari dopo la Rivoluzione del 25 aprile 1974 e fino al 1977. L'analisi di questo periodo in Portogallo prenderà in considerazione le dinamiche che circondano le pratiche artistiche socialmente impegnate integrate nello spazio pubblico, all'interno del loro quadro storico e sociale. L'articolo sostiene che il contesto artistico portoghese oggetto di studio è nato dalla motivazione di politici e artisti di avvicinare l'arte e le masse popolari al processo rivoluzionario in corso. In questo approccio, identifico la collaborazione come l'atteggiamento più utilizzato dagli artisti nei confronti del sistema politico e della popolazione. Questo approccio è diminuito dal 1976, quando è aumentato il conflitto con le strutture del potere politico. Per quanto riguarda il rapporto con la popolazione, da quel momento si registra anche una diminuzione dell'uso di strumenti collaborativi e un'intensificazione di strumenti trasgressivi e provocatori nelle pratiche artistiche. Questi cambiamenti saranno articolati nell'articolo in base alle condizioni politiche e sociali oggettive del paese e alla loro influenza sulle sfumature attitudinali individuate nelle pratiche artistiche socialmente impegnate in analisi. ; Este artigo aprofunda as relações estabelecidas entre os artistas, os organismos de poder e as camadas populares portuguesas após a Revolução do 25 de Abril de 1974 e até 1977. A análise deste período português considera a dinâmica criada pelas práticas artísticas socialmente comprometidas integradas no espaço público, a partir do seu enquadramento histórico e social. O artigo influi que o contexto artístico português em análise surgiu da motivação de determinados circuitos políticos e artísticos em aproximar a arte e as camadas populares do processo revolucionário em curso. Seguindo esta óptica, a colaboração é identificada como a atitude mais frequente utilizada pelos artistas em relação ao sistema político e à população. Essa postura colaborativa diminuiu a partir de 1976, altura em que o conflito com as estruturas de poder político começou a aumentar. No que se refere ao relacionamento com a população, foi também a partir desse momento que houve uma diminuição do uso de ferramentas colaborativas e uma intensificação de ferramentas transgressivas e provocativas nas práticas artísticas. A alteração destas dinâmicas será articulada, no artigo, a partir das condições políticas e sociais objectivas vividas no país e sua influência nas nuances atitudinais identificadas nas práticas artísticas socialmente comprometidas em análise.

Europa, símbolo de paz, prosperidad y diversidad cultural, afronta en la actualidad una serie de desafíos como el auge de los radicalismos, la pérdida de identidad, la intolerancia, el desencanto político o las discrepancias entre los estados que hacen peligrar los pilares que cimentaron su unión. Para canalizar estos retos sociales el Consejo de Europa propone actuar de forma trasversal desde la educación a través del «Marco de Referencia en Competencias para una Cultura Democrática» (2018). Paralelamente, la velocidad sobre la que gira el mundo contemporáneo caracterizado por la omnipresencia de las pantallas y la difusión de un volumen de información difícil de manejar deja escaso lugar para la reflexión. El videoclip se sitúa en este ecosistema mediático y tecnológico como un producto cultural propicio para los jóvenes, pero a su vez repleto de mensajes que descifrar. De ahí que una alfabetización audiovisual se presente como necesaria para indagar en esos mensajes que se pretenden proyectar y que, a través de una reflexión crítica, pueden emanar. Por lo tanto, esta tesis responde a la necesidad de analizar el potencial educativo del videoclip como instrumento motivador y efectivo con el que trabajar las competencias para una cultura democrática y el diálogo intercultural en el aula de lenguas extranjeras. En cuanto a la metodología empleada, aunque se han utilizado técnicas cuantitativas, la investigación se ha guiado por el análisis cualitativo de 47 videoclips en español a través del programa Atlas.ti. Además, como fundamento teórico para dicho análisis textual se ha recurrido al enfoque multimodal y a la narrativa audiovisual. Los resultados indican que una parte de los videoclips más visualizados en español refleja contenido en competencias democráticas. No obstante, abundan los vídeos musicales donde se han detectado temáticas frecuentes como la reducción de la figura de la mujer y su relación con el hombre, el elogio a la belleza y a la juventud, la preponderancia de la clase media-alta unida a la riqueza material y al éxito, el hedonismo como estilo de vida y la sensualidad. A su vez, se ha percibido que la tendencia musical actual en español procede de Hispanoamérica a través del reguetón, principalmente. Aun así, el corpus se caracteriza por la variedad de géneros musicales empleados, entre los que destacan el pop, el pop urbano, la rumba y el funk carioca por formar parte de videoclips con una comprensión auditiva más favorable. Por otra parte, se ha contemplado una representación heterogénea de las competencias para una cultura democrática. Destacan los valores, seguidos de las actitudes y, en menor medida, las habilidades, los conocimientos y la comprensión crítica. Las competencias más destacadas han sido aquellas relacionadas con la diversidad cultural. Además, los datos revelan que es difícil hallar un videoclip con alusiones a las competencias democráticas y que a su vez cuente con todos los recursos sonoros adecuados para una comprensión auditiva efectiva. Asimismo, desde un punto de vista didáctico, se han observado dos tipos de competencias: aquellas proyectadas mediante diferentes estrategias en los videoclips y las que no se retratan en estos documentos audiovisuales, pero con las que se podría trabajar a partir de los vídeos músicales. En lo que se refiere a la dimensión hispana, la cultura proyectada se vincula con el ocio y el tiempo libre. Además, los videoclips suelen mostrar con más frecuencia conocimientos factuales y concretos relacionados con los referentes culturales, los saberes y comportamientos socioculturales que conceptos abstractos vinculados a las habilidades y actitudes interculturales. Finalmente, a partir de los resultados obtenidos, se ofrece una guía docente para seleccionar y trabajar con vídeos musicales en la clase de lenguas extranjeras a través de las competencias para una cultura democrática y el diálogo intercultural. ; Europe, formerly a symbol of peace, prosperity and cultural diversity, currently faces a number of challenges such as the rise of radicalism, loss of identity, intolerance, political disillusionment or discrepancies between states that threaten the foundations of a united Europe. In order to address these social concerns, the Council of Europe pursues the use of Education as a medium in a transversal manner by means of the "Reference Framework of Competences for Democratic Culture" (2018). In parallel, reflection appears to have become a rare element in the constantly changing world of technology and screens. The music video is located within this media and technological context as a cultural product appropriate for young people but at the same time replete with messages to be decoded. Accordingly, it is important to introduce audiovisual literacy to attempt to understand this content by using critical reflection. This dissertation seeks to analyse the educational potential of a music video as a motivating and effective tool to work within the competences for democratic culture and intercultural dialogue in the foreign language classroom. As far as the method is concerned, although quantitative techniques were used, a qualitative procedure was primarily employed to analyse a sample comprising 47 music videos in Spanish. In order to conduct systematic research, the qualitative data analysis and research software Atlas.ti was used. The theoretical frameworks which supported the study were multimodality and audiovisual narrative. The results show that a part of the current music videos in Spanish disseminated via global music-streaming services reflects the content on democratic competences. However, most music videos still frequently display topics such as woman's objectification and her relationship to man, praise of beauty and youth, prominence of the uppermiddle class linked to material wealth and success, hedonism as a lifestyle and sensuality. At the same time, there is a tendency for music in Spanish to derive from present-day Hispanic America, primarily reggaeton. However, the sample analysed is characterised by a variety of music genres, the main ones being pop, urban pop, rumba and funk carioca, since they were employed to create music videos with precise listening comprehension. On the other hand, the results reveal a varied projection of competences for democratic culture, with values being the most representative ones, followed by attitudes, skills and knowledge and critical understanding. The most recurrent competences were those linked to cultural diversity. In addition, the empirical findings in this study provide a new understanding of democratic competences from a didactic perspective, since two typologies were identified. The first was presented visibly in the music videos employing different strategies, unlike the second which was not projected in them. However, it could be possible to work with this type through music videos, with the music video serving as a learning tool in this case. As far as representation of the Hispanic cultural topic is concerned, it is largely associated with free time and leisure activities. Overall, music videos more frequently display factual and specific knowledge associated with cultural references and sociocultural knowledge and behaviours than abstract concepts about intercultural skills and attitudes. Finally, this study provides a pedagogic guide to selecting and working with music videos in the foreign language classroom to promote the development of competences for democratic culture and intercultural dialogue.

This thesis analyzes the role of commerce in a large underprivileged district. In particular, it evaluates the capacity of a local shopping centre, which some public actors aim to destroy, to be a place of opportunity for its inhabitants. To do so, the thesis approaches commerce as a "total" social system, by multiplying the points of view, including planning, urban design, economic, social as well as political perspectives. Commercial polarities of French large social housing estates have, since the 1970s, experienced a decline in their commerciality. This evolution is generally explained by various factors, including the impoverishment of the neighbourhoods in which they are located, or the deployment of hypermarkets on the outskirts of French cities. Architectural and urban design errors are also questioned, especially the disconnection of these places from pedestrian and motorised traffic. At the same time, following the population dynamics within large suburban complexes, the image of these commercial polarity has become ethnicized. From there, urban renewal in disadvantaged neighbourhoods is generally accompanied by major urban transformations and the introduction of regulatory tools. However, some of the commercial polarities involved in urban renewal are economically healthy with important sales figures, low vacancy rates and low turnover. This is notably the case of the commercial polarity of the Mas du Taureau in Vaulx-en-Velin. This thesis thus proposes to understand how this suburban shopping area has been able to adapt.The thesis begins by exploring the resilience capacities of the Mas du Taureau retailers and shopkeepers and their economic development strategies. Those strategies are based on a regime of mutual knowledge and a dense network of sociability. Besides, the shopping centre has been able to radiate on a metropolitan scale. Indeed, the survey shows that the good economic health and high sales of the shopping centre exceed the standards of proximity polarity. The thesis therefore analyzes the main factors that allowed this unplanned shift from proximity polarity to metropolitan shopping centrality. The latter type of centrality is sustained by a bi-weekly market and numerous sedentary businesses (butcher's shops, bakeries, restaurants) that radiate out over a vast quadrant of Lyon metropolitan area. The attractiveness of the Mas du Taureau shopping centre makes it a minority center approaching the standards of "super diversity", a concept introduced in 2007 by Steven Vertovec. It appears that the shopping centre's ability to attract customers from outside the neighbourhood is based on a game of "ethnic" specialisations full of make-believes. However, the thesis focuses on a few locally trained entrepreneurs and ethnic markers that give the Mas du Taureau's commercial offer an image of minority centrality.Finally, the thesis examines the point of view of local public decision-makers. They often perceive this market space through the prism of communitarianism, leading to new forms of public regulation. The commercial polarity is thus administered by powerful management tools that place it at the centre of a lasting tension. As of today, the economic success of Mas du Taureau commercial polarity is not acknowledged by local public actors and its maintenance is minimal. Through the analysis of the current urban renewal project, the thesis shows the representations of local actors that underlie the project to destroy a dynamic shopping centre in order to rebuild another one with an uncertain future. ; Cette thèse analyse le rôle du commerce dans un quartier défavorisé de grand ensemble. Elle évalue notamment la capacité d'un centre commercial dévalorisé aux yeux des acteurs publics à jouer le rôle d'espace « tremplin » pour les habitants du quartier. Pour ce faire, la thèse aborde le commerce comme un système social total, en multipliant les points de vue et les perspectives. Les plateformes commerciales de grand ensemble d'habitat social ont, dès les années 1970,connu un déclin de leur commercialité. Cette évolution est généralement expliquée par divers facteurs, dont la paupérisation de leurs quartiers d'implantation, ou le déploiement des hypermarchés en périphérie des villes françaises. Sont aussi mises en cause des erreurs de conception architecturale et urbaine, avec notamment la déconnexion de ces lieux vis-à-vis des flux piétons et motorisés. Parallèlement, l'image de ces plateformes s'est ethnicisée dans la mesure où les grands ensembles de banlieue sont devenus terres d'accueil d'une immigration postcoloniale. Forte de ces constats, la rénovation urbaine des quartiers défavorisés s'accompagne généralement d'une profonde refonte de l'armature commerciale existante et de la mise en place d'outils de régulation. Pourtant, certaines des polarités commerciales mises en cause par la rénovation urbaine affichent une bonne santé économique avec d'importants chiffres d'affaires, un faible taux de vacance et peu de rotation. C'est notamment le cas de la polarité commerciale du Mas du Taureau à Vaulx-en-Velin. Cette thèse propose ainsi de comprendre comment cet espace marchand de banlieue a pu et a su s'adapter. La thèse commence par explorer les capacités de résilience des commerçants du Mas du Taureau et leurs stratégies de développement économique. Celles-ci s'inscrivent dans une dynamique commerciale collective fondée sur le modèle « petits paniers, beaucoup de paniers ». Ce modèle prend appui sur un ancrage social populaire doté d'un régime d'interconnaissance et un réseau de sociabilité dense . Mais au-delà de l'ancrage dans la proximité, le centre commercial a été capable de rayonner à une échelle métropolitaine. En effet, l'enquête montre que la bonne santé économique et la forte fréquentation du centre commercial dépassent les standards de la polarité de proximité. La thèse analyse donc les principaux facteurs qui ont permis ce passage non programmé d'une polarité de proximité vers une centralité commerciale métropolitaine. Cette centralité s'appuie sur un marché bihebdomadaire et de nombreux commerces sédentaires (boucheries, boulangeries, restaurations) qui rayonnent dans un vaste quadrant de l'aire métropolitaine lyonnaise. L'attractivité du centre commercial du Mas du Taureau fait de lui une centralité minoritaire, s'approchant des standards de la « super diversité », un concept introduit en 2007 par Steven Vertovec. Il apparaît que la capacité du centre commercial à attirer des clients extérieurs au quartier s'opère dans un jeu de spécialisations « ethniques » plein de faux semblants. La plupart des commerçants n'ont pas une stratégie de marketing ethnique, et sont plutôt à la recherche d'un ancrage social et territorial propice au développement économique de leurs boutiques. La thèse s'attarde au demeurant sur les quelques marqueurs ethniques formés localement et qui procurent à l'offre commerciale du Mas du Taureau une image de centralité minoritaire. La thèse examine enfin le point de vue des décideurs publics locaux. Ceux-ci perçoivent souvent cet espace marchand au prisme du communautarisme, conduisant à de nouvelles formes de régulation publique. La polarité commerciale se trouve ainsi administrée par de puissants outils de gestion qui l'installent au centre d'une tension durable. Aujourd'hui, la réussite économique de la polarité commerciale n'est pas reconnue et son maintien ne semble pas envisagé.

At the end of the financial year, companies' accounting departments prepare sets of financial statements which are the most important regulated information source for assessing the company's financial state and its performance. Article 16 of the Law on Financial Statements of Enterprises of the Republic of Lithuania states that financial statements are prepared in accordance with this Law, Business Accounting Standards (BAS) or International Accounting Standards. In the Explanatory Note it must be indicated according to which accounting standards the financial statements were prepared. According to the Lithuanian Department of Statistics, the domestic market is dominated by very small and small enterprises. These companies have a significant impact on the country's economy. The financial statements of most of them are not audited and this lack of audit can cause some country-wide problems. The audit of annual reports according to Article 24 of the Law on Financial Statements of Enterprises of the Republic of Lithuania must be performed in enterprises if at least two indicators on the last day of the financial year exceed the following values: 1) the value of assets is 1,800 thousand euros; 2) net sales revenue during the budgetary year are 3,500 thousand euros; 3) the average annual number of employees according to the list during the budgetary year is 50 employees. The issue of accounting and financial statements' quality were examined in various aspects not only by Lithuanian authors Legenzova (2016), Legenzova and Kancereviciute (2012), Guptor and Rudzioniene (2018), Lakis and Miniotaite (2016), Miniotaite (2017), Deveikis (2018, 2020), but also foreign authors such as Abbod et al. (2018), Franczak (2019), and Goncharenko et al. (2016). Most of these authors indicate compliance with the provisions of the regulations to be among the important factors determining the quality of financial statements. In order to improve the quality of financial statements in Lithuania, new initiatives are regularly brought forward to the Ministry of Finance and the Parliament to introduce measures in legislation that would improve the quality of financial statements of for-profit limited liability units. In 2015, the Parliament's Audit Committee drafted a package of legislative changes. It proposed measures to improve the quality of financial statements as well as obliged entities to provide mentioned statements to the Register of Legal Entities for proper monitoring of the submitted documents. Those changes in the legislation, however, were not implemented. To implement public policy in the field of financial liability, the Authority of Audit, Accounting, Property Valuation and Insolvency Management (AVNT) for several years has been conducting a quality survey of the financial statements (Explanatory Notes) of 100 companies. In performing the analysis of the financial statements of the companies, AVNT assessed whether they comply with the provisions of the Business Accounting Standards and the submission of compulsory information in accordance with the requirements of the 6th Business Accounting Standard of "Explanatory Note". For this study, unaudited companies are selected on the basis of the highest net sales revenue and the highest value of assets on the balance sheet. The results of this study show that the quality of financial statements is not improving (AVNT, 2020). It is difficult for small and very small companies to constantly monitor and comply with the requirements and alterations of the financial statements preparation standards. This gives rise to the following question: How much do the financial statements of small and very small companies match with the provisions of the Business Accounting Standards? Linartas (2020) argues that the quality of financial statements is poor in companies that are managed by one or more owners. This might be due to the fact that the owners of such companies receive the information about their companies' financial state and performance directly and have no interest in disclosing it in the financial statements. The object of the research are sets of financial statements of small and very small enterprises. The aim of the research is to analyse the compliance of the financial statements of small and very small enterprises with the provisions of the Business Accounting Standards. The objectives of the research are the following: 1. To assess the compliance of the general composition of financial statements of small and very small enterprises submitted to the General Meeting of Shareholders and the Register of Legal Entities with the provisions of 1st BAS "Financial Statements" and the Law on Financial Statements of Enterprises; 2. To analyse the compliance of the individual parts of financial statements of small and very small companies with the provisions of the Business Accounting Standards. The chosen methodology for this research includes systematization, grouping and summarization of data as well as document content analysis. The research methods are the analysis and synthesis of legal acts regulating the composition of financial statements and requirements for the preparation of separate reports, as well as of scientific literature. Furthermore, systematization, grouping and summarization of data and analysis of document content were applied to the analysis of financial statement data. In order to analyze the compliance of the financial statements of small and very small enterprises with the provisions of the Business Accounting Standards, 72 sets of financial statements of private limited companies operating inWestern Lithuania were obtained. The criteria for small and very small enterprises were met by unaudited reports of 66 companies. The research shows that in some companies the General Meeting of Shareholders approves financial statement set forms that do not comply with the Law of Financial Reporting and the provisions of Business Accounting Standards. However, other forms of digitized sets of reports that are in compliance with the requirements of the Register of Legal Entities are afterwards being submitted to this institution. Furthermore, after examining the compliance of the items of the separate financial statements of small and very small enterprises with the provisions of the Business Accounting Standards, some irregularities have been identified. Sums were not included in the entry of deferred charges in the balancesheet as accorded in the 2nd BAS "Balance Sheet". Some companies do not calculate the cost of sales or do not distinguish the amount of losses in the profit-and-loss account as accorded in the 3rd BAS "Income Statement". Some companies do not indicate the number of employees in the general part of the explanatory note as accorded 6th BAS "Explanatory Note" and there is no part of accounting policies and notes. Sometimes the notes are not numbered and therefore in other reports there is no reference to the remarks section of the Explanatory Note. There is in certain cases no comparative information. Finally, in some cases the parts of the accounting policies and notes are combined into one section. ; Metinis finansinių ataskaitų rinkinys rengiamas apibendrinant visų finansinių metų duomenis. Finansinės ataskaitos turi būti rengiamos laikantis finansinę atskaitomybę reglamentuojančių teisės aktų: LR įmonių finansinės atskaitomybės įstatymo ir Verslo apskaitos standartų nuostatų. Finansinėse ataskaitose pateikiamos informacijos patikimumas svarbus įmonių valdytojams, investuotojams, kreditoriams ir kitiems informacijos vartotojams. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama labai mažų ir mažų įmonių finansinių ataskaitų rinkinių, pateiktų Visuotiniam akcininkų susirinkimui ir Juridinių asmenų registrui, sudėties atitiktis bei atskirų finansinių ataskaitų straipsnių atitikimas Verslo apskaitos standartų nuostatoms.

The creation and development of an information and knowledge-based society and knowledge economy are perceived as one of the most important priorities of social, economic, political development, culture, science and technological progress of modern society (Melnikas, Jakubavičius, Leichteris and Stumbrytė, 2017). It is important to create a learning society, a learning organization, a knowledge economy in order to adapt to the various challenges. Tortorella, Vergara, Garza-Reyes and Sahney (2020) noted that organizational learning can be seen as a process of improvement based on a clearer understanding and knowledge directly related to the organizational culture and environment.The scientific literature (Sakalas, 2012; Walker, 2014; Atkočiūnienė, 2014; Skrickienė, Čepuraitė and Štaras, 2018) presents various features of learning organization characteristics: strategy development, investment in one's future, cooperation, environmental monitoring, focusing on problem identification and resolution, processing and applying large flows of information, responding, and anticipating internal and external changes. Organizational learning is a way of survival, capacity building, enabling it to change, that is to cope with change, and seize new opportunities. According to Walker (2014), knowledge, learning, and innovation are the key factors assuring the success of a modern organization. It should be noted that the acquisition, use and recognition of knowledge largely depend on the culture of the organization. As Salge and Vera (2012) argued, learning organizations understand the importance of learning and increase the ability to turn new knowledge into tangible improvements.In the scientific literature (Minelgaitė and Vaičiukynaitė, 2017; Katilienė, 2010; Vilkaitė-Vaitonė, Papšienė and Stulgienė, 2016; Digrienė, 2018; Shao, Feng and Hu, 2017; Walker, 2014) various definitions, styles and models of leadership have been identified. Usually, many definitions of leadership highlight one aspect in relation to other aspects (Minelgaitė and Vaičiukynaitė, 2017). Amor, Vázquez and Faíña (2020) noted that leadership is a critical component influencing an organization's environment and how employees perceive their work. It should be noted that leadership theory is very diverse, but in the context of a learning organization, the types of transformational and transactional, empowering, positive, and collective leadership are important.It should be emphasized that the leader in the organization of the 21st century must be able to mobilize the organization's staff for the implementation of strategic tasks; to be able rationally and effectively form a favourable environment for the learning organization. Managers and top managers must be guided by modern imperatives of a complex nature: the ideology of innovation, the perception of the need and necessity of change and reform, the application of best practices and experience of postmodern management in their organizational structures. Ewa, Cox, Tse and Lowe (2019) noted that there is a growing number of organizations that prosper and in which leadership is shared rather than concentrated in the hands of specific individuals or between these individuals. The importance of collective leadership will only increase as organizations involve more organizational, virtual, and non-traditional teams. Thus, there will be a need for a smoother and more dynamic process of empowering and consolidating leadership roles. Thus, it is very important to assess what are the opportunities for leadership expression in a learning organization.The object of research is the possibilities of leadership in a learning organization.The aim of the article is to form a model for determining the possibilities of leadership expression in a learning organization.To achieve the goal, the following tasks are formulated:1. Analyse the definitions and features of a learning organization.2. Examine the concept of leadership and analyse leadership styles.3. Identify opportunities for leadership expression in a learning organization.4. Form a model for determining the possibilities of leadership expression in a learning organization.Methods of analysis, descriptive, analytical and comparative analysis of scientific literature are applied in the article.The members of the learning organization are constantly improving their skills, raising their competence, improving their activities based on experience, and improving their decision-making skills. Organizational learning can be ensured through knowledge acquisition, information distribution, information interpretation, and organizational memory. The learning organization must ensure the existence of the following elements: systemic thinking, personal mastery, management of mental models, development of a shared vision and team learning. There is a link between a learning organization and the existence of increased organizational innovation capacity, increased productivity and competitive advantage. It should be emphasized that in order to be successful, it is necessary to exchange knowledge, communicate and learn, clarify and change existing practices.Leadership theory is very diverse, but in the context of a learning organization, transformational and transactional leadership systems become particularly evident. Types of empowering, shared, positive, collective leadership are also distinguished. Leadership can be viewed as any activity that relies on an individual's abilities to effectively play a leadership role in an organization. Leadership development involves the social capital required to lead at the collective or individual level. Leadership can be expressed through the leadership style of leaders, the level of feedback, and the granting of autonomy to subordinates.Learning organizations need knowledgeable, motivated, self-confident employees who can generate new knowledge, make decisions about the acquisition and use of knowledge. Leaders' participation in decision-making allows followers to share their ideas and collaborate, which in turn encourages effective knowledge flows. Inclusive and shared leadership approaches are essential to ensure more sustainable organizational change through forms of organizational learning. There are three social dimensions that facilitate the creation of a learning organization: psychological safety, participation in decision-making, and openness to different opinions. The links between learning organization and leadership can be assessed through organizational culture, personal and collective values, honesty, trust, and collaboration.The possibilities of leadership expression in a learning organization are associated with various variables: the leader, followers, and the conditions that determine the constant changes in the organization. Opportunities for the expression of leadership in a learning organization are possible in various activities of the organization, but it should be emphasized a necessity to form a learning friendly environment, i.e. ensuring psychological security, openness to opinions, participation in the decision-making process. By creating a favourable environment, employees will be more motivated to participate in both the individual and collective learning process, will supplement, share and create new knowledge in order to achieve the efficiency of the organization. ; Straipsnyje analizuojamos lyderystės raiškos besimokančioje organizacijoje galimybės, nagrinėjama besimokančios organizacijos apibrėžtis ir bruožai, analizuojama lyderystės samprata bei pateikiami lyderystės tipai. Remiantis atlikta mokslinės literatūros lyderystės ir besimokančios organizacijos klausimais analize, identifikuotos lyderystės raiškos besimokančioje organizacijoje galimybės bei sudarytas šių galimybių nustatymo modelis. Straipsnio tikslas yra, nustačius lyderystės raiškos besimokančioje organizacijoje galimybes, suformuoti lyderystės raiškos besimokančioje organizacijoje galimybių nustatymo modelį. Straipsnyje taikyti mokslinės literatūros analizės, aprašomasis, analitinis ir lyginamosios analizės metodai.

This thesis analyzes the role of commerce in a large underprivileged district. In particular, it evaluates the capacity of a local shopping centre, which some public actors aim to destroy, to be a place of opportunity for its inhabitants. To do so, the thesis approaches commerce as a "total" social system, by multiplying the points of view, including planning, urban design, economic, social as well as political perspectives. Commercial polarities of French large social housing estates have, since the 1970s, experienced a decline in their commerciality. This evolution is generally explained by various factors, including the impoverishment of the neighbourhoods in which they are located, or the deployment of hypermarkets on the outskirts of French cities. Architectural and urban design errors are also questioned, especially the disconnection of these places from pedestrian and motorised traffic. At the same time, following the population dynamics within large suburban complexes, the image of these commercial polarity has become ethnicized. From there, urban renewal in disadvantaged neighbourhoods is generally accompanied by major urban transformations and the introduction of regulatory tools. However, some of the commercial polarities involved in urban renewal are economically healthy with important sales figures, low vacancy rates and low turnover. This is notably the case of the commercial polarity of the Mas du Taureau in Vaulx-en-Velin. This thesis thus proposes to understand how this suburban shopping area has been able to adapt.The thesis begins by exploring the resilience capacities of the Mas du Taureau retailers and shopkeepers and their economic development strategies. Those strategies are based on a regime of mutual knowledge and a dense network of sociability. Besides, the shopping centre has been able to radiate on a metropolitan scale. Indeed, the survey shows that the good economic health and high sales of the shopping centre exceed the standards of proximity polarity. The thesis therefore analyzes the main factors that allowed this unplanned shift from proximity polarity to metropolitan shopping centrality. The latter type of centrality is sustained by a bi-weekly market and numerous sedentary businesses (butcher's shops, bakeries, restaurants) that radiate out over a vast quadrant of Lyon metropolitan area. The attractiveness of the Mas du Taureau shopping centre makes it a minority center approaching the standards of "super diversity", a concept introduced in 2007 by Steven Vertovec. It appears that the shopping centre's ability to attract customers from outside the neighbourhood is based on a game of "ethnic" specialisations full of make-believes. However, the thesis focuses on a few locally trained entrepreneurs and ethnic markers that give the Mas du Taureau's commercial offer an image of minority centrality.Finally, the thesis examines the point of view of local public decision-makers. They often perceive this market space through the prism of communitarianism, leading to new forms of public regulation. The commercial polarity is thus administered by powerful management tools that place it at the centre of a lasting tension. As of today, the economic success of Mas du Taureau commercial polarity is not acknowledged by local public actors and its maintenance is minimal. Through the analysis of the current urban renewal project, the thesis shows the representations of local actors that underlie the project to destroy a dynamic shopping centre in order to rebuild another one with an uncertain future. ; Cette thèse analyse le rôle du commerce dans un quartier défavorisé de grand ensemble. Elle évalue notamment la capacité d'un centre commercial dévalorisé aux yeux des acteurs publics à jouer le rôle d'espace « tremplin » pour les habitants du quartier. Pour ce faire, la thèse aborde le commerce comme un système social total, en multipliant les points de vue et les perspectives. Les plateformes commerciales de grand ensemble d'habitat social ont, dès les années 1970,connu un déclin de leur commercialité. Cette évolution est généralement expliquée par divers facteurs, dont la paupérisation de leurs quartiers d'implantation, ou le déploiement des hypermarchés en périphérie des villes françaises. Sont aussi mises en cause des erreurs de conception architecturale et urbaine, avec notamment la déconnexion de ces lieux vis-à-vis des flux piétons et motorisés. Parallèlement, l'image de ces plateformes s'est ethnicisée dans la mesure où les grands ensembles de banlieue sont devenus terres d'accueil d'une immigration postcoloniale. Forte de ces constats, la rénovation urbaine des quartiers défavorisés s'accompagne généralement d'une profonde refonte de l'armature commerciale existante et de la mise en place d'outils de régulation. Pourtant, certaines des polarités commerciales mises en cause par la rénovation urbaine affichent une bonne santé économique avec d'importants chiffres d'affaires, un faible taux de vacance et peu de rotation. C'est notamment le cas de la polarité commerciale du Mas du Taureau à Vaulx-en-Velin. Cette thèse propose ainsi de comprendre comment cet espace marchand de banlieue a pu et a su s'adapter. La thèse commence par explorer les capacités de résilience des commerçants du Mas du Taureau et leurs stratégies de développement économique. Celles-ci s'inscrivent dans une dynamique commerciale collective fondée sur le modèle « petits paniers, beaucoup de paniers ». Ce modèle prend appui sur un ancrage social populaire doté d'un régime d'interconnaissance et un réseau de sociabilité dense . Mais au-delà de l'ancrage dans la proximité, le centre commercial a été capable de rayonner à une échelle métropolitaine. En effet, l'enquête montre que la bonne santé économique et la forte fréquentation du centre commercial dépassent les standards de la polarité de proximité. La thèse analyse donc les principaux facteurs qui ont permis ce passage non programmé d'une polarité de proximité vers une centralité commerciale métropolitaine. Cette centralité s'appuie sur un marché bihebdomadaire et de nombreux commerces sédentaires (boucheries, boulangeries, restaurations) qui rayonnent dans un vaste quadrant de l'aire métropolitaine lyonnaise. L'attractivité du centre commercial du Mas du Taureau fait de lui une centralité minoritaire, s'approchant des standards de la « super diversité », un concept introduit en 2007 par Steven Vertovec. Il apparaît que la capacité du centre commercial à attirer des clients extérieurs au quartier s'opère dans un jeu de spécialisations « ethniques » plein de faux semblants. La plupart des commerçants n'ont pas une stratégie de marketing ethnique, et sont plutôt à la recherche d'un ancrage social et territorial propice au développement économique de leurs boutiques. La thèse s'attarde au demeurant sur les quelques marqueurs ethniques formés localement et qui procurent à l'offre commerciale du Mas du Taureau une image de centralité minoritaire. La thèse examine enfin le point de vue des décideurs publics locaux. Ceux-ci perçoivent souvent cet espace marchand au prisme du communautarisme, conduisant à de nouvelles formes de régulation publique. La polarité commerciale se trouve ainsi administrée par de puissants outils de gestion qui l'installent au centre d'une tension durable. Aujourd'hui, la réussite économique de la polarité commerciale n'est pas reconnue et son maintien ne semble pas envisagé.

This thesis analyzes the role of commerce in a large underprivileged district. In particular, it evaluates the capacity of a local shopping centre, which some public actors aim to destroy, to be a place of opportunity for its inhabitants. To do so, the thesis approaches commerce as a "total" social system, by multiplying the points of view, including planning, urban design, economic, social as well as political perspectives. Commercial polarities of French large social housing estates have, since the 1970s, experienced a decline in their commerciality. This evolution is generally explained by various factors, including the impoverishment of the neighbourhoods in which they are located, or the deployment of hypermarkets on the outskirts of French cities. Architectural and urban design errors are also questioned, especially the disconnection of these places from pedestrian and motorised traffic. At the same time, following the population dynamics within large suburban complexes, the image of these commercial polarity has become ethnicized. From there, urban renewal in disadvantaged neighbourhoods is generally accompanied by major urban transformations and the introduction of regulatory tools. However, some of the commercial polarities involved in urban renewal are economically healthy with important sales figures, low vacancy rates and low turnover. This is notably the case of the commercial polarity of the Mas du Taureau in Vaulx-en-Velin. This thesis thus proposes to understand how this suburban shopping area has been able to adapt.The thesis begins by exploring the resilience capacities of the Mas du Taureau retailers and shopkeepers and their economic development strategies. Those strategies are based on a regime of mutual knowledge and a dense network of sociability. Besides, the shopping centre has been able to radiate on a metropolitan scale. Indeed, the survey shows that the good economic health and high sales of the shopping centre exceed the standards of proximity polarity. The thesis therefore analyzes the main factors that allowed this unplanned shift from proximity polarity to metropolitan shopping centrality. The latter type of centrality is sustained by a bi-weekly market and numerous sedentary businesses (butcher's shops, bakeries, restaurants) that radiate out over a vast quadrant of Lyon metropolitan area. The attractiveness of the Mas du Taureau shopping centre makes it a minority center approaching the standards of "super diversity", a concept introduced in 2007 by Steven Vertovec. It appears that the shopping centre's ability to attract customers from outside the neighbourhood is based on a game of "ethnic" specialisations full of make-believes. However, the thesis focuses on a few locally trained entrepreneurs and ethnic markers that give the Mas du Taureau's commercial offer an image of minority centrality.Finally, the thesis examines the point of view of local public decision-makers. They often perceive this market space through the prism of communitarianism, leading to new forms of public regulation. The commercial polarity is thus administered by powerful management tools that place it at the centre of a lasting tension. As of today, the economic success of Mas du Taureau commercial polarity is not acknowledged by local public actors and its maintenance is minimal. Through the analysis of the current urban renewal project, the thesis shows the representations of local actors that underlie the project to destroy a dynamic shopping centre in order to rebuild another one with an uncertain future. ; Cette thèse analyse le rôle du commerce dans un quartier défavorisé de grand ensemble. Elle évalue notamment la capacité d'un centre commercial dévalorisé aux yeux des acteurs publics à jouer le rôle d'espace « tremplin » pour les habitants du quartier. Pour ce faire, la thèse aborde le commerce comme un système social total, en multipliant les points de vue et les perspectives. Les plateformes commerciales de grand ensemble d'habitat social ont, dès les années 1970,connu un déclin de leur commercialité. Cette évolution est généralement expliquée par divers facteurs, dont la paupérisation de leurs quartiers d'implantation, ou le déploiement des hypermarchés en périphérie des villes françaises. Sont aussi mises en cause des erreurs de conception architecturale et urbaine, avec notamment la déconnexion de ces lieux vis-à-vis des flux piétons et motorisés. Parallèlement, l'image de ces plateformes s'est ethnicisée dans la mesure où les grands ensembles de banlieue sont devenus terres d'accueil d'une immigration postcoloniale. Forte de ces constats, la rénovation urbaine des quartiers défavorisés s'accompagne généralement d'une profonde refonte de l'armature commerciale existante et de la mise en place d'outils de régulation. Pourtant, certaines des polarités commerciales mises en cause par la rénovation urbaine affichent une bonne santé économique avec d'importants chiffres d'affaires, un faible taux de vacance et peu de rotation. C'est notamment le cas de la polarité commerciale du Mas du Taureau à Vaulx-en-Velin. Cette thèse propose ainsi de comprendre comment cet espace marchand de banlieue a pu et a su s'adapter. La thèse commence par explorer les capacités de résilience des commerçants du Mas du Taureau et leurs stratégies de développement économique. Celles-ci s'inscrivent dans une dynamique commerciale collective fondée sur le modèle « petits paniers, beaucoup de paniers ». Ce modèle prend appui sur un ancrage social populaire doté d'un régime d'interconnaissance et un réseau de sociabilité dense . Mais au-delà de l'ancrage dans la proximité, le centre commercial a été capable de rayonner à une échelle métropolitaine. En effet, l'enquête montre que la bonne santé économique et la forte fréquentation du centre commercial dépassent les standards de la polarité de proximité. La thèse analyse donc les principaux facteurs qui ont permis ce passage non programmé d'une polarité de proximité vers une centralité commerciale métropolitaine. Cette centralité s'appuie sur un marché bihebdomadaire et de nombreux commerces sédentaires (boucheries, boulangeries, restaurations) qui rayonnent dans un vaste quadrant de l'aire métropolitaine lyonnaise. L'attractivité du centre commercial du Mas du Taureau fait de lui une centralité minoritaire, s'approchant des standards de la « super diversité », un concept introduit en 2007 par Steven Vertovec. Il apparaît que la capacité du centre commercial à attirer des clients extérieurs au quartier s'opère dans un jeu de spécialisations « ethniques » plein de faux semblants. La plupart des commerçants n'ont pas une stratégie de marketing ethnique, et sont plutôt à la recherche d'un ancrage social et territorial propice au développement économique de leurs boutiques. La thèse s'attarde au demeurant sur les quelques marqueurs ethniques formés localement et qui procurent à l'offre commerciale du Mas du Taureau une image de centralité minoritaire. La thèse examine enfin le point de vue des décideurs publics locaux. Ceux-ci perçoivent souvent cet espace marchand au prisme du communautarisme, conduisant à de nouvelles formes de régulation publique. La polarité commerciale se trouve ainsi administrée par de puissants outils de gestion qui l'installent au centre d'une tension durable. Aujourd'hui, la réussite économique de la polarité commerciale n'est pas reconnue et son maintien ne semble pas envisagé.

This is the final of four project reports stemming from the RCN-financed project RFID in Society – Preparing for the Internet of Things (2010-2017). In addition to articles, conference papers, an exhibition, presentations, media contributions and a project website, the project has published the following reports: Del. 1 of 4: "Case Criteria & Selection" Del. 2 of 4: "Case Analyses & Evaluation" Del. 3 of 4: "Handbook of Methods" Del. 4 of 4: "Final Report & Summary" The RFID in Society project has truly been a knowledge-building project. The project has, through a cross-disciplinary approach (although with more focus on social science perspectives than technical perspectives and design), explored a range of different cases, methodologies, and methods of analysis – all with the aim of providing a better understanding of the RFID/IoT phenomenon and its potential future position in society. The outcome of the research can inform Norwegian research/innovation efforts as well as policy/organised interests when manoeuvring in the RFID/IoT field. From the project initiation until present day, we see that the discourse around IoT has changed. Starting from a very industry-focussed "ICT" domain, with RFID being the prime figure and key enabler for a future Internet of things, we have seen a dramatic reorientation towards consumer and societal application areas. With this has come the dwindling role of RFID (at least in consumer-related applicationareas) at the expense of a wide array of technologies that make things and environments "smart", "intelligent" and "connected". In terms of applications aimed at the consumer-citizen, we see a particular dramatic surge in smart consumer products, smart electronics, connected cars, wearables/smart health applications, smart homes, smart advertising. Hence, the primary techconsumer domain in the early phase – RFID in retail – has somewhat lost momentum (at least at the consumer end), while smart products have pushed forward (somewhat skipping retail, and enabling a more direct producer-consumer engagement). Now, the key enabler (for consumers) is the smartphone, with a range of communication capabilities towards smart environments (using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC, apps, embedded sensors, etc.). Both the technological and the cultural premises have thus changed over the years, with consumers becoming considerably more active in "building" the IoT through direct participation (and consequent data generation) via their smartphones and smart-things – feeding the IoT with an exponential data stream. A major part of the potential for value-creation is identified in this IoT/Big Data symbiosis. Still, even with consumers engaging more vividly with IoT-type services and applications, research finds that consumer awareness is still low regarding the concept itself. We are still at a stage where IoT is more prevalent on the "discursive level" than on the "tangible-things" level. There is an inherent paradox of IoT, being part of two interlinked but conflicting developments; the data-driven economy and a stricter privacy framework. This "technology paradox" associated with IoT is still not solved, and will continue to boggle the minds of innovators and politicians in the years to come. In this landscape of a global technological disruption and pervasive technology development – affecting the whole of society – the RFID in Society project is merely one building block in terms of getting to grips with, and seeking to understand the impact of, the evolving Internet of things. ; This is the final of four project reports stemming from the RCN-financed project RFID in Society – Preparing for the Internet of Things (2010-2017). In addition to articles, conference papers, an exhibition, presentations, media contributions and a project website, the project has published the following reports: Del. 1 of 4: "Case Criteria & Selection" Del. 2 of 4: "Case Analyses & Evaluation" Del. 3 of 4: "Handbook of Methods" Del. 4 of 4: "Final Report & Summary" The RFID in Society project has truly been a knowledge-building project. The project has, through a cross-disciplinary approach (although with more focus on social science perspectives than technical perspectives and design), explored a range of different cases, methodologies, and methods of analysis – all with the aim of providing a better understanding of the RFID/IoT phenomenon and its potential future position in society. The outcome of the research can inform Norwegian research/innovation efforts as well as policy/organised interests when manoeuvring in the RFID/IoT field. From the project initiation until present day, we see that the discourse around IoT has changed. Starting from a very industry-focussed "ICT" domain, with RFID being the prime figure and key enabler for a future Internet of things, we have seen a dramatic reorientation towards consumer and societal application areas. With this has come the dwindling role of RFID (at least in consumer-related application areas) at the expense of a wide array of technologies that make things and environments "smart", "intelligent" and "connected". In terms of applications aimed at the consumer-citizen, we see a particular dramatic surge in smart consumer products, smart electronics, connected cars, wearables/smart health applications, smart homes, smart advertising. Hence, the primary techconsumer domain in the early phase – RFID in retail – has somewhat lost momentum (at least at the consumer end), while smart products have pushed forward (somewhat skipping retail, and enabling a more direct producer-consumer engagement). Now, the key enabler (for consumers) is the smartphone, with a range of communication capabilities towards smart environments (using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC, apps, embedded sensors, etc.). Both the technological and the cultural premises have thus changed over the years, with consumers becoming considerably more active in "building" the IoT through direct participation (and consequent data generation) via their smartphones and smart-things – feeding the IoT with an exponential data stream. A major part of the potential for value-creation is identified in this IoT/Big Data symbiosis. Still, even with consumers engaging more vividly with IoT-type services and applications, research finds that consumer awareness is still low regarding the concept itself. We are still at a stage where IoT is more prevalent on the "discursive level" than on the "tangible-things" level. There is an inherent paradox of IoT, being part of two interlinked but conflicting developments; the data-driven economy and a stricter privacy framework. This "technology paradox" associated with IoT is still not solved, and will continue to boggle the minds of innovators and politicians in the years to come. In this landscape of a global technological disruption and pervasive technology development – affecting the whole of society – the RFID in Society project is merely one building block in terms of getting to grips with, and seeking to understand the impact of, the evolving Internet of things.

Large-scale irrigation systems have emerged in Africa as a response to increasing the challenges of seeking food sovereignty and strengthening the livelihoods of people in rural areas. Decades later, the enthusiasm towards these systems is still present, while their real effects are becoming the subject of many controversies. Despite theimprovement they contribute to agricultural production, large irrigated systems generate risks concerning the social, economic, and ecological domains, which question their real impacts on the economic and food situation of the rural populations located in the project areas. This thesis is seeking the answer to the issues related to the impacts of large irrigated systems on beneficiaries by focusing on the specific case of the Bagré irrigation scheme in Burkina Faso. Specifically, it seeks to analyze how the irrigation scheme can contribute to reducing poverty, food insecurity, and the vulnerability of the irrigating households by comparing them to the rainfed households in the surrounding area. To achieve this, we first analyze the resource endowments of different farm household types and assess their state of poverty, economic and food insecurities by comparing economic indicators to usual thresholds and those defined with the communities in a participatory way. Then, we identify and prioritize the risks on the resources, estimate their occurrences as well as their ex-ante impacts on household income and consumption to assess their vulnerability to economic and food insecurities. In addition, the analysis by the economic indicators is confronted with the perception of the participants.Problems related to the sale ofpaddy rice are ranked by the workshop participants as the major constraints. The causes of these difficulties are analyzed, both by an economic reflection on the competitiveness of the local rice (value for money, eating habits, etc.) and by a multi-stakeholder workshop seeking to identify the main causes and to propose improving solutions. A mixed contribution of the irrigation scheme to improving the living conditions of the populations is highlighted: food security has improved thanks to the increase in rice productivity, but poverty remains a concern in the whole area where it affects more than half of the families. The lack of access to land and non-agricultural jobs and the high gap between the observed and expected yields are the main factors hindering the improvement of the living conditions of the poor irrigators. These poor are in permanent economic insecurity due to the high costs of intensive rice production and limited access to credit. They are also more vulnerable than the rainfed households to the economic and food insecurities because of the high risks of accessing to the production factors and the sale of their rice at a stable and profitable price. These results raise questions about the interest of the future extensionsof the irrigation scheme, given the fact that under the current conditions of land compensation, their impacts on the economic situation of the rainfed households (future beneficiaries) would not be significantly positive. Besides, the rainfed populationsexpress fears about new extensions (availability of water downstream). Better coordination and partnership between the stakeholders could reduce the local problems related to the sale of rice, but further analysis at the national level is needed to address the issue connected to the competitiveness of the local rice. Furthermore, the use of pesticides and their impacts on health and ecology, as well as the distribution of land resources, and the possibility of alternative crops are among the important questions to be explored as their results could contribute to the change in the mixed trajectory of the irrigation scheme. ; Les grands systèmes irrigués ont émergé sur le continent africain pour répondre aux enjeux de souveraineté alimentaire et renforcer les moyens d'existence des populations en milieu rural. Plusieurs décennies après, l'engouement autour de ces systèmes est toujours présent, alors que leurs effets réels sont au cœur de nombreuses controverses. Malgré l'amélioration qu'ils apportent à la production agricole, les grands périmètres irrigués génèrent des risques sociaux, économiques et écologiques importants qui questionnent leurs impacts effectifs sur la situation économique et alimentaire des populations bénéficiaires. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans cette problématique et étudie le cas particulier du périmètre irrigué de Bagré au Burkina Faso. Elle cherche précisément à analyser comment le périmètre contribue à réduire la pauvreté, l'insécurité alimentaire et la vulnérabilité des ménages irrigants en les comparant aux ménages pluviaux de la zone alentour. Pour y parvenir, les dotations en ressources de différents ménages types sont d'abord analysées et leur état de pauvreté, d'insécurité économique et d'insécurité alimentaire évalué, en confrontant des indicateurs économiques à des seuils usuels et définis avec les communautés de façon participative. Ensuite, les risques sur les ressources mobilisées sont identifiés et hiérarchisés, leurs occurrences et leurs impacts ex ante sur le revenu et la consommation estimés afin d'évaluer la vulnérabilité économique et alimentaire des ménages. De nouveau, l'analyse par les indicateurs économiques est confrontée à la perception des participants. Les problèmes d'écoulement de la production sont classés par les participants aux ateliers, parmi les contraintes majeures. Les causes de ces difficultés sont analysées, à la fois par une réflexion économique sur la compétitivité du riz local (rapport qualité/prix, habitudes alimentaires, .) et par un atelier multi-acteurs cherchant à identifier les causes essentielles et à proposer des solutions d'amélioration. Une contribution mitigée du périmètre à l'amélioration des conditions de vie des populations est mise en évidence: la sécurité alimentaire s'est améliorée grâce à la hausse de la productivité rizicole, mais l'état de la pauvreté demeure préoccupant dans l'ensemble de la zone où elle touche plus de la moitié des familles. L'accès limité au foncier et aux emplois non agricoles, l'écart élevé entre les rendements observés et espérés sont les facteurs principaux qui entravent l'amélioration des conditions de vie des irrigants pauvres. Ces derniers sont en insécurité économique permanente, générée par les coûts élevés des cultures intensives et l'accès limité au crédit, et sont plus vulnérables que les pluviaux à l'insécurité économique et à l'insécurité alimentaire en raison des risques d'accès aux facteurs de production et de vente de la production à un prix stable et rentable. Ces résultats questionnent l'intérêt des extensions futures du périmètre irrigué, d'autant plus que dans les conditions actuelles de compensation foncière, leurs impacts sur la situation économique des ménages pluviaux (futurs bénéficiaires) ne seraient pas significativement positifs. Par ailleurs, les populations pluviales émettent des craintes sur de nouvelles extensions (disponibilité de l'eau en aval). Une meilleure coordination et un partenariat entre les acteurs pourraient réduire les problèmes locaux liés à l'écoulement du riz, mais une analyse complémentaire au niveau national est nécessaire pour traiter de la question liée à la compétitivité du riz local. Par ailleurs, l'usage des pesticides et leurs impacts sur la santé et l'écologie, ainsi que la répartition des ressources foncières, la possibilité de cultures alternatives sont autant de questions à approfondir, dont les résultats pourraient contribuer à changer la trajectoire mitigée du périmètre irrigué.

Of Illegitimacy -- The HDR consists of three volumes. The first one is a report on the work carried out over the last fifteen years which gives its title to the set, Of Illegitimacy (Volume 1, 124 p.). It proposes an epistemological reflection on a research career, on reflexivity and the social science perspective from several research themes : the anthropological history of Palestinian refugees; gender, body and affects; secular and religious feminisms in Arab and Muslim societies; images and regimes of visibility and invisibility; borders, confinement and mobility in Israeli-Palestinian spaces; prison in Israel/Palestine; the challenges of narrative in the social sciences and post-disciplinarity around documentary cinema; engagement and alternative citizenships in Palestine and the Middle East. The issue of illegitimacy is at the core of this analysis. It deals with illegitimacy as an approach and with the illegitimate ones, those who are out of frame. It sets out the contours of an epistemology of illegitimacy constructed from a radical feminist positioning and a cinematographic epistemology.The second volume is an original manuscript, The Prison Web. A History of Imprisonment in Palestine (504 p., forthcoming), and finally the third one is a a selection of articles and works (624 p.).Since 1967, in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, incarceration in Israeli prisons has strongly impacted personal experiences and collective history. Massive arrests for political reasons have over time created a Prison web. A Prison web that is as much reality as it is virtuality: a possibility of imprisonment, a suspension without contours. It is both visible and always out of frame. It stands as an uncertainty. The penal practices applied to Palestinians residing in the Occupied Territories are decisive control mechanisms that contribute to a bordering system that is anchored on a specific mobility regime. They are part of the management of the nation's borders. Such borders are non-linear, have multiplied, are partly dematerialized, mobile and networked. At the same time, they are individualized and endless. Node and nucleus of the rhizome of control, the prison is not an isolate. Because of the porosity between the Inside and the Outside of the prison facilities, it is a key place to analyze the political processes and mobilizations in Palestine, and the prison citizenships that are developed there. The effects of this intertwining of Inside and Outside extend not only to the community of prisoners and former prisoners, but also to partisan and activist circles, to society, to Palestinian communities in the West Bank, Jerusalem, Gaza and Israel, and to the inhabitants of the occupied Golan Heights. Over time, this porosity has melted the Inside and Outside into a shared prison ethos. The Prison web has captured territorial and relational space, bodies and minds. This text addresses the borders between these spaces. It analyzes the relations, the interconnections between the Inside and the Outside. It deals with the prison subjectivities from 1967 onwards, through generations of inmates. The omnipresence of the prison has strongly influenced subjectivities in the Territories. As a socialization process, prison is incorporated. It affects deeply gender relations, masculinities, feminities and personal experiences. For some, it is an endless place whose hold lasts post-mortem. ; Ce dossier de HDR est composé de trois volumes. Le mémoire de synthèse, L'illégitime (Volume 1,124 p.) donne son titre à l'ensemble. Autour de la question de l'illégitime comme trame, comme approche, et des illégitimes - celles et ceux qui se trouvent hors-champ - comme sujets, ce texte propose une réflexion épistémologique sur un parcours et sur le point de vue à partir de grands thèmes de recherche : l'histoire anthropologique des réfugié·es palestiniens ; le genre, le corps et les affects ; les féminismes, séculiers et religieux, dans les sociétés arabes et musulmanes ; les images et les régimes de visibilité et d'invisibilité ; les frontières, l'enfermement et les mobilités dans les espaces israélo-palestiniens ; le carcéral en Israël/Palestine ; les enjeux de la narration en sciences sociales et de la post-disciplinarité autour du cinéma documentaire ; l'engagement et les citoyennetés alternatives en Palestine et au Moyen-Orient. Il pose les contours d'une épistémologie de l'illégitime construite à partir d'un positionnement féministe radical et d'une épistémologie cinématographique. Le manuscrit original La toile carcérale. Une histoire de l'enfermement en Palestine compose le Volume 2 (504 p, en cours de publication), et une sélection d'articles et travaux le Volume 3 (624 p.).Dans les Territoires palestiniens, depuis l'occupation de 1967, le passage par les prisons israéliennes a marqué les histoires personnelles et collective. Les arrestations et les incarcérations massives pour des motifs d'ordre politique ont au fil du temps installé une toile carcérale. Une toile carcérale qui est tout autant réalité que virtualité : une possibilité d'emprisonner, une suspension sans contours, à la fois visible et toujours hors-champ, une incertitude. Les pratiques pénales appliquées aux Palestiniens résidents des Territoires occupés sont des dispositifs de contrôle déterminants qui contribuent à un système frontalier (bordering system) qui s'ancre sur un régime de mobilité spécifique. Elles participent de la gestion des frontières de la nation : des frontières non-linéaires, qui se sont multipliées, sont en partie dématérialisées, mobiles et réticulaires (networked) et, dans le même temps, individualisées et sans fin. Nœud et noyau du rhizome de contrôle, la prison n'est pas un isolat. En raison de la porosité entre l'intérieur et l'extérieur des facilités carcérales, entre Dedans et Dehors, elle est un lieu clef pour analyser les processus politiques et les mobilisations en Palestine, à partir des citoyennetés carcérales qui s'y élaborent. Les effets de cette imbrication entre Dedans et Dehors s'étendent non seulement à la communauté des prisonnières, des prisonniers et des anciens détenu·es mais aussi aux milieux partisans et militants, à la société, aux communautés palestiniennes de Cisjordanie, de Jérusalem, de Gaza et d'Israël, aux habitants du Golan occupé. Avec le temps, cette porosité a fondu le Dedans et le Dehors dans un ethos carcéral partagé. La toile a capté l'espace territorial, relationnel, les corps et les têtes. Ce texte se situe dans l'entre-deux entre Dedans et Dehors, à la frontière entre ces espaces. Il analyse les relations, les interconnexions entre le Dedans et le Dehors, les subjectivités carcérales de 1967 à aujourd'hui, à travers les générations carcérales qui se sont succédé. L'omniprésence de la prison a fortement agi sur les subjectivités dans les Territoires. Mode de socialisation, la prison est aussi incorporée. Elle a eu des effets profonds sur les relations de genre, les masculinités, les féminités, et sur les vécus personnels. Elle est, pour certains, un lieu sans fin dont l'emprise perdure post-mortem.

espacios urbanos que irán apareciendo desde los inicios de la eramoderna, y su papel en relación a la estatuaria, el arte público y el paisajismo. La investigación profundizaen los procesos de estetización de las ciudades que se dan antes de la irrupción, como paradigma dominante,del paradigma del movimiento moderno.Para abordar este objetivo se analiza cómo las fuentes han pasado de ser meros artefactos para suministraragua a la ciudad, a elementos de la composición urbana y el decoro urbano. El artículo se divide en lossiguientes apartados[1] Agua en la plaza en el que se revisan los modos y formas de abastecer de agua;[2] Abriendo espacios para [casi] todos que estudia la aparición de los nuevos espacios públicos y elpapel que en ellos cumple el agua;[3] Suministrando agua en el que se revisa el papel que las fuentes cumplen como interface conlos usuarios;[4] Fuentes seriadas: un primer paso para la democratización del arte, revisa el importante papel delas fuentes de hierro fundido como difusoras de obras maestras del arte escondido en los museos;[5] Más allá de la utilidad. El agua en el paisaje urbano, revisa cómo la emergencia de espaciospúblicos como los parques provocarán una utilización del agua en un nuevo formato más monumental.A este apartado sigue [6] Finalmente, espacio público para todos [o casi todos], que revisa el papeldel modelo higienista en la creación de nuevos espacios públicos y el valor que se le da al agua, recuperandolos frentes de agua (ríos, mar) y generando nuevos espacios públicos como los "paseosmarítimos", las "costaneras" o los "malecones". En este apartado se sostiene, implícitamente, queel desarrollo de estos espacios está vinculado al patriciado urbano como clase dirigente.Finalmente [7] El agua como espectáculo urbano, aborda el nuevo modelo de uso del agua en espaciospúblicos que los intereses de las nuevas compañías de servicios urbanos asociadas al patriciadourbano procurarán que sea masivo y espectacular, asociado a la electricidad como nuevo serviciourbano. ; From drinking fountains to promenades. Water as artistic medium?In From public art to post-muralism. Policies of urban decorum in Urban Regeneration (I) processes (Remesar 2019) when investigating the link of Public Art to urban Regeneration processes, we concluded that,possibly, the time of Public Art periclines and, for better or for worse, we enter a stage in which the socalled"urban art" reigns, specifically what we called post-muralism, a series of artistic practices that anchortheir development in the culture and experiences of graffiti.The objective of this second part is to analyse the role that water has in the city, from the perspective ofits connection with the new types of urban spaces that will appear since the beginning of the modern era,and its role in relation to the statuary, public art and landscaping. The research deepens the processes of aestheticization of cities that occur before the emergence, as a dominant paradigm, of the paradigm of themodern movement.To address this objective, we analyse how the fountains have gone from being mere artefacts to supply water to the city, to elements of urban composition and urban decorum. The article is divided into thefollowing sections[1] Water in the square where the ways of supplying water are reviewed;[2] Opening spaces for [almost] everyone where we study the emergence of new public spaces and the role that water plays in them;[3] Providing water in which the role that fountains play as an interface with users is reviewed;[4] Serial fountains: a first step in the democratization of art, reviews the important role of cast iron fountains as diffusers of masterpieces of art hidden in museums;[5] Beyond utility. Water in the urban landscape, reviews how the emergence of public spaces such as parks will cause the use of water in a new, more monumental format.To this section follows [6] Finally, public space for all [or almost all], which reviews the role of the hygienist model in the creation of new public spaces and the value given to water, recovering waterfronts (rivers , sea) and generating new public spaces such as "promenades", "costaneras" or "malecones". This section implicitly argues that the development of these spaces is linked to the urban patriciate as a ruling class.Finally [7] Water as an urban spectacle, addresses the new model of water use in public spaces that the interests of the new urban service companies associated with the urban patriciate will ensure that it is massive and spectacular, associated with electricity as a new urban service. ; En De l'art públic al post-muralisme. Polítiques de decòrum urbà en processos de Regeneració Urbana (I)(Remesar 2019) a l'investigar la vinculació de l'Art Públic als processos de Regeneració urbana, concloíemque, possiblement, el temps de l'Art Públic ha periclitat i, per bé o per mal, entrem en una etapa en quèregna l'anomenat "art urbà", específicament el que anomenàvem post-muralisme, una sèrie de pràctiquesartístiques que ancoren el seu desenvolupament en la cultura i experiències del grafit.L'objectiu d'aquesta segona part és analitzar el paper que té l'aigua a la ciutat, des de la perspectiva de laseva vinculació amb els nous tipus d'espais urbans que aniran apareixent des dels inicis de l'era moderna,i el seu paper en relació a l'estatuària , l'art públic i el paisatgisme. La investigació aprofundeix en elsprocessos d'estetització de les ciutats que es donen abans de la irrupció, com a paradigma dominant, delparadigma de el moviment modern.Per abordar aquest objectiu s'analitza com les fonts han passat de ser mers artefactes per subministraraigua a la ciutat, a elements de la composició urbana i el decòrum urbà. L'article es divideix en els següentsapartats[1] Aigua a la plaça en què es revisen les maneres i formes d'abastir d'aigua;[2] Obrint espais per a [gairebé] tothom que estudia l'aparició dels nous espais públics i el paperque en ells compleix l'aigua;[3] Subministrar aigua en què es revisa el paper que les fonts compleixen com interfície amb elsusuaris;[4] Fonts seriades: un primer pas per a la democratització de l'art, revisa l'important paper de lesfonts de ferro colat com difusores d'obres mestres de l'art amagat als museus;[5] Més enllà de la utilitat. L'aigua en el paisatge urbà, revisa com l'emergència d'espais públics comels parcs provocaran una utilització de l'aigua en un nou format més monumental.A aquest apartat segueix [6] Finalment, espai públic per a tothom [o gairebé tothom], que revisa elpaper de el model higienista en la creació de nous espais públics i el valor que se li dona a l'aigua,recuperant els fronts d'aigua (rius , mar) i generant nous espais públics com els "passejos marítims",les "costaneres" o els "dics". En aquest apartat es sosté, implícitament, que el desenvolupamentd'aquests espais està vinculat al patriciat urbà com a classe dirigent.Finalment [7] L'aigua com a espectacle urbà, aborda el nou model d'ús de l'aigua en espais públicsque els interessos de les noves companyies de serveis urbans associades al patriciat urbà de procurarque sigui massiu i espectacular, associat a l'electricitat com a nou servei urbà .

Large-scale irrigation systems have emerged in Africa as a response to increasing the challenges of seeking food sovereignty and strengthening the livelihoods of people in rural areas. Decades later, the enthusiasm towards these systems is still present, while their real effects are becoming the subject of many controversies. Despite theimprovement they contribute to agricultural production, large irrigated systems generate risks concerning the social, economic, and ecological domains, which question their real impacts on the economic and food situation of the rural populations located in the project areas. This thesis is seeking the answer to the issues related to the impacts of large irrigated systems on beneficiaries by focusing on the specific case of the Bagré irrigation scheme in Burkina Faso. Specifically, it seeks to analyze how the irrigation scheme can contribute to reducing poverty, food insecurity, and the vulnerability of the irrigating households by comparing them to the rainfed households in the surrounding area. To achieve this, we first analyze the resource endowments of different farm household types and assess their state of poverty, economic and food insecurities by comparing economic indicators to usual thresholds and those defined with the communities in a participatory way. Then, we identify and prioritize the risks on the resources, estimate their occurrences as well as their ex-ante impacts on household income and consumption to assess their vulnerability to economic and food insecurities. In addition, the analysis by the economic indicators is confronted with the perception of the participants.Problems related to the sale ofpaddy rice are ranked by the workshop participants as the major constraints. The causes of these difficulties are analyzed, both by an economic reflection on the competitiveness of the local rice (value for money, eating habits, etc.) and by a multi-stakeholder workshop seeking to identify the main causes and to propose improving solutions. A mixed contribution of the irrigation scheme to improving the living conditions of the populations is highlighted: food security has improved thanks to the increase in rice productivity, but poverty remains a concern in the whole area where it affects more than half of the families. The lack of access to land and non-agricultural jobs and the high gap between the observed and expected yields are the main factors hindering the improvement of the living conditions of the poor irrigators. These poor are in permanent economic insecurity due to the high costs of intensive rice production and limited access to credit. They are also more vulnerable than the rainfed households to the economic and food insecurities because of the high risks of accessing to the production factors and the sale of their rice at a stable and profitable price. These results raise questions about the interest of the future extensionsof the irrigation scheme, given the fact that under the current conditions of land compensation, their impacts on the economic situation of the rainfed households (future beneficiaries) would not be significantly positive. Besides, the rainfed populationsexpress fears about new extensions (availability of water downstream). Better coordination and partnership between the stakeholders could reduce the local problems related to the sale of rice, but further analysis at the national level is needed to address the issue connected to the competitiveness of the local rice. Furthermore, the use of pesticides and their impacts on health and ecology, as well as the distribution of land resources, and the possibility of alternative crops are among the important questions to be explored as their results could contribute to the change in the mixed trajectory of the irrigation scheme. ; Les grands systèmes irrigués ont émergé sur le continent africain pour répondre aux enjeux de souveraineté alimentaire et renforcer les moyens d'existence des populations en milieu rural. Plusieurs décennies après, l'engouement autour de ces systèmes est toujours présent, alors que leurs effets réels sont au cœur de nombreuses controverses. Malgré l'amélioration qu'ils apportent à la production agricole, les grands périmètres irrigués génèrent des risques sociaux, économiques et écologiques importants qui questionnent leurs impacts effectifs sur la situation économique et alimentaire des populations bénéficiaires. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans cette problématique et étudie le cas particulier du périmètre irrigué de Bagré au Burkina Faso. Elle cherche précisément à analyser comment le périmètre contribue à réduire la pauvreté, l'insécurité alimentaire et la vulnérabilité des ménages irrigants en les comparant aux ménages pluviaux de la zone alentour. Pour y parvenir, les dotations en ressources de différents ménages types sont d'abord analysées et leur état de pauvreté, d'insécurité économique et d'insécurité alimentaire évalué, en confrontant des indicateurs économiques à des seuils usuels et définis avec les communautés de façon participative. Ensuite, les risques sur les ressources mobilisées sont identifiés et hiérarchisés, leurs occurrences et leurs impacts ex ante sur le revenu et la consommation estimés afin d'évaluer la vulnérabilité économique et alimentaire des ménages. De nouveau, l'analyse par les indicateurs économiques est confrontée à la perception des participants. Les problèmes d'écoulement de la production sont classés par les participants aux ateliers, parmi les contraintes majeures. Les causes de ces difficultés sont analysées, à la fois par une réflexion économique sur la compétitivité du riz local (rapport qualité/prix, habitudes alimentaires, .) et par un atelier multi-acteurs cherchant à identifier les causes essentielles et à proposer des solutions d'amélioration. Une contribution mitigée du périmètre à l'amélioration des conditions de vie des populations est mise en évidence: la sécurité alimentaire s'est améliorée grâce à la hausse de la productivité rizicole, mais l'état de la pauvreté demeure préoccupant dans l'ensemble de la zone où elle touche plus de la moitié des familles. L'accès limité au foncier et aux emplois non agricoles, l'écart élevé entre les rendements observés et espérés sont les facteurs principaux qui entravent l'amélioration des conditions de vie des irrigants pauvres. Ces derniers sont en insécurité économique permanente, générée par les coûts élevés des cultures intensives et l'accès limité au crédit, et sont plus vulnérables que les pluviaux à l'insécurité économique et à l'insécurité alimentaire en raison des risques d'accès aux facteurs de production et de vente de la production à un prix stable et rentable. Ces résultats questionnent l'intérêt des extensions futures du périmètre irrigué, d'autant plus que dans les conditions actuelles de compensation foncière, leurs impacts sur la situation économique des ménages pluviaux (futurs bénéficiaires) ne seraient pas significativement positifs. Par ailleurs, les populations pluviales émettent des craintes sur de nouvelles extensions (disponibilité de l'eau en aval). Une meilleure coordination et un partenariat entre les acteurs pourraient réduire les problèmes locaux liés à l'écoulement du riz, mais une analyse complémentaire au niveau national est nécessaire pour traiter de la question liée à la compétitivité du riz local. Par ailleurs, l'usage des pesticides et leurs impacts sur la santé et l'écologie, ainsi que la répartition des ressources foncières, la possibilité de cultures alternatives sont autant de questions à approfondir, dont les résultats pourraient contribuer à changer la trajectoire mitigée du périmètre irrigué.

The paper analyses the Byzantine impacts on the life of Rus' King Danylo Romanovich. The urgency of the theme is determined by insufficient investigation in historical science of the role of Byzantine factor in the activity of the elder son Danylo of Galician-Volyn prince Roman Mstislavovich. The purpose of the publication is the description of the role of Byzantine factor in the life of king Danylo. The consideration of the question of the origin of Danylo's mother – Great princess Romanova – is made on the bases of the analyses of different versions presented in historiography. Among the main versions, namely Boyar, Catholic and Byzantine ones, the latter attracted the attention of the greater part of scientists because it is grounded on the union agreement of Roman Mstislavovich with Byzantium in 1200. The version about Bizantine origin of the second wife of Roman is supported by a number of arguments; for example, by the origin of the name Danylo. It appeared in the name list of Rurikoviches only at the beginning of the 13th century. The appearance of the name in Rus' is connected with the reverencing the memory of St. Daniil Stovpnik makes it possible to establish the date of the birth of Danylo Romanovich about 11 December 1201 or the basis of the calendar of church celebrations and the common for Rurikoviches the tradition of correspondence of Christian monthnames and prince namelist. The increased interest to Stovpnitstvo is traced also in the appearance at the beginning of the 13th century of the town Stovpie, of stone towers-stovps, the moving of Danylo's mother in 1219 to Spaso-Stovpie's monastery. The Byzantine factor not only influenced the formation of Danylo's world outlook positions but also emphasized his status as a monarch by the image of the eagle on the stone monument at the entrance to town Holm and by Danylo's celebration dress made of holoverus and Christian humility and Grace to enemies and opponents. Bizantine (Nikaia's) factor was one of the main reasons of Danylo Romanovich's coronation in the second half of 1253, which was supported by princess Ramanova. Even the Danylo's participation in the struggle for Austrian heredity had a Bizantine context due to kinship links of Frederick II Babenberg's mother – Feodora with princess Romanova. It has been concluded that the Bizantine factor is traced in Danylo Romanovich's life beginning from the brining up in Bizantine traditions which his mother developed in him from his childhood. In his political activity Danylo was a successive follower of the Bizantine model of relations between the monarch with vassals and church figures. An important place in Danylo Romanovich's life was played by spiritual values, namely by family relics and cults which were influenced by Bizantine impacts. ; У статті аналізуються візантійські впливи на життя короля Данила Романовича. Актуальність теми зумовлена недостатнім дослідженням в історичній науці ролі візантійського чинника у діяльності старшого сина галицько-волинського князя Романа Мстиславовича – Данила. Метою публікації є висвітлення ролі візантійського чинника у житті короля Данила. Розгляд питання походження матері Данила – великої княгині Романової, здійснено на основі аналізу різних версій, представлених в історіографії. З-поміж основних версій, зокрема боярської, католицької й візантійської, остання привернула увагу переважної частини науковців, оскільки має своїм підґрунтям союзну угоду Романа Мстиславовича з Візантією 1200 р. Версія про візантійське походження другої дружини князя Романа підкріплюється низкою аргументів, наприклад, походженням імені Данила. Воно з'явилося в іменослові Рюриковичів тільки на початку ХІІІ ст. Поява цього імені на Русі пов'язана з вшануванням пам'яті Св. Даниїла Стовпника, відомого у Візантії. Зв'язок імені старшого Романовича з Св. Даниїлом дає підстави на основі календаря церковних свят і загальної для Рюриковичів традиції відповідності християнського місяцеслова і княжого іменослова визначити дату народження Данила Романовича – біля 11 грудня 1201 р. Підвищений інтерес до стовпництва прослідковується також у появі на початку ХІІІ ст. м. Стовп'я, кам'яних веж-стовпів, переході матері Данила 1219 р. до Спасо-Стовп'євського монастиря. Візантійський чинник не тільки впливав на формування світоглядних позицій Данила Романовича, а й підкреслював його статус як монарха, зокрема зображенням орла на кам'яному монументі при в'їзді до м. Холма, парадним одягом Данила з оловиру, християнським смиренням й милістю до ворогів і опонентів. Візантійський (нікейський) чинник був однією з головних причин коронації Данила Романовича в другій половині 1253 р., яку підтримала княгиня Романова. Навіть участь Данила у боротьбі за австрійську спадщину мала візантійський контекст завдяки родинним зв'язкам матері Фрідріха ІІ Бабенберга – Феодори з княгинею Романовою. У статті зроблено висновок про те, що візантійський чинник прослідковується у житті Данила Романовича починаючи з виховання у візантійських традиціях, які з дитинства йому прищепила мати. В своїй політичній діяльності, Данило був послідовним прихильником візантійської моделі взаємин монарха з васалами і церковними діячами. Важливе місце у житті Данила Романовича відігравали духовні цінності, зокрема родинні реліквії та культи, які зазнали візантійських впливів. ; У статті аналізуються візантійські впливи на життя короля Данила Романовича. Актуальність теми зумовлена недостатнім дослідженням в історичній науці ролі візантійського чинника у діяльності старшого сина галицько-волинського князя Романа Мстиславовича – Данила. Метою публікації є висвітлення ролі візантійського чинника у житті короля Данила. Розгляд питання походження матері Данила – великої княгині Романової, здійснено на основі аналізу різних версій, представлених в історіографії. З-поміж основних версій, зокрема боярської, католицької й візантійської, остання привернула увагу переважної частини науковців, оскільки має своїм підґрунтям союзну угоду Романа Мстиславовича з Візантією 1200 р. Версія про візантійське походження другої дружини князя Романа підкріплюється низкою аргументів, наприклад, походженням імені Данила. Воно з'явилося в іменослові Рюриковичів тільки на початку ХІІІ ст. Поява цього імені на Русі пов'язана з вшануванням пам'яті Св. Даниїла Стовпника, відомого у Візантії. Зв'язок імені старшого Романовича з Св. Даниїлом дає підстави на основі календаря церковних свят і загальної для Рюриковичів традиції відповідності християнського місяцеслова і княжого іменослова визначити дату народження Данила Романовича – біля 11 грудня 1201 р. Підвищений інтерес до стовпництва прослідковується також у появі на початку ХІІІ ст. м. Стовп'я, кам'яних веж-стовпів, переході матері Данила 1219 р. до Спасо-Стовп'євського монастиря. Візантійський чинник не тільки впливав на формування світоглядних позицій Данила Романовича, а й підкреслював його статус як монарха, зокрема зображенням орла на кам'яному монументі при в'їзді до м. Холма, парадним одягом Данила з оловиру, християнським смиренням й милістю до ворогів і опонентів. Візантійський (нікейський) чинник був однією з головних причин коронації Данила Романовича в другій половині 1253 р., яку підтримала княгиня Романова. Навіть участь Данила у боротьбі за австрійську спадщину мала візантійський контекст завдяки родинним зв'язкам матері Фрідріха ІІ Бабенберга – Феодори з княгинею Романовою. У статті зроблено висновок про те, що візантійський чинник прослідковується у житті Данила Романовича починаючи з виховання у візантійських традиціях, які з дитинства йому прищепила мати. В своїй політичній діяльності, Данило був послідовним прихильником візантійської моделі взаємин монарха з васалами і церковними діячами. Важливе місце у житті Данила Романовича відігравали духовні цінності, зокрема родинні реліквії та культи, які зазнали візантійських впливів.

Energie˙ektiviseringer og de resulterende energibesparelser bidrager til at reducere det endelige energiforbrug. For at lykkes med overgangen til energisystemer med netto-nuludledninger af CO2 og for at nå de globale klimamål, der er fastsat i Paris-aftalen fra 2015, skal energiforbruget reduceres. Der findes dog fortsat forskellige barrierer, som hæmmer energie˙ektiviseringer og forhindrer udnyttelsen af hele potentialet for energie˙ektiviseringer. At realisere dette potentiale vil være gavnligt for slutbrugere og samfundet som helhed. Denne afhandling fokuserer på, hvordan forbedringer i energie˙ektivitetspolitik kan føre til en stigning i energie˙ektiviseringer og energibesparelser på slutbruger-niveau. Vi arbejder specifikt med mulige forbedringer i udformningen og implementeringen af politiske instrumenter, der er rettet mod at øge energie˙ektivitetsforanstaltninger i hus-holdningssektoren. Vi analyserer de faktorer der driver husholdningernes investeringer i energie˙ektivitets-foranstaltninger og muligheden for at udforme politiske instrumenter, der er rettet mod individuelle husstande baseret på de observerbare husstandskarakteristika indkomst, alder af husstandens hoved, uddannelsesniveau og hjem ejerskab status. At målrette politiske instrumenter mod husholdninger, der ikke investerer i energie˙ektivitetsforan-staltninger, ville være mere e˙ektive end at målrette politiske instrumenter mod alle husholdninger. Vi opdager dertil, at kun nogle af de analyserede husstandskarakteris-tika har en betydelig e˙ekt på husholdningernes investeringer i energie˙ektivitetsforan-staltninger, og e˙ekterne er generelt små. Indkomst og hjem ejerskab status viser den klareste tendens til at forklare husholdningernes investeringsbeslutninger. I en model, som beskriver Danmarks økonomi og Danmarks energisystem, simulerer vi e˙ekten af energie˙ektivitetspolitik på husholdningernes adfærd med hensyn til in-vesteringer og energiefterspørgsel. Simuleringen af husholdningernes adfærd er påkrævet for ex-ante evalueringer af politiske instrumenter for energie˙ektiviseringer. Vi demon-strerer en omfattende metode til ex-ante evalueringer af politiske instrumenter med fokus på modellering af husholdningernes adfærd. Vi simulerer specifikt husholdningernes investeringer i eftermontering af eksisterende bygninger for at gøre dem energie˙ek-tive. Modelresultaterne tyder på, at Danmark's ambitioner om betydelige reduktioner i varmeforbruget, sandsynligvis vil kræve en bred blanding af politiske instrumenter, der adresserer forskellige barrierer, der hæmmer husholdningerne i at investere i eftermon-teringer. Med hensyn til blandinger af politiske instrumenter for energie˙ektiviseringer disku-terer vi potentialet for interaktionse˙ekter mellem instrumentkombinationer, som kan være afbødende og forstærkende. Vi opdager, at styringsmekanismen for et politisk instrument, omfanget og tidspunktet for implementeringen bestemmer interaktionsre-sultatet. Disse faktorer kan tages i betragtning ved udformningen og implementeringen af kombinationer af politiske instrumenter for energie˙ektiviseringer for at undgå afbø-dende e˙ekter og optimere forstærkende e˙ekter. Desuden vurderer vi potentialet for, at medlemsstater af Den Europæiske Union kan bruge deres auktionsindtægter fra det Europæiske emissionshandelssystem til finansier-ing af nationale energie˙ektivitetspolitikker, for eksempel i husholdningssektoren. På grund af de seneste ændringer i rammerne af emissionshandelssystemet er auktions-indtægter en stigende indkomst for medlemsstaterne. Strategiske investeringer af disse indtægter i nationale energie˙ektivitetspolitikker kan føre til fordele såsom yderligere og omkostningse˙ektive reduktioner i drivhusgasudledninger og støtte til den politiske proces for at stramme emissionshandelssystemet i fremtiden. De forskellige forskningsmetoder og forskningsbidrag fra denne afhandling kan give relevante indsigter til beslutningstager om, hvordan man kan øge investeringer i en-ergie˙ektivitetsforanstaltninger i husholdningssektoren. Denne afhandling kan dermed bidrage til at finde svar om, hvordan man understøtter overgangen til et lavemissions-samfund og bekæmpelsen af klimaforandringer. ; Energy efficiency improvements and the resulting energy savings can help to reduce final energy demand. Energy demand reductions are needed to facilitate the transition to energy systems with net-zero CO2 emissions and to achieve the global climate targets set in the Paris Agreement from 2015. Various barriers, however, inhibit energy efficiency improvements and explain the existence of untapped energy efficiency potential. Realising this potential would be beneficial for energy end-users and society as a whole. This thesis focuses on how progress in energy efficiency policy can lead to an increase in energy efficiency improvements and energy savings at the end-use level. We specifically consider potential progress in the design and implementation of policy instruments that aim at increasing the adoption of energy efficiency measures in the residential sector. We analyse the determinants of households' investments in energy efficiency measures and the practicality to design policies that target individual households based on the observable household characteristics income, age of the household head, education, household size and the home ownership status. Directly targeting households that fail to adopt energy efficiency measures would be more effective and efficient than broadly targeting all households. We find that only some of the analysed household characteristics have a significant effect on households' investments in energy efficiency measures and the magnitude of effects is generally small. Income and home ownership status show the clearest trends in explaining households' investment decisions. In a Danish energy-economy model, we simulate the effect of energy efficiency policies on households' investment and energy demand behaviour. The simulation of household behaviour is required in ex-ante evaluations of energy efficiency policy instruments. We demonstrate a comprehensive methodology for ex-ante evaluations of energy efficiency policies with a focus on the modelling of end-user behaviour where we specifically simulate households' investment decision for energy efficiency retrofits in Denmark. The model results suggest that if Denmark aims at achieving substantial energy savings in residential heating, it would likely require a broad mix of policy instruments, which ad-dress various barriers that keep households from investing in energy efficiency retrofits. With respect to energy efficiency policy mixes, we review the potential existence of interaction effects between instrument combinations, which can be mitigating and reinforcing. We find that the steering mechanism of a policy instrument, the scope and the timing of implementation determine the interaction outcome. These factors could be taken into account when designing and implementing combinations of policy instruments for energy efficiency improvements in order to avoid mitigating effects and optimise reinforcing effects. Furthermore, we assess the potential for Member States of the European Union to use their revenues from the auctioning of allowances in the European Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) to finance national energy efficiency policies, e.g. in the residential sector. Due to recent changes to the EU ETS framework, auctioning revenues are an increasing income stream for Member States. Strategically investing these revenues in energy efficiency policies could lead to various benefits such as additional and cost-effective reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and support for the political process to further tighten the cap-and-trade scheme in the future. The diverse research methods and research contributions of this thesis may provide relevant insights for energy efficiency policy-makers on how to increase the adoption of energy efficiency measures in the residential sector. It may thereby shed some light on the questions on how to support the transition of energy systems and to mitigate climate change.

The purpose of the study: to analise the historical conditions of rising and development of trade routes, as well as the geopolitical processes during 16th­­­‒18th centuries between the countries of the historicogeographic areal from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, which are referred to in Arabic and Turkish-Ottoman written sources. Implementation of the set up purpose has been achieved by observing the general theoretical and methodical principles of Historiography and Source Studies aimed at provision of defining the specific features of that development. The Methodology of the study is based on the principles of providing the historism, scientific objectivity, a specific historical systematicity, and also on the interdisciplinarity principle and the principle of identification of the authenticity and informational value of the data and facts having been found. While making this study there were applied general historical methods of making a historiographical, terminological, typological and textologic analyses, and also the comparativistics method. The academic novelty of the study is perception of the Historiosophy of Ukraine's History in the context of intercivilisational relations demonstrated by setting up in the said historiogeographical area of a great trade route, and primarily the socio-economic and geopolitical processes having taken place in Ukraine during the above said time, as well as that of the military and political situation all along during that period in the Northern Black-Sea Area and the situation in the Crimean Ulus, though the author's interpretation of the historic events while taking into consideration the data available in Arabic and Turkish-Ottoman written sources. The Conclusions. Studies of Arabic, and particularly Turkish-Osman written sources give us grounds to state that in the Medieval times the port cities of Yumne and Constantinople were important trade markets, particularly the traded goods were transported along the rivers of Dnieper and Danube. But the city managed to keep its importance in the system of the international trading. The importance of Ukraine's geopolitical situation within the system of international trade relations was ac counted for by the fact, that through its territory trade route were set which provided stable and long-lasting economic relations between the most influential ports and countries of Eastern Europe northwards of the Black Sea. The Baltic cultural and historic region that included the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, was connected with the Black Sea through the territory of Ukraine. The economic crisis, which lasted in the Ottoman Empire till the beginning of the 17th century, in the Northern Black-Sea Area new political forces emerged which before that had been in the vassal dependence and used by the great states within their own contact zones for a close economic, cultural and military cooperation of the border countries. Those border forces were, from one side ­– the Crimean Khanate, and from the other side ₋ The Zaporozhian Host. Our study has shown that the Ukrainian problem has always been an actual item in the international policy of the High Porte. We have studied the original manuscript "A Letter-Order from Turkish Sultan Andulkhamid І to the Kadee of the city of Izmir". The data we have obtained from this document proved the economic relations between the countries located within the above said historicogeographical areals to have been long-lasting, and there have also been identified conditions, in which the trade relations between these countries had been developing, and the routes having been set up through the territory of Ukraine. ; The purpose of the study: to analise the historical conditions of rising and development of trade routes, as well as the geopolitical processes during 16th­­­‒18th centuries between the countries of the historicogeographic areal from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, which are referred to in Arabic and Turkish-Ottoman written sources. Implementation of the set up purpose has been achieved by observing the general theoretical and methodical principles of Historiography and Source Studies aimed at provision of defining the specific features of that development. The Methodology of the study is based on the principles of providing the historism, scientific objectivity, a specific historical systematicity, and also on the interdisciplinarity principle and the principle of identification of the authenticity and informational value of the data and facts having been found. While making this study there were applied general historical methods of making a historiographical, terminological, typological and textologic analyses, and also the comparativistics method. The academic novelty of the study is perception of the Historiosophy of Ukraine's History in the context of intercivilisational relations demonstrated by setting up in the said historiogeographical area of a great trade route, and primarily the socio-economic and geopolitical processes having taken place in Ukraine during the above said time, as well as that of the military and political situation all along during that period in the Northern Black-Sea Area and the situation in the Crimean Ulus, though the author's interpretation of the historic events while taking into consideration the data available in Arabic and Turkish-Ottoman written sources. The Conclusions. Studies of Arabic, and particularly Turkish-Osman written sources give us grounds to state that in the Medieval times the port cities of Yumne and Constantinople were important trade markets, particularly the traded goods were transported along the rivers of Dnieper and Danube. But the city managed to keep its importance in the system of the international trading. The importance of Ukraine's geopolitical situation within the system of international trade relations was ac counted for by the fact, that through its territory trade route were set which provided stable and long-lasting economic relations between the most influential ports and countries of Eastern Europe northwards of the Black Sea. The Baltic cultural and historic region that included the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, was connected with the Black Sea through the territory of Ukraine. The economic crisis, which lasted in the Ottoman Empire till the beginning of the 17th century, in the Northern Black-Sea Area new political forces emerged which before that had been in the vassal dependence and used by the great states within their own contact zones for a close economic, cultural and military cooperation of the border countries. Those border forces were, from one side ­– the Crimean Khanate, and from the other side ₋ The Zaporozhian Host. Our study has shown that the Ukrainian problem has always been an actual item in the international policy of the High Porte. We have studied the original manuscript "A Letter-Order from Turkish Sultan Andulkhamid І to the Kadee of the city of Izmir". The data we have obtained from this document proved the economic relations between the countries located within the above said historicogeographical areals to have been long-lasting, and there have also been identified conditions, in which the trade relations between these countries had been developing, and the routes having been set up through the territory of Ukraine.