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BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health challenge. Metagenomics allows analyzing the presence and dynamics of "resistomes" (the ensemble of genes encoding antimicrobial resistance in a given microbiome) in disparate microbial ecosystems. However, the low sensitivity and specificity of available metagenomic methods preclude the detection of minority populations (often present below their detection threshold) and/or the identification of allelic variants that differ in the resulting phenotype. Here, we describe a novel strategy that combines targeted metagenomics using last generation in-solution capture platforms, with novel bioinformatics tools to establish a standardized framework that allows both quantitative and qualitative analyses of resistomes. METHODS: We developed ResCap, a targeted sequence capture platform based on SeqCapEZ (NimbleGene) technology, which includes probes for 8667 canonical resistance genes (7963 antibiotic resistance genes and 704 genes conferring resistance to metals or biocides), and 2517 relaxase genes (plasmid markers) and 78,600 genes homologous to the previous identified targets (47,806 for antibiotics and 30,794 for biocides or metals). Its performance was compared with metagenomic shotgun sequencing (MSS) for 17 fecal samples (9 humans, 8 swine). ResCap significantly improves MSS to detect "gene abundance" (from 2.0 to 83.2%) and "gene diversity" (26 versus 14.9 genes unequivocally detected per sample per million of reads; the number of reads unequivocally mapped increasing up to 300-fold by using ResCap), which were calculated using novel bioinformatic tools. ResCap also facilitated the analysis of novel genes potentially involved in the resistance to antibiotics, metals, biocides, or any combination thereof. CONCLUSIONS: ResCap, the first targeted sequence capture, specifically developed to analyze resistomes, greatly enhances the sensitivity and specificity of available metagenomic methods and offers the possibility to analyze genes related to the selection and transfer of antimicrobial resistance (biocides, heavy metals, plasmids). The model opens the possibility to study other complex microbial systems in which minority populations play a relevant role. ; This study was supported by the European Commission, Seven Framework Program (EVOTARFP7-HEALTH-282004 for VFL, FB, JLM, AA, DE, ER, RJLW, WvS, FdlC, and TMC), the Joint Programming Initiative in Antimicrobial Resistance (JPIAMR Third call, STARCS, JPIAMR2016-AC16/00039 to TMC, RJLW, WvS), the Joint Programming Initiative in Water (JPI Water StARE JPIW2013-089-C02-01 to JLM) and the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain (BIO2014-54507-R to JLM, and PLASWIRES-612146/FP7-ICT-2013-10 and BFU2014-55534-C2-1-P for FdlC). The authors also acknowledge the European Development Regional Fund "A way to achieve Europe" (ERDF) for co-founding the Spanish R&D National Plan 2012-2019 (BIO2014-54507-R to JLM, PI15-0512 to TMC, PI15-00818 to FB, and BFU2014-55534-C2-1-P to FdlC), CIBER (CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health, CIBERESP; CB06/02/0053 to FB), the Spanish Network for Research on Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015 to JLM) and the Regional Government of Madrid (InGeMICSB2017/BMD-3691). Val F. Lanza was further funded by a Research Award Grant 2016 of the European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID). Additional funding was from the Metagenopolis grant ANR-11-DPBS-0001 to DE.

Le " Pays de Saugues " en Margeride de Haute-Loire appartient à la catégorie des campagnes vieillies à faible densité, encore très agricoles et éloignées des aires urbaines. La modeste croissance des activités résidentielles et touristiques (en lien notamment avec l'essor de la randonnée liée à la présence du chemin de Saint-Jacques de Compostelle) se révèle " insuffisante pour assurer la croissance totale de l'emploi " (Hilal et al., 2012). Les géographes et agronomes (INRA, 1983) ont ainsi longtemps étudié ce territoire à l'aune de la tradition paysanne enracinée, des mentalités conservatrices, des paysages agropastoraux montagnards ou de l'élevage difficilement spécialisé dans la viande (ovine ou bovine). Une des " ressources territoriales " (Gumuchian, Pecqueur, 2007), longtemps ignorée voire méprisée, est toutefois aujourd'hui incluse dans une dynamique de développement local. Il s'agit de la laine des ovins du pays que les acteurs tentent de valoriser et spécifier autour d'un projet de " pôle laine ", coordonné par une association relevant de l'économie sociale et solidaire. L'objectif de la communication est d'analyser cette " inversion de valeurs " source d'innovation dans l'espace rural, et donc de saisir les jeux d'acteurs, leurs représentations et les configurations sociales, spatiales et économiques à l'origine de cette innovation. Pour répondre à ce questionnement, une méthode qualitative (entretiens de terrain, analyse de discours) se combine à une recherche-action et donc à des observations participantes. Cette initiative a été soutenue par le Conseil Régional d'Auvergne au titre de son premier appel à projets " recherche-action dans le champ de l'innovation sociale " en 2012. Ce contexte a été favorable à une démarche résolument collaborative, dont la vocation opérationnelle est libérée des contraintes temporelles de la politique locale, en laissant la place à une réflexion de fond sur les apports de la collaboration, tant pour les chercheurs que pour les acteurs. Les premiers résultats montrent que le choix de la filière laine comme moyen de ce développement répond à la fois à de nouvelles relations établies, par delà les distances physiques, avec les villes (rôle des migrants d'origine citadine, nouvelles clientèles urbaines attirées par des produits associés à des valeurs de nature et de patrimoine) et à des jeux d'acteurs renouvelés via des processus complexes de négociation/coordination, d'action collective et de mise en réseau. La présence d'une tradition historique de travail des toisons, supplantée dans la seconde moitié du vingtième siècle par des entreprises de filature et bonnèterie en rupture avec la ressource locale et en crise, a laissé la place à une " re-territorialisation " économique issue d'acteurs désireux de revaloriser les laines de pays. Il s'agit, d'une part, d'un lavage de laine à façon, presque unique en France, et d'une association d'insertion (les " Ateliers de la Bruyère ") ayant choisi de diversifier son activité vers la production de feutre, notamment pour favoriser l'emploi féminin. Autour de ces deux piliers sont progressivement venus se greffer un nombre important d'acteurs locaux (commune et communauté de communes, " Pays " et association de préfiguration du PNR " Sources et gorges de l'Allier ") et régionaux dans le cadre d'un projet expérimental mobilisant les acteurs de l'élevage, de l'artisanat, de la culture, du tourisme, de l'action sociale et de la recherche.

El presente trabajo explora la existencia de una estrecha relación entre las reformas, orgánicas y funcionales, a la Administración Justicia y la Economía, en cuanto ciencia que estudia la toma de decisiones en consideración a la revisión de la relación entre nes y medios escasos susceptibles de usos alternativos1, otorgándose, asimismo, una especial atención a cómo el mejoramiento de la Administración de Justicia impacta el desarrollo económico. Para dichos efectos se analiza la situación de Chile, país en que se advierte, a partir del retorno a la democracia, la emergencia de varias reformas globales a la Admi- nistración de Justicia. Los vínculos entre las reformas a la Administración de Justicia y la Economía y el desarrollo económico, en Chile, se mani estan en tres etapas, a saber: (1) en la gé- nesis y diseño de las reformas globales a la Administración de Justicia; (2) en la reconstrucción del mapa de la Administración de Justicia; y (3) en la situación actual de la Administración de Justicia, sus decisiones y reformas pendientes, en especial la Reforma Procesal Civil. ; This paper explores the existence of a close relationship between organic and pro- cedural reforms to the administration of justice and the economy, insofar as this science analyses the decision-making processes under the consideration of the link between goals and scarce means, giving also special attention to how the impro- vement of the administration of justice fosters economic development. For these e ects, the situation of Chile is analyzed. In this country, since the return to demo- cracy, in the early 1990s, several global reforms to the administration of justice have taken place. Links between the reforms of the administration of justice, the economy and the economic development, in Chile, are found in three di erent stages, namely: (1) in the origin and design of the global reforms to the administration of justice; (2) in the reconstruction of the map of the administration of justice; and (3) in the current situation of the administration of justice, their decisions and pending reforms, mainly the civil justice reform. ; O presente trabalho explora a existência de uma estreita relação entre as refor- mas, orgànicas e funcionais, à Administração, Justiça e Economia, como ciência que estuda a tomada de decisões em consideração à revisão da relação entre ns e meios escassos susceptíveis de usos alternativos2, outorgando-se, igualmente, uma especial atenção para como o melhoramento da Administração de Justiça impacta o desenvolvimento económico. Para ditos efeitos analisa-se a situação do Chile, país em que se adverte, a partir do retorno à democracia, a emergência de árias reformas globais à Administração de Justiça. Os vínculos entre as reformas à Administração de Justiça e a Economia e o desenvolvimento econômico, no Chile, manifestam-se em três etapas, a saber: (1) na gênese e desenho das reformas globais à Administração de Justiça; (2) na reconstrução do mapa da Administração de Justiça; e (3) na situação atual da Administração de Justiça, suas decisões e refor- mas pendentes, em especial a Reforma Processual Civil."

Since the Belgian federal elections of May 2014, many waves of protest have emerged from civil society against the austerity plan. Despite all the expectations placed in new digital tools (like for Occupy Wall Street or Indignados), it seems that protestors are still voiceless. In order to understand this phenomenon, this paper develops two analyses: one focused on the communicators (i.e. "how the social profile of activists in charge of communication may configure their communication?") and another one focused on the uses of digital tools (i.e. "how do activists use digital tools in order to enlarge participation and enhance mobilization?"). Concerning the first analytical focus, this paper highlights two parallel trends: the professionalization of social movements (e.g. Powers, 2014, 2015), and the potential democratization offered by digital tools (e.g. Breindl, 2016). The second analytical focus raises important questions for the public sphere (Habermas, 1962). Because of the fragmentation of the public (Dahlgren, 1994), new public spheres emerged (Neveu, 1999). The challenge for social movements is thus to reach every citizen, despite the fact that they do not evolve in the same public sphere. This paper focuses on two social movements: Alliance D19-20 and Tout autre chose. The methodology is based on interviews with activist communicators, on observations during actions and meetings (in order to get a grasp of the activists' communication practices) and on an analysis of their digital tools (websites and social media profiles). The informants are mainly young, highly educated, male, living in the capital region and working for non-profit organizations. While our sample points to the middle-class origin of activists, it also suggests that their ideologies are different (class-struggle oriented for Alliance D19-20 and re-imagination of leftist communication for Tout autre chose). Those activists do not have any diploma in communication. This may be an evidence of the democratization of communication. But some tasks are still considered as difficult (because of the technical or psychological barrier), such as managing a website. Two opposite solutions are put forward by the informants: training/education or outsourcing. Alliance D19-20 mostly uses Twitter, which is explained by the nature of their actions (instantaneity) and their objective to reach out to politicians and journalists. Indeed, Twitter is considered as a political-journalistic sphere in Belgium. On the contrary, Tout autre chose mostly uses Facebook in order to mobilize people and enlarge participation. Internet creates a new public sphere that is more dynamic, diverse, decentralized and effective than the traditional public sphere; it allows more citizens to give their opinions (Benkler et al., 2013). But does it really lead to enlarging participation and improving democracy? More research is needed in order to examine whether ideas do indeed circulate better on the Web or whether they are locked in specific spheres (or bubbles; see Pariser, 2012). Another threat for the public sphere can come from the misuses of online tools, which may undermine democracy, as can be the case with algorithms (passive selective exposure) and Web propaganda.

Notre mémoire se base sur l'expérience qui a eu lieu dans une maison de repos à Göteborg, en Suède. Lors de celle-ci, la moitié des infirmières ont eu leur temps de travail réduit à 30 heures par semaine avec maintien du salaire. Une embauche compensatoire a également été réalisée afin que leur charge de travail n'augmente pas. Les résultats ont été très concluants concernant leur bien-être et l'efficacité de leur travail. Cependant, l'expérience a eu un coût important. Nous nous sommes donc demandé s'il était possible de mettre en place cette semaine de 30 heures en Belgique. Pour cela, nous avons commencé par analyser et comparer les institutions des deux pays afin de voir si leurs caractéristiques communes peuvent aider, ou non, à cette mise en place de réduction du temps de travail. Nous avons pour ce faire utilisé la théorie de l'économie politique comparative de D. Soskice ainsi que celle des relations industrielles de J. Visser et J. Van Ruysseveldt. Nos conclusions à ce stade sont que la comparaison des institutions ne permet pas de déterminer s'il est possible ou impossible de mettre en place une semaine de 30 heures en Belgique. Nous avons donc continué nos recherches en nous tournant vers les différents acteurs des relations industrielles identifiés par J. Visser et leurs rôles dans la réduction du temps de travail. Il y en a trois : les syndicats, les associations d'employeurs et le gouvernement. Afin de comprendre leurs implications dans la réduction du temps de travail, nous avons développé une revue de littérature sur la réduction du temps de travail, ses enjeux, ses modalités et ses effets. Nous nous sommes ensuite concentrés sur un aspect précis de la réduction du temps de travail, à savoir celui de son financement. Il s'agit en effet d'une modalité très critiquée car nous avons constaté qu'une réduction du temps de travail coûte cher. Qui devait donc payer pour celle-ci parmi les trois acteurs identifiés? Nous sommes donc partis à leur rencontre pour les interroger. Une fois cela fait, nous avons analysé les résultats de nos recherches tout d'abord en les classant par thématiques récurrentes (via l'analyse thématique). Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence les ressemblances et les différences dans les discours de nos différents intervenants. Nous avons également analysé ces données grâce aux théories conceptualisantes. Celles-ci permettent de mieux saisir les phénomènes rencontrés dans leur ensemble. A l'aide de ces dernières et de l'analyse croisée entre les différentes thématiques retenues et la littérature, nous avons conclu que le financement d'une réduction du temps de travail collective en Belgique est pratiquement très compliqué à mettre en place. Si théoriquement des pistes existent, la crainte d'un changement systémique importante engendré par cette réduction du temps de travail, la remise en cause de la disponibilité de compétences sur le marché du travail et la multitude de modèles proposés rendent cette réduction du temps de travail extrêmement compliquée à financer pratiquement. ; Master [120] en sciences de gestion, Université catholique de Louvain, 2018

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar algunos ejes de análisis que contribuyan a enriquecer los estudios en torno de la conformación y caracterización de los grupos dirigentes decimonónicos argentinos. Para ello, el artículo toma como objeto de análisis a los elencos políticos de la provincia de Mendoza surgidos durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y presenta una sólida evidencia empírica que identifica 725 actores políticos encargados de encarnar y dinamizar el Estado provincial. Dicho corpus ha sido analizado a través de metodologías cuantitativas y de la combinación de herramientas y perspectivas metodológicas tales como la prosopografía, los análisis sociológicos y los análisis de la sociabilidad, los cuales permiten distinguir varios rasgos de las dirigencias locales. Estas cuestiones fueron indagadas a partir del exhaustivo análisis de un amplio corpus documental —registros oficiales, partes departamentales, periódicos de la época— los cuales posibilitan el examen de una serie de variables que intervienen en el desarrollo de los periplos políticos de estos actores: su perfil socioprofesional; su continuidad o permanencia en los cargos públicos; y la proyección de sus itinerarios. En su conjunto el artículo constituye un aporte a los debates historiográficos actuales acerca de la relativa complejidad del sistema político decimonónico y del protagonismo de los grupos políticos provinciales y locales en el proceso de conformación del Estado nacional argentino. Asimismo, el estudio representa un avance sustantivo respecto de la literatura existente sobre las élites y las nóminas dirigentes, la cual se ha basado en datos exiguos y poco sistemáticos produciendo apresuradas generalizaciones que, no obstante, han sido tomadas como indicadores válidos para definir un amplio espectro político. ; This paper provides some theses to enrich studies on the conformation and characterization of nineteenth century Argentinean ruling groups. For this purpose, the article takes as its object of study the political teams of the Mendoza province that emerged during the second half of the 19th century, and presents solid empirical evidence to identify a set of 725 political actors responsible of embodying and activating the dynamics of the provincial state. This information has been analyzed with quantitative methods and qualitative tools such as prosopography, sociological interpretations and sociability analyses, allowing us to distinguish several features of the local leadership. A wide variety of documents—official records, departmental dispatches, press of the time— was used to investigate these questions, in order to explore the variables related to the unfolding of these actors' political careers: their socio-professional profile, their continuity or permanence in public service positions, and the projection of their itineraries. As a whole, the article constitutes a contribution to current historiographical debates about the relative complexity of the nineteenth century political system and the role of provincial and local political groups in the process of shaping the Argentine national state. This study also represents a substantive advance in regard to literature about elites and ruling teams, which has been based on meager and unsystematic data, producing hasty generalizations that have nevertheless been taken as valid indicators to define a broad political spectrum.

Debido a la fuerte influencia que ejerce el clima sobre la agricultura, su variabilidad y sus actuales cambios, es necesario desarrollar, a través del uso de la tecnología, herramientas de apoyo a los agricultores y a los gobiernos, para la toma de decisiones políticas y agronómicas. El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de validar la herramienta tecnológica DDSAT como posible servicio climático para Colombia, utilizando información experimental de cuatro híbridos sembrados en 3 zonas productoras del País entre los años 2013 y 2015. Luego de calibrar, se realizaron diferentes análisis de validación y verificación del desempeño del modelo CERES-Maize, a través de la comparación de observaciones experimentales y el uso de la información climática departamental de Córdoba, Tolima y Valle del Cauca. Utilizando una serie de pronósticos climáticos aportados por CIAT, se analizó el desempeño del pronóstico agroclimático retrospectivo de nueve años, en los municipios de Cereté, Espinal y la Unión. Se logró describir como los modelos de simulación de cultivos son sensibles al efecto del estrés hídrico en las diferentes etapas fisiológicas del maíz y a los años de baja precipitación (ENSO). A pesar de obtener bajos porcentajes de aciertos en los análisis de validación de los pronósticos climáticos y agroclimáticos, se observó una alta similitud entre el pronóstico y la ocurrencia del rendimiento simulado. Se resalta la necesidad de mejorar las metodologías de calibración de modelos de simulación, partiendo de la reestructuración de la toma de datos en campo y su procesamiento. ; //Abstract: Due to the strong influence of climate on agriculture, its variability and its current changes, it is necessary to develop, through the use of technology, support tools for farmers and governments, for political and agronomic decision-making. The present study was carried out with the objective of validating the technological tool DDSAT as a possible climate service for Colombia, using experimental information of four hybrids planted in 3 producing areas of the Country between 2013 and 2015. After calibrating, different validation and verification analyses of the performance of CERES-Maize model were made through the comparison of the experimental observations and the use of the departmental climate information of Córdoba, Tolima and Valle del Cauca. Using a series of climatic forecasts provided by CIAT, the performance of the nine-year retrospective agroclimatic forecast was analyzed in the municipalities of Cereté, Espinal and La Unión. It was possible to describe how crop simulation models are sensitive to the effect of water stress in different physiological stages of corn and to the years of low rainfall (ENSO). In spite of obtaining low percentages of correct answers in the validation analyzes of the climatic and agroclimatic forecasts, a high similarity was observed between the forecast and the occurrence of simulated yield. The need to improve the calibration methodologies of simulation models is highlighted, starting from the restructuring of the data collection in the field and its processing. ; Maestría

Hyeon-Kyoung Koo,1 Sung-Woo Park,2 Jeong-Woong Park,3 Hye Sook Choi,4 Tae-Hyung Kim,5 Hyoung Kyu Yoon,6 Kwang Ha Yoo,7 Ki-Suck Jung,8 Deog Kyeom Kim9 1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Ilsan, Republic of Korea; 2Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soon Chun Hyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea; 3Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea; 4Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 5Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Republic of Korea; 6Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Yeouido St Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 7Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 8Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea; 9Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea Background and purpose: Chronic cough can be a dominant symptom of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), although its clinical impact remains unclear. The aim of our study was to identify phenotypic differences according to the presence of chronic cough or sputum and evaluate the impact of chronic cough on the risk of acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). Methods: In a nationwide COPD cohort including 1,613 COPD patients, patients with chronic cough only, those with sputum only, those with chronic bronchitis (CB), and those without cough and sputum were compared with regard to dyspnea, lung function, quality of life (QoL), and risk of AECOPD. Results: The rates of chronic cough, chronic sputum, and both were 23.4%, 32.4%, and 18.2%, respectively. Compared with patients without chronic cough, those with chronic cough exhibited a lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second (% predicted) and diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (% predicted), more frequent AECOPD, more severe dyspnea, and worse QoL. Pulmonary function, dyspnea severity, and QoL worsened in the following order: without cough or sputum, with sputum only, with cough only, and with CB. Multivariate analyses revealed chronic cough as an independent risk factor for a lower lung function, more severe dyspnea, and a poor QoL. Moreover, the risk of future AECOPD was significantly associated with chronic cough (odds ratio 1.56, 95% CI 1.08–2.24), but not with chronic sputum. Conclusion: Our results suggest that chronic cough should be considered as an important phenotype during the determination of high-risk groups of COPD patients. Keywords: pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive, cough, exacerbation, severity

Magistritöö Ökonoomika ja ettevõtluse õppekaval ; Maapiirkonna arendamine ja toetamine on aktuaalne nii Eestis, kui Euroopa Liidus tervikuna. Erinevate toetusprogrammidega soovitakse järjest enam kaasa aidata elutegevuse säilitamisele ja ettevõtluse arendamisele maapiirkonnas. Maaelu soodustamiseks pööratakse tähelepanu just kohalikule algatusele ja piirkonna inimeste aktiivsusele. Koostöö avaliku sektori, erasektori ja kolmanda sektori vahel ühise eesmärgi saavutamiseks on see, mis aitab olla piirkonnal jätkusuutlik. Ettevõtluse ja ettevõtlikkuse soodustamine loob võimaluse elu jätkumisele maal. Maaelu edendamiseks rakendab Euroopa Liit ja Eesti riik erinevaid strateegiad ning LEADER toetusprogramm läbi kohaliku algatuse on üheks võimaluseks piirkonnas ettevõtlusaktiivsuse ja ettevõtluskeskkonna arendamiseks. Magistritöö eesmärgiks oli LEADER PAIK Strateegia ettevõtlusmeetme olulisuse välja selgitamine piirkonna ettevõtete arengule. Eesmärgi saavutamiseks püstitati neli uurimisküsimust. Millele vastuste leidmiseks, kasutas töö autor juhtumiuuringut, mida analüüsiti kombineeritud meetodiga. Töö autor kasutas dokumentide analüüsimisel kvalitatiivset ja kvantitatiivset sisuanalüüsi, intervjuude kvalitatiivset sisuanalüüsi ning võrdlusmeetodit. Töös selgus, et LEADER-lähenemise kõik seitse põhielementi ei ole PAIK ettevõtlusmeetmes rakendunud. Samuti selgus, et PAIK ettevõtlusmeetme sisuga olid vastajad kursis ainult juhul, kui sooviti toetust saada. Piirkonna ettevõtjate huvi LEADER meetme osas on kasvanud, kuid siiski vähene. Ettevõtlusmeede on oluline ettevõtete arengus siis, kui saadakse projektitoetust. Magistritööl on praktiline väärtus PAIK kohalikul tegevusgrupil, kes läbiviidud uuringu tulemuste põhjal saab sisendit "Pandivere koostööpiirkonna arengustrateegia 2014-2020" täiendamiseks. ; The development and support of the rural areas is a timely topic both in Estonia and in the European Union as well. Different support programs are used to help preserve life and to develop entrepreneurship in rural areas. The focus is on local initiative and the activity of the local people. Co-operation between the public, the private and the third sector is what helps to keep a region sustainable. Encouraging entrepreneurship is what creates the possibility of people continuing to live in rural areas. To promote rural life, the European Union and Estonia are implementing different strategies and the LEADER support programme is one of the ways to develop the regional entrepreneurial spirit and environment. The aim of this thesis was to research the importance of the LEADER LOCATION Strategy's entrepreneurial measure for the development of regional businesses. Four research questions were posed. To find answers to these questions, the author used a case study which was analysed through a combined method. Both qualitative and quantitative content analyses were used for the documents, qualitative content analysis was used for the interviews as well as comparative method. It was concluded that not all the seven key elements of the LEADER approach have been implemented in the LOCATION entrepreneurial measure. It was also found that the respondents were only familiar with the contents of the LOCATION entrepreneurial measure if they wanted to receive funding. The regional entrepreneurs' interest for the LEADER measure has increased but still remains low. The entrepreneurial measure is important for the development of the business if it receives supporting funding. This thesis has practical value in terms of providing input for the LOCATION local action group to improve the "2014-2020 development strategy for Pandivere co-operation region".

In a context of population ageing, the demand for long-term care is rising. While relatives remain the major source of care provision for disabled elderly, most OECD countries tend to foster the use of professional care, also called formal care, when individuals live at home. This thesis studies the determinants of home care arrangements for the disabled elderly in the context of France. What are the determinants of formal care consumption, at both the extensive and intensive margins? How do formal and informal care providers adjust to their provision constraints? The four chapters present original empirical evidence on these questions in the French context. They build on micro-econometric frameworks and use national survey data, administrative data or management files from a professional provider. The first Chapter studies the care provided by children to a disabled elderly parent. The second Chapter estimates the price-elasticity of the demand for formal care. The third Chapter analyzes how the decision to consume formal care is affected by the generosity of the public financing and the regulation of home care providers. The fourth Chapter focuses on the travel costs borne by home-care providers and their effect on the home care provision. The demand for formal care is found to be fairly little sensitive to its price, while the regulation of the supply is more likely to affect care arrangements. ; Le vieillissement de la population et la forte prévalence des incapacités qui lui est associée invitent à s'interroger sur les modes d'accompagnement de la perte d'autonomie. Tandis que l'aide reçue par les personnes âgées dépendantes provient majoritairement de leurs proches, les politiques publiques françaises favorisent le recours à l'aide professionnelle, dite aide formelle, pour les personnes résidant à domicile. Cette thèse se propose d'étudier les configurations d'aides formelles et informelles pour les personnes âgées en perte d'autonomie. Sous quelles conditions les individus ont-ils recours à l'aide professionnelle, et comment se détermine leur niveau de consommation ? Comment les producteurs d'aide familiale et professionnelle s'adaptent-t-ils aux contraintes de production qui leur sont propres ? Les quatre chapitres de cette thèse étudient empiriquement ces questions dans le contexte français. Mobilisant le cadre micro-économique et les outils économétriques, ils s'appuient sur des données d'enquête, des données administratives et des fichiers de gestion d'un service d'aide à domicile. Le premier chapitre porte sur l'aide apportée par les enfants à un parent âgé dépendant. Le deuxième chapitre étudie l'élasticité-prix de la demande d'aide formelle. Le troisième chapitre analyse comment le financement public de la demande et la régulation de l'offre affectent la décision de consommer de l'aide professionnelle. Le quatrième chapitre s'intéresse enfin aux coûts de transport des services d'aide professionnelle, comme contrainte de production pesant sur l'organisation de l'offre. Les résultats montrent que la demande d'aide est relativement peu sensible au prix de l'aide professionnelle, tandis que la régulation de l'offre affecte plus notablement les configurations d'aide.

The aim of the study is analyse the reflection of the figure of S. Bandera in historical memory. It bases on general scientific and special historical (problemchronological, historical-comparative, historical-biographical) methods. The identity of the conductor of the OUN(b) considered in the background of the definition of «historical memory».It is shown that along with the critical attitude to the personality of the leader of Ukrainian nationalists in Ukraine, it is widely used. At the same time, the geography of places of honouring the figure of S. Bandera is quite uneven, the vast majority of them are located in the western regions of Ukraine.The scientific measurement of memory is investigated. The Soviet concept interpreted Ukrainian nationalism as «the greatest enemy of the Ukrainian people», there was not only the branding of S. Bandera as an undesirable person, but also its oblivion. In the modern scientific environment as a whole there was a generalized image of S. Bandera. Judgments concerning the activities of the Bandera range from thereon to moderate, but most researchers agree about his dedication to the Ukrainian national cause.Ambiguous estimates of the figure of S. Bandera are presented in the memoir literature. Persons from his close circle note patriotism, dedication, organizational talent, good breeding and intelligence. Opponents appeal to the features that characterized S. Bandera as too ambitious, not capable of democratic methods of activity. Given controversy figure of Stepan Bandera is densely overgrown with myths. Political myth about him fit into the concept of «banderita», which is used to represent a potential threat to the immediate neighbours of the manifestations of the distinctive features of the Ukrainian people. It is noted that despite the heated discussions, the figure of S. Bandera firmly entered the historical memory of Ukrainians. ; Метою дослідження є аналіз відображення постаті С. Бандери в історичній пам'яті. В його основу покладені загальнонаукові та спеціальні історичні (проблемно-хронологічний, історико-порівняльний, історикобіографічний) методи. Особистість провідника ОУН(б) розглянута на тлі дефініції «історична пам'ять».Показано, що поряд із критичним ставленням до особистості лідера українських націоналістів в Україні вона досить широко меморіалізується. Водночас географія місць вшанування постаті С. Бандери доволі нерівномірна, переважна більшість їх розташована у західних областях України.Досліджено науковий вимір пам'яті. Радянська концепція трактувала український націоналізм як «найбільшого ворога українського народу», мало місце не лише таврування С. Бандери як небажаної персони, але й її забуття. У сучасному науковому середовищі в цілому склався його узагальнений образ. Судження щодо діяльності С. Бандери коливаються від згероїзованих до поміркованих, але більшість дослідників сходяться в думці про його відданість українській національній справі.Неоднозначні оцінки постаті С. Бандери представлені у мемуарній літературі. Особи з його близького оточення відзначають патріотизм, відданість справі, організаційний хист, вихованість та інтелігентність. Опоненти апелюють до рис, які характеризували С. Бандеру як занадто амбітного, не здатного на демократичні методи діяльності. З огляду на контроверсійність постать С. Бандери щільно обросла міфами. Політичний міф про нього укладається у поняття «бандерофобія», яке застосовується для позначення потенційної загрози найближчим сусідам від виявів самобутніх рис українського народу. Наголошено, що незважаючи на палкі дискусії, постать С. Бандери міцно увійшла в історичну пам'ять українців.

Context. The Galactic centre (GC) is of fundamental astrophysical interest, but existing near-infrared surveys fall short covering it adequately, either in terms of angular resolution, multi-wavelength coverage, or both. Here we introduce the GALACTICNUCLEUS survey, a JHK imaging survey of the centre of the Milky Way with a 0.2 angular resolution. Aim. The purpose of this paper is to present the observations of Field 1 of our survey, centred approximately on SgrA∗ with an approximate size of 7.95 × 3.43. We describe the observational set-up and data reduction pipeline and discuss the quality of the data. Finally, we present the analysis of the data. Methods. The data were acquired with the near-infrared camera High Acuity Wide field K-band Imager (HAWK-I) at the ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT). Short readout times in combination with the speckle holography algorithm allowed us to produce final images with a stable, Gaussian PSF (point spread function) of 0.2 FWHM (full width at half maximum). Astrometric calibration is achieved via the VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) survey and photometric calibration is based on the SIRIUS/Infrared Survey Facility telescope (IRSF) survey. The quality of the data is assessed by comparison between observations of the same field with different detectors of HAWK-I and at different times. Results. We reach 5σ detection limits of approximately J = 22, H = 21, and K = 20. The photometric uncertainties are less than 0.05 at J ≤ 20, H ≤ 17, and K ≤ 16. We can distinguish five stellar populations in the colour-magnitude diagrams; three of them appear to belong to foreground spiral arms, and the other two correspond to high- and low-extinction star groups at the GC. We use our data to analyse the near-infrared extinction curve and find some evidence for a possible difference between the extinction index between J - H and H - K. However, we conclude that it can be described very well by a power law with an index of αJHK = 2.30 ± 0.08. We do not find any evidence that this index depends on the position along the line of sight, or on the absolute value of the extinction. We produce extinction maps that show the clumpiness of the ISM (interstellar medium) at the GC. Finally, we estimate that the majority of the stars have solar or super-solar metallicity by comparing our extinction-corrected colour-magnitude diagrams with isochrones with different metallicities and a synthetic stellar model with a constant star formation.© ESO 2018. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC grant agreement No. [614922].F.N.-L. acknowledges financial support from a MECD pre-doctoral contract, code FPU14/01700. F.N. acknowledges Spanish grants FIS2012-39162-C06-01, ESP2013-47809-C3-1-R and ESP2015-65597-C4-1-R. ; Peer Reviewed

Background: In developed countries chronic disease is currently the main reason why people betake to health care [1]. Negative effects of non-compliance with medical prescription reduce the clinical benefits of the medication, leading in most cases to the use of unnecessary treatments, hospitalization and death [2]. Factors associated with non-compliance with medical prescription may be related to: the doctor-patient relationship, the treatment, the health system, the heath condition and the socioeconomic situation. Aim: To assess the impact of the doctor-patient relationship on non-compliance with pharmacological medical prescription in chronic disease. Methods: A cross-sectional design was developed based on a random sample of 141 patients with pathologies covered by Portuguese Exceptional Legislation. To collect the data, it was applied a questionnaire by interview between July 2017 and April 2018. The questionnaire included socioeconomic variables and a list of non-compliance factors developed by Cabral & Silva (2010) [3]. The IBM SPSS 24.0 software was used to analyse the data. Besides descriptive statistics, the data analysis involved the estimation of a logistic regression model, at a confidence level of 95%. Results: Chronic patients were aged between 20 and 95 years old, with a mean age of 65.3 years (SD = 19.39). Most were female (51.8%), married or lived in marital cohabitation (62.4%), retired (55.3%), and had up to the 3rd cycle of schooling (61%) and an income up to € 1,000 (62.4%). These patients suffered from Chronic Renal Insufficiency (CRI) (63.1%), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Psoriatic Arthritis (PA) (20.6%), Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (10.6%), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (2.1%), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) (2.1%), Hepatic disease (HD) (0.7%) and Gaucher Syndrome (GS) (0.7%). The active substances most dispensed were: ferrous sulphate (76.6%), folic acid (73.8%), calcium polysterenonosulfonate (53.2%), alfacalcidol (48.9%), epoetin β (43.3%), complex B (26.2%) for CRI; adalimumab (8.5%), etarnecept (7.1%) and Ustecinumab (4.3%) for RA and PA; interferon B (8.5%) for MS. Modal treatment time was 24 months. The main reason for non-compliance with pharmacological prescription was "the doctor prescribes too many medications" (35%). The second most mentioned reason was "the fear to ask questions"(18.4%), followed by "not realize what doctors say" (17.5%) and the "lack of confidence in doctors" (6.8%). A patient who does not consider that "the doctor prescribes too many medications" has a lower risk of non-compliance with the pharmacological prescription [OR= 0,262; CI (95%): 0,112-0,617]. Conclusion: The doctor-patient relationship is fundamental for compliance with the prescribed therapy and consequently for the improvement of the clinical benefits of medication and well-being of the patient. References [1]. Dowrick, C., Dixon-Woods, M., Holman, H., & Weinman, J. What is chronic illness? Chronic Illness, 1, 2005, 1-6. [2]. Bugalho A & Carneiro A. (2004). Intervenções para aumentar a adesão terapêutica em patologias crónicas. Lisboa Centro de Estudos de Medicina Baseada na Evidência - Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa. [3]. Cabral, M., Silva, P. A adesão à terapêutica em Portugal: Atitudes e comportamentos da população portuguesa perante as prescrições médicas. APIFARMA, 2010. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

IN ENGLISH: According to the data of the Ministry of Science, Education and Sport, in the school year 2014/2015, 91.61% of children in Croatian primary schools attended Catholic catechism. The main goal of this paper was to find out the position of atheism/irreligiosity in the Catholic textbooks for primary schools and analyse reaction of different public actors concerning potentially discriminative contents. In addition to religious instruction textbooks, legal documents, letters, reports and connected web contents have been analysed. In the context of designated trend of revitalization of religion and desecularization of society from the 90s, some aspects of the thesis of Srđan Vrcan, that confessional belonging and religious self-identification in Croatia became almost general phenomenon and indicator of social authenticity in the state, political society, civil society and the public, while confessional and religious non-belonging becomes indicator of social abnormality, are considered on the example of relationship towards atheism in religious education textbooks in primary schools. Textbooks analysis indicated that textbooks deviate from the social doctrine of the Second Vatican Council and messages of Pope Frances when it comes to atheism and atheists. Textbooks do not develop spirit of tolerance towards atheism and atheists. On the contrary, atheism is absolutely unacceptable from the Catholic point of view. Textbooks offer confusing image of the world, in which, nonbelievers (living with their parents among them) become "people with mistake". They do not intercede for acceptance of difference but "necessary and urgent correction of atheists" and prevention of atheism, by evangelization. They change Council dialogical postulate from "acquaint to understand" to "acquaint to prevent and convert". --- IN CROATIAN: Prema podacima Ministarstva znanosti, obrazovanja i sporta za školsku godinu 2014/2015, 91.61% učenika u hrvatskim osnovnim školama pohađalo je katolički vjeronauk. Cilj rada bio je istražiti položaj ateizma/nereligioznosti u udžbenicima katoličkog vjeronauka za osnovne škole te analizirati reakcije različitih aktera u javnosti na potencijalno diskriminativne sadržaje. Osim udžbenika katoličkog vjeronauka analizirani su dokumenti, pisma i izvještaji različitih javnih aktera i s njima povezani sadržaji na web stranicama i portalima. U kontekstu naznačenog trenda revitalizacije religije i desekularizacije društva od 90ih u Hrvatskoj, testirala se teza Srđana Vrcana, da su konfesionalno pripadanje i religijska samoidentifikacija u Hrvatskoj postali gotovo opći fenomen i indikator socijalne normalnosti u državi, političkom društvu, civilnom društvu i javnosti dok su konfesionalno i religijsko nepripadanje postali indikatorom socijalne nenormalnosti. Teza se propitivala na primjeru tretiranja ateizma u udžbenicima vjeronauka u osnovnim školama. Analiza je pokazala da udžbenici vjeronauka odstupaju od socijalne doktrine Drugog vatikanskog koncila i poruka pape Franje, kad su u pitanju ateizam i ateisti. Ne razvijaju duh tolerancije prema ateizmu i ateistima. Naprotiv, ateizam je potpuno neprihvatljiv s katoličkog stajališta. Udžbenici nude zbunjujuću sliku svijeta u kojoj ateisti (živeći sa svojim roditeljima među vjernicima) postaju "ljudi s greškom". Ne zalažu se za prihvaćanje razlika već za potrebu "nužnog i hitnog popravljanja ateista" i prevenciju ateizma, uz pomoć evangelizacije. Mijenjaju koncilski dijaloški princip "upoznati da bi se razumjelo" u "upoznati da bi se spriječilo i obratilo".

This study examines the Qur'an schools in Malay Peninsula during the British colonial rule. It investigates how these educational institutions were perceived by the colonial rule and analyse the process of their transformation over the decades. It is also crucial to clarify the concept of Qur'an schools within the juncture of overall Islamic education centers operated not only in Malaya but also in the Archipelago, which were functional enough in the dissemination of traditional religious knowledge and values to the new generations. The colonial rule delivered new educational initiatives such as the Malay vernacular schools by implementing various policies on the basis of a Euro-centric approach in the latter period of colonial rule. The colonial rule integrated Qur'an classes emulating partially the practice of Qur'an schools into newly established Malay vernacular schools in order to attract the interests of the Malay parents in an effort to convince them to send their children to these institutions. Although Malay families got used to these new education initiatives and register their children at these institutions, it is asserted that the secular-based vernacular schools are deemed to have caused degradation in the socio-cultural and religious structure of traditional Malay Muslim societies. In this context, this new education system is a subject matter to be studied and analyzed as a phenonemon of change in social structure. It is also worth observing the reactions of the Malay Muslim communuities during this process towards the new educational establishment. The analytical narratives of this study rely on sources produced during the colonial period and other related sources of contemporary literature. ; Bu makale, İngiliz sömürge yönetimi altındaki Malay Yarımadası'ndaki Kur'an okullarını ele almaktadır. İngiliz sömürge yönetimi tarafından bu okulların algılanışı ve zamanla nasıl bir dönüşüme konu olduğu üzerinde durulmaktadır. Sadece Malaya topraklarında değil, coğrafi olarak Malay Takımadaları olarak adlandırılan ve günümüzde Müslümanların çoğunlukta olduğu Adalar bölgesini de içeren bölgedeki diğer İslam toplumları arasında da, genel İslami eğitim kurumları içerisinde yer alan bu yapının Malay genç nesillerine geleneksel dini bilgi ve değerlerin aktarılması üzerinde durulmaktadır. İngiliz sömürge yönetimi, Avrupa merkezci bir yaklaşımın ürünü olarak gündeme gelen çeşitli politikaların eğitim kurumu üzerindeki yansıması olarak adına 'Malay yerli okulları' denilen yeni eğitim kurumları hayata geçirmiştir. Sömürge yönetimi, özellikle farklı eyaletlerde yönetim birliğinin sağlanmasıyla birlikte, söz konusu bu yeni eğitim kurumlarında, Malay Müslüman ailelerin ilgisini çekmek amacıyla kısmi dini eğitim verme yolunda geleneksel Kur'an okullarına benzer bir yapı oluşturarak, adına Kur'an sınıfları denilen bir uygulama başlatmıştır. Malay Müslüman ailelerin ilgisi zamanla bu eğitim kurumuna yönelmekle birlikte, seküler temelli bir yapı üzerine inşa edilen Malay yerli okullarının Malay-Müslüman sosyo-kültürel ve dini yapısında tedrici olarak tahribinde bir rolü olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Bu durumda, yeni bir eğitim sisteminin Malaya topraklarında uygulamaya konulması, bu toplumlarda toplumsal yapı üzerinde değişimlere konu olmuştur. Bu noktada, Malay Müslüman toplumunun bu süreçte gündeme getirdiği bazı tepkiler de ele alınmaya değer bir gelişmedir. Bu çalışmada gündeme getirilen tartışmalar, öncelikle sömürge döneminde üretilen bazı kaynaklar ile buna ilâve olarak konuyla ilgili çağdaş literatüre başvurularak ortaya konulmuştur.