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Demonstrates the inapplicability of the US model of federal citizenship to the European Union. The modern American understanding of citizenship is the inverse of Europe's understanding. In the US, State citizenship is an effect of federal citizenship, while the opposite is true in the EU. The evolution of the US model from before the Civil War through the present multicultural model is examined in terms of its overall unsuitability for the EU; particular attention is directed to matters of cultural & national identity, language policy, the ethics of responsibility, & human rights. For the EU, the sanctioning of Austria marks progress in the development of a European civic culture. It implies that European authorities may legally intervene in a Member State's national politics on occasions where those national politics defy generally consensual European political norms. K. Coddon

Den Kerngebieten des nationalen bürgerlichen und Handelsrechts liegen heute europäische Regelungen zugrunde. Das Handbuch bietet eine Gesamtdarstellung des europäischen Vertragsrechts unter Einschluss der neuesten Entwicklungen und behält dabei stets die Bedürfnisse der Praxis im Blick. Die 3. Auflage wurde umfassend überarbeitet und aktualisiert; sie geht auf die Änderungen im Vertragsrecht insbesondere infolge der Digitale Inhalte-Richtlinie, der Warenkauf-Richtlinie sowie der Plattform-Verordnung ein.

This paper proposes the application of taxonomic tools to study the differentiation of standard of living in the European Union countries. The aggregate distance between given countries is the basis for grouping member states in terms of their internal structure of the studied characteristics. The analysis is based on two chosen methods–the Ward's and k-means method. The study included 24 member states of the European Union in 1995-2010. Depending on the distance between the object, the countries were divided into two or four clusters. Similar configuration of each group obtained using both methods has led to the conclusion that these methods can be used both complementarily and separately. ; This paper proposes the application of taxonomic tools to study the differentiation of standard of living in the European Union countries. The aggregate distance between given countries is the basis for grouping member states in terms of their internal structure of the studied characteristics. The analysis is based on two chosen methods–the Ward's and k-means method. The study included 24 member states of the European Union in 1995-2010. Depending on the distance between the object, the countries were divided into two or four clusters. Similar configuration of each group obtained using both methods has led to the conclusion that these methods can be used both complementarily and separately.

This paper proposes the application of taxonomic tools to study the differentiation of standard of living in the European Union countries. The aggregate distance between given countries is the basis for grouping member states in terms of their internal structure of the studied characteristics. The analysis is based on two chosen methods–the Ward's and k-means method. The study included 24 member states of the European Union in 1995-2010. Depending on the distance between the object, the countries were divided into two or four clusters. Similar configuration of each group obtained using both methods has led to the conclusion that these methods can be used both complementarily and separately. ; This paper proposes the application of taxonomic tools to study the differentiation of standard of living in the European Union countries. The aggregate distance between given countries is the basis for grouping member states in terms of their internal structure of the studied characteristics. The analysis is based on two chosen methods–the Ward's and k-means method. The study included 24 member states of the European Union in 1995-2010. Depending on the distance between the object, the countries were divided into two or four clusters. Similar configuration of each group obtained using both methods has led to the conclusion that these methods can be used both complementarily and separately.

"Nach den schwierigen Finanzverhandlungen der EU im Jahr 2005 wurde von verschiedenen Seiten erneut die Forderung nach einer alternativen Finanzierung der Europäischen Union durch eine EU-Steuer erhoben. Angesichts der Neubelebung dieser Debatte legt die Studie die verschiedenen Konzepte für eine solche Steuer dar; insbesondere geht sie der Frage nach den politischen Implikationen einer EU-Steuer nach. Davon ausgehend werden die Chancen beleuchtet, dass die Europäische Union in naher Zukunft ihre Finanzierung tatsächlich durch die Einführung einer Steuer reformieren wird." (Autorenreferat)

Introduction Sequence-based typing of hepatitis A virus (HAV) is important for outbreak detection, investigation and surveillance. In 2013, sequencing was central to resolving a large European Union (EU)-wide outbreak related to frozen berries. However, as the sequenced HAV genome regions were only partly comparable between countries, results were not always conclusive. Aim The objective was to gather information on HAV surveillance and sequencing in EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries to find ways to harmonise their procedures, for improvement of cross-border outbreak responses. Methods In 2014, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) conducted a survey on HAV surveillance practices in EU/EEA countries. The survey enquired whether a referral system for confirming primary diagnostics of hepatitis A existed as well as a central collection/storage of hepatitis A cases' samples for typing. Questions on HAV sequencing procedures were also asked. Based on the results, an expert consultation proposed harmonised procedures for cross-border outbreak response, in particular regarding sequencing. In 2016, a follow-up survey assessed uptake of suggested methods. Results Of 31 EU/EEA countries, 23 (2014) and 27 (2016) participated. Numbers of countries with central collection and storage of HAV positive samples and of those performing sequencing increased from 12 to 15 and 12 to 14 respectively in 2016, with all countries typing an overlapping fragment of 218 nt. However, variation existed in the sequenced genomic regions and their lengths. Conclusions While HAV sequences in EU/EEA countries are comparable for surveillance, collaboration in sharing and comparing these can be further strengthened. ; Peer Reviewed

Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publication ; Relacje między Francją a Wielką Brytanią kształtuje odwieczna rywalizacja regionalna i aspiracje maksymalizacji wpływów międzynarodowych, ale także bliskość i powiązania gospodarczo-polityczne związane z tymi aspiracjami. Podstawą współpracy francusko-brytyjskiej jest podobna percepcja w kwestiach strategicznych. Oba państwa podobnie rozumieją wyzwania polityczne, gospodarcze, kulturalne i są ważnymi partnerami "skazanymi" na kooperację militarną. Brexit wywołał polityczny wstrząs wśród europejskich liderów, inicjując pragmatyczną refleksję nad przyszłością UE. W Paryżu decyzję o Brexicie określono jako z jednej strony bolesną (straty gospodarcze), z drugiej jako szansę na przekształcenie UE zgodnie z francuską wizją integracji (koniec brytyjskiego weta wobec przyspieszania integracji). Niewątpliwie Brexit wzmocni w UE oś Paryż–Berlin i przyspieszy ściślejszą współpracę gospodarczą i militarną. W praktyce jednak wyjście Wielkiej Brytanii z UE osłabi realny wymiar WPBiO i może stać się źródłem długoterminowego zróżnicowania "projektu europejskiego" w oparciu o różne prędkości integracji. ; Relations between France and Great Britain are formed by the eternal regional rivalry and aspirations to maximize international influence, but also the proximity and political – economic ties linked with those aspirations. The basis of Franco-British cooperation is similar perception of strategic issues. Both countries have the same understanding of the political, economic, cultural challenges and are important partners "doomed" on military cooperation. Brexit caused political shock among European leaders, initiating pragmatic reflection on the future of the EU . In Paris, the decision about Brexit was defined as painful the one hand (due to economic losses) and as an opportunity to transform the EU in line with the French vision of integration on the other (due to the end of the British veto towards acceleration of integration). Brexit undoubtedly will strengthen in the EU the Paris-Berlin axis will and accelerate closer economic and military cooperation. In practice, however, the output of Great Britain from the EU will weaken the real dimension of the CSDP and can become a source of long-term differentiation of the "European project" based on different speeds of integration.

Political and economic aspects of Conservative labor policy; role of employer groups.

On 6 March 2018 the Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS) released its proposed vision for the EU's Ninth Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2021- 2027). Recently christened Horizon Europe, this is the world's largest and most competitive research funding programme, established at a time of growing uncertainty as to whether the UK wants, can afford, or will be allowed to fully participate. This is the first time the EU framework programme will include 'Europe' in its name, flagging a commitment to the wellbeing of its members and the European project – one the UK has chosen to leave. The UK's participation in Horizon Europe is likely to be dependent on the continuing Brexit negotiations and the respective moods in Brussels and London.