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Celebrity Humanitarianism: The Ideology of Global Charity.By ILAN KAPOOR. Routledge, 2013. $44.95Reviewed by Sonja Killoran-McKibbinThe back cover promised a "hyper-critical porpoise with a purpose," and though I wasn't entirely sure what to expect, I was not disappointed by this book. In Celebrity Humanitarianism: The Ideology of Global Charity, Ilan Kapoor cleverly and humorously attacks the celebrity charity peddlers, the "coffee-pusher philanthropists," and the NGO superstars who dominate our conception of international aid. Using a Žižekian framework to carry out a refreshing ideology critique, Kapoor prods the assumptions implicit within celebrity humanitarianism to reveal its ideological basis and the underlying interests such actions serve. While Kapoor focuses on only a handful of notorious celebrity humanitarians, he insists that the individual celebrities in his book are merely some of the more colourful examples of a broader trend. Most importantly, Kapoor avoids the trite and banal and refuses to return to the all too easy suggestion that something is better than nothing. Instead, Kapoor's text skilfully addresses the role of celebrity charities by systematically deconstructing the manner in which they justify and support the very inequities that they purport to challenge.By asking "Do they know that it's Christmas?" almost thirty years ago, Band Aid set off the growing role of celebrities as an authoritative voice on global poverty. Yet the issue is under-discussed and rarely critiqued, making Kapoor's cutting and insightful analysis long overdue. The book begins by exploring the hyper-celebrities who claim to speak for, witness, or represent poverty. Using Bono, Bob Geldof, Madonna, and Angelina Jolie as examples, Kapoor demonstrates how such celebrity charity work is used for individual profit and to mask the root causes of inequality. By offering the opportunity to do good through consumerism, such work feeds into the capitalism's elusive promise of jouissance—or the eternal promise of enjoyment. Celebrity humanitarianism showcases the excessive lifestyles of celebrities, supporting their individual brand but also glorifying and marketing their excessive lifestyles as the ultimate promise of capitalism. Celebrities in this way are used to embody a justification of the current economic system at the same time as they claim to work to change it. Support for the decadence of the rich glorifies the inequality on which capitalism is based and obfuscates the very conditions that create poverty. Moreover, these stars act as witnesses and authorities on the poverty of the third world and situate third world subjects as victims, perpetuating the issues of inclusion and exclusion within such actions.Next to come under Kapoor's gaze are the private foundations established and maintained by billionaires, such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and George Soros' Open Society Institute. Calling such endeavours "decaf capitalism," Kapoor argues that they allow people to continue with business as usual and that "it is charity that helps decaffeinate capitalism. It masks and purifies corporate ills, acting as a countermeasure to socioeconomic exploitation." Foundations highlight the benevolence of corporate moguls and effectively hide the mechanisms through which they obtain such wealth. These acts keep people engaged and complicit with the corporate order and effectively depoliticize systems of inequality while undermining public mechanisms to improve social conditions and situating private initiatives as appropriate solutions.Finally, the book addresses those non-governmental organizations that have situated themselves as types of celebrities in their own right. From Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) to Oxfam, such charities not only seek celebrity endorsements but have also developed their own personae and brand. Kapoor suggests that such charities, in many ways, represent an element of commodity fetishism in our late capitalist culture—distancing ourselves from elements of poverty while at the same time providing us with an outlet for our anxieties about global injustice. By constructing a "permanent emergency regime" these charities thrive on the spectacle of disaster and demand immediate action. They cultivate an anti-theoretical activism by suggesting that crisis makes immediate action essential—and unquestionably benign — leaving no time for analysis and portraying such reflection as inactive and necessarily detrimental. In this fashion such organizations encourage us to allow them to do the work for us, effectively delegating our beliefs to commodities. The absence of theorizing and the urgency of action effectively glosses over the manner in which the forms of new humanitarianism that such charities engage in are neoimperial endeavours. The complicity of NGOs in "humanitarian war" is made invisible by the parade of spectacularized emergencies.While Kapoor points to some of the ways the celebrity charity regime might be transformed, he is also quite clear that these reformist proposals are limited. They result in nothing more than a compromise with the system and do not address the depoliticizing tendencies of such international action. Drawing again on Žižek, Kapoor calls for an uncompromising politics that demands revolutionary change. While I welcome Kapoor's call for a revolutionary overthrow of the current global order and his rejection of sanctioned resistance, I must admit that I was left feeling somewhat unsatisfied by his insistence on revolutionary inaction. What of confronting antagonisms through unsanctioned resistance? While Kapoor advocates the imagining of new political possibilities that are distinct from inaction, as they ultimately must be followed by the material work for their creation, Kapoor deals with a lot in his last few pages, and perhaps that is part of the problem. While he urges the reader to see the opportunities in the contradictions it is difficult not to wish for more than a few pages to bring together his revolutionary proposal. Nonetheless, this could also be seen as Kapoor not letting his readers off the hook for their own complicity by pushing them to consider these tendencies beyond the bound pages. Overall Kapoor has crafted an engaging and entertaining text that deftly employs an all too familiar and visible phenomenon to bring to light the ideology embedded within it.~SONJA KILLORAN-MCKIBBIN is a PhD Candidate in the Faculty of Environmental Studies at York University. Her work explores the intersections of international aid and extractive industries.

У поліпшенні підготовки з судової медицини вітчизняних та іноземних студентів чимала роль належить знанням з основ судової медицини. Студенти стосовно витоків судової медицини повинні знати, що судова медицина як наука бере початок у XVI столітті, із часу виходу роботи Амбруаза Паре «Opera chirurgica» (1594), у якій як самостійний розділ дається «Tractatus de renuntiationibus et cadaveris embammatis» (Трактат про висновки лікарів і бальзамування трупів). Однак, більш правильним на наш погляд, виникнення судової медицини слід віднести до древнього Китаю, де судова медицина існувала вже в ХІІІ столітті. В час царювання імператора Сун-ю (1241-1255) був опублікований трактат судово-медичного характеру, автором якого вважають голову карного суду однієї з китайських провінцій Сун-ци». Він мав на увазі трактат «Сі Юань-лу» («Як змити несправедливість»). Отже, «Сі Юань-лу» не тільки пам'ятник древньої культури Китаю, ця книга складає інтерес різноманіттям зведень з судової медицини. Вона свідчить про те, що багато питань, що цікавлять зараз судових медиків і криміналістів, майже вісім століть назад вже цікавили китайських вчених, що намагалися їх розв'язати.В улучшении подготовки по судебной медицине отечественных и иностранных студентов немалая роль принадлежит знанием основ судебной медицины. Студенты относительно истоков судебной медицины должны знать, что судебная медицина как наука берет начало в XVI веке, со времени выхода работы Амбруаза Паре «Opera chirurgica» (1594), в которой как самостоятельный раздел дается «Tractatus de renuntiationibus et cadaveris embammatis» (Трактат о заключения врачей и бальзамирования трупов). Однако, более правильным на наш взгляд, возникновение судебной медицины следует отнести к древнему Китай, где судебная медицина существовала уже в XIII столетии. Во время царствования императора Сун-й (1241-1255) был опубликован трактат судебно-медицинского характера, автором которого считают главу уголовного суда одной из китайских провинций Сун-ци ». Он имел в виду трактат «Си Юань-лу» («Как смыть несправедливость»). Итак, «Си Юань-лу» не только памятник древней культуры Китая, эта книга составляет интерес многообразием сведений по судебной медицине. Она свидетельствует о том, что многие вопросы, интересующие сейчас судебных медиков и криминалистов, почти восемь веков назад уже интересовали китайских ученых, пытавшихся их решить.In improving the training of forensic medicine of domestic and international students a considerable role belongs to the knowledge of the foundations of forensic medicine. Students about the origins of forensic medicine should know that forensic science as a science dates back to the XVI century, since the release of Ambroise Pare «Opera chirurgica» (1594), which is given as a separate section of the «Tractatus de renuntiationibus et cadaveris embammatis» (Treatise on Conclusions Physicians and embalming corpses). However, a more correct in our view, the emergence of forensic science should be attributed to the ancient laws of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, Greece. The second half of the XVI century in the medical literature, there were no special works on forensic medicine. The first attempt in this regard frantsuzskyy made famous surgeon Ambroise Pare. However, later known Russian scientist MV Popov wrote: "preserved historical sites, pointing out that China's forensic science already existed in the thirteenth century. In the reign of Emperor Song-yu (1241-1255) published a treatise forensic nature, sponsored by the chairman of the Criminal Court of one of the Chinese provinces Sun-chi. " He was referring to the treatise "Si Yuan-lu" ("How to wash away injustice"). Thus, the "Si Yuan-lu" not only a monument of ancient Chinese culture, this book is of interest differently-manittyam reports of forensic medicine. It shows that many matters of interest is forensic and forensic almost eight centuries ago the Chinese were interested scientists tried their solution of the zaty. There is evidence that suggests that different versions of "Xi-Yuan Lu" were widely known in Korea, Japan, countries in Indo-China and had a huge impact on the development of criminology and forensic science in these countries. The impact on the justice of this treatise was so great that the people had a proverb: "He who judges for" C-Yuan Lu, "never make a mistake. " The new law on criminal proceedings in China, was adopted in 1912, it allowed "Post Mortem or exhumation of the corpse to study everything you need. " In 1913, approved the "Rules autopsy corpse", which ukazuvalosya that police and prosecutors should appoint a forensic medical study of corpses to be installed in doubtful cases the cause of death of the deceased. Judicial reform has stimulated the development of forensic medicine, demanded accelerated training and the publication of the literature. The new law on criminal proceedings in China to allow "Post Mortem or exhumation of the corpse to study everything you need. " In 1913, approved the "Rules autopsy corpse", which ukazuvalosya that police and prosecutors should appoint a forensic medical study of corpses to be installed in doubtful cases the cause of death of the deceased. Judicial reform has stimulated the development of forensic medicine, demanded accelerated training and the publication of the literature. In 1932, the pioneer of Chinese Forensic Medicine Professor Lin Ji (was 1897-1951) founded the first institute of forensic medicine in China and began to publish a special magazine. However, "Xi Yuan-lu" never lost its importance. Currently, this remarkable achievement of Chinese criminology and forensic medicine published in China in the new edition. It is clear that the proportion of teaching organizational and procedural foundations of forensic skym by Ukrainian legislation is somewhat sore use by another compared to the criminal procedure law in other countries. Thus, one way to improve the training of forensic medicine of domestic and international students a considerable role to play in comparison legislation both in terms of comparison with other countries, and in historical perspective, particularly regarding the origins of forensic medicine. Students are introduced to the basics of organizational and procedural forensics for criminal procedural code of Ukraine them, comparing them with the appropriate legal cal norms of other countries at different times. This contributes to the enrichment of their legal culture, helps to better understand the possible ways of improving forensic in their countries.

During the late 1960s, the nation's attention was riveted on graphic images of contaminated resources, such as smoldering rivers and oil-soaked seagulls,' as well as Rachel Carson's haunting prose about the "strange blight"2 of chemical pesticides afflicting land, water, and wildlife. Policymakers recognized the need for strong legal protections for public health and the environment, and Congress responded with sweeping legislation governing the pollution of water, air, and soil, and the demise of threatened and endangered species.3 The Clean Water Act of 1972 (CWA), which regulates discharges of pollutants into waters of the United States, is one of the most significant statutes among this body of legislation.4 Under the CWA and related federal environmental legislation, the nation has made tremendous strides in improving our water quality along with the waste management practices that affect water, air, and soil.5 However, since the basic statutory framework was adopted in the 1970s, there have been many ecological, technological, social, and political changes in the United States, but Congress has adopted very few significant amendments, causing some to question whether federal environmental laws have passed their prime. This Article begins in the 1970s, when the nation's environmental framework was expressed in statutes governing a wide variety of topics, including water, air, environmental analysis, and endangered species. Part I explores the intricate interplay between the agencies charged with implementing these statutes, the federal courts, and Congress, and demonstrates how Congress routinely amended the statutes as needed to ensure that the agencies and the courts were staying true to its purposes and implementation strategies. Part II moves forward in time and looks at the dramatically different legislative landscape since 1990. Very little by way of significant environmental legislation has been enacted in the past two decades. This is so despite the fact that the Supreme Court has reviewed a surprising number of Clean Water Act cases during this era, including cases challenging the jurisdictional scope of the Act,' 5 EPA's enforcement powers,' 6 and the division of power between the EPA and the Corps of Engineers."7 Meanwhile, significant changes in the physical environment and in our understanding of the environment have occurred, without any meaningful response from Congress. Part III explores a variety of reasons for congressional failures since 1990. Congress has produced relatively little by way of comprehensive legislation across the board-notjust on environmental issues. The lack of controls on campaign financing and the corruptive influence of money from special interest groups is one reason. A dramatic increase in the number of filibusters is another. However, there have been moments of "civic republicanism" where Congress has managed to pass broad-reaching statutes to address health care, national security, banking, and several other topics.' 8 Part III explains how environmental law is different than other types of legislation, and why gridlock is so much more palpable in the environmental arena. Despite high profile catastrophes such as the BP Deepwater Horizon blowout and the failure of the levee system in New Orleans in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, Congress has done virtually nothing on the environmental front. The chronic problems posed by hyper-partisanship and campaign funding are present here, too, but there is something more afoot. Heated rhetoric, conveyed in inflammatory sound-bites-"job killing" regulatory measures and private property rights "abuse" among them-is even more evident when it comes to environmental law than in other areas. Equally troubling is congressional mistrust-even disdain-for science. Part IV considers the implications of Congress's failure to act, and explores the ways in which the federal agencies either have stepped into the vacuum or could fill the vacuum left by congressional inaction. It posits that environmental gridlock may not be such a bad thing after all. True, from the standpoint of democratic legitimacy, Congress ought to be doing its job. But from the standpoint of environmental protection, perhaps Congress should leave well enough alone (or at least we will be no worse off if it does remain silent). Neither congressional members nor their staffs have sufficient time, inclination, or expertise to craft adequate responses to modern environmental problems, many of which are far more complex than the issues faced in the 1970s. When it comes to water quality, at least, the low-hanging fruit has already been picked and the remaining issues, such as nonpoint source pollution and the protection of isolated wetlands and ephemeral streams, call for solutions that are both more nuanced and more politically charged than the basic mandates issued in the 1970s were. Congress has always been better able to deal with "macro"-level issues and pose broad-brush policy-oriented solutions, but complex problems tend to be over-simplified, for example, one is either "for or against" wetlands protection or "for or against" hamstringing the economy by regulating industrial discharges. Moreover, given that the environmental laws of the 1970s, with their lofty objectives, are the high water mark, and also that the value of safe, clean water for drinking, fisheries, and recreation remains intact, it is possible we have nowhere to go but down if Congress were to start tinkering. The Article concludes in Part V with an assessment of several "portaging strategies" that offer an opportunity to work around the congressional logjam and move the environmental ball forward through non-legislative means.19 Although comprehensive legislative reform may be the "first best" option for addressing wicked problems like climate change and even nonpoint source pollution, empowering agencies to engage in more progressive environmental action presents a viable "second best" alternative. 20 This alternative turns in part on empowering citizens to motivate agency action through petitions for rulemaking and citizen's suits, and in part on clearing away impediments to agency action while minimizing agency capture by anti-regulatory interests. A coordinated strategy of regulation, Executive Orders, and enforcement might take us beyond merely "treading water" while Congress ignores the environment.

RESUMEN. En el presente artículo hemos tratado de revisar los argumentos de política criminal de los que hemos denominado delitos de tráfico de personas, objetos o mercancías. Para ello se han seleccionado un grupo de delitos que reúnen características típicas comunes, todos ellos destinados a impedir o limitar la participación en actividades relacionadas con un determinado ámbito comercial o mercado en sentido estricto. Hemos comprobado que, pese a la similitud formal de los diferentes tipos de delitos, los bienes jurídicos en los que la intervención penal se fundamenta son de lo más variado, así como los «objetos» de dicho comercio. Una breve revisión histórica de los primeros delitos relacionados con el tráfico de personas, objetos o mercancías pone de manifiesto que las tentaciones del titular de Ius Puniendi de regular —bajo la amenaza de una pena— ciertos intercambios de bienes y servicios (sexo, drogas, moneda…) es antigua, pero nuestra legislación histórica muestra con poco recato los intereses económicos a los que atiende —los delitos relativos a la prostitución han quedado fuera de esta investigación por sus especialidades—. El incremento exponencial de los delitos de tráfico de personas, objetos o mercancías producido durante el siglo XX, que se mantiene en este siglo XXI, debe relacionarse con la globalización de la economía y del Derecho Penal. Más aún: con el Derecho Penal de la globalización que, hemos visto, es básicamente un Derecho Penal económico con tintes de un Derecho Penal del riesgo, etiquetas, todas ellas, que tratan de designar problemas jurídicos sobre una misma realidad vista, quizá, desde distinta perspectiva. Los problemas de técnica jurídica propios de los delitos económicos en la actualidad son los problemas de los delitos que estamos analizando e, incluso, el concepto de Derecho Penal económico se adecúa perfectamente al contenido de estos tipos penales, lo que nos conduce a afirmar que éstos son propiamente delitos económicos, con los que comparten todas las características típicas, lo que abre nuevas perspectivas para su revisión y estudio —entre otros—, a los delitos de tráfico de drogas (supuestamente contra la Salud Pública); tráfico de órganos (supuestamente contra la Salud) o tráfico de armas (supuestamente contra el Orden Público). El presente artículo plantea que los delitos de tráfico de personas, objetos y mercancías están legislativamente destinados a prohibir o controlar un proceso comercial que se oculta bajo bienes jurídicos consolidados doctrinalmente (e incluso constitucionalmente), que las modalidades de conducta típicas tienen como finalidad facilitar la prueba —con merma de garantías, lo que es propio de un modelo penal autoritario—. Doctrinal y jurisprudencialmente se legitima la intervención penal en estos ámbitos en bienes jurídicos colectivos que se vinculan automáticamente con estructuras típicas de mera actividad y, como consecuencia, con delitos de peligro abstracto, en un círculo de categorías dogmáticas complejas que se interrelacionan en una argumentación sobre la que penden serias dudas. En este momento se estudian los bienes jurídicos protegidos, desde una perspectiva político criminal y dogmática, dejando para una publicación posterior la revisión de su relación con las estructuras típicas (delitos de peligro, delitos de mera actividad) y el concepto de autoría que subyace a los delitos que hemos seleccionado bajo la común denominación de delitos de tráfico de personas, objetos y mercancías. ; ABSTRACT. In this article we review the arguments of Criminal Policy of which we have called crimes of trafficking in persons, objects or goods. For this, it have been selecting a group of crimes that meet common features —structures, verbs, etc.—. These crimes try to prevent or limit commercial activity in a particular area. Despite the formal similarity of the different types of crimes, we found that social interests in which criminal law is based are quite varied, as well as the «objects» of the trade. A brief historical review of the oldest crimes trading related shows that the state seeks to regulate (under threat of a penalty) certain exchanges of goods and services for a long time. But in our historic legislation does not hide economic interests it serves —crimes related to prostitution have been left out of this research for its specialties—. The exponential increase of crimes of trafficking in persons, objects or goods produced in the twentieth century, which remains in the current century, must relate to the globalization of the economy and the Criminal Law. Moreover, the Criminal Law of Globalization is basically an economic Criminal Law: An Economic Criminal Law with the characteristics of a Criminal Law of a Risk Society. All this labels seek to appoint legal problems on the same reality view, perhaps, from different perspective. The problems of economic crimes today are identical to those we are discussing and even the concept of economic criminal law can clarify these crimes. So we can say that we are facing genuine economic crimes. This opens new perspectives for review and study, among others, to drug trafficking crimes (supposedly against Public Health); organ trafficking crimes (supposedly against Health) or arms trafficking crimes (supposedly against Public Order). This article argues that crimes of trafficking in persons, objects and goods are legislatively intended to prohibit or control a commercial process that is hidden under other legal goods or social interests legally and constitutionally protected. Alike, it is stated that these kinds of conduct are intended to facilitate that the prosecutor prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused person committed a criminal offence. In these areas, Jurisprudence legitimises the criminal intervention of Criminal Law in collective legal goods which are automatically linked to conduct crimes and, therefore, with crimes of abstract danger. But this argument will be questioned in this article. This research focuses on the study of protected legal goods. In a later publication will review its relationship with the typical structures (danger crimes, conduct crimes…) and, also the concept of authorship behind the crimes we have selected under the common denomination of crimes of trafficking in persons, objects and goods.

[spa] En este trabajo hemos estudiado materiales avanzados con las últimas tecnologías y metodologías de microscopía electrónica, las que tienen un impacto importante en el desarrollo de la ciencia de materiales. El objetivo principal ha sido estudiar fenómenos como el politipismo, morfologías inusuales, ramificación, 'ramificación politípica', manipulación de la estructura de banda, ordenación de los cationes, polaridad, crecimiento e interfase epitaxial, alojamiento de una fase secundaria en una base, etc. para razonar la influencia de aquellos fenómenos en las propiedades y aplicaciones, por ejemplo la termoelectricidad, el funcionamiento de unión p-n, la eficiencia de las celdas solares, las propiedades optoelectrónicas, la respuesta de los sensores, etc. Distintos semiconductores han sido caracterizados: nanopartículas de calcogenuros complejos, nanohilos de óxidos de metales, y nanohilos del grupo III-V. Hemos estudiado los materiales en escala nanométrica por medio de métodos avanzados de microscopía electrónica de transmisión (TEM). El capítulo 1 es una breve introducción a la tesis, en la que se exponen los objetivos principales del trabajo, los últimos avances (state-of-the-art), los retos, y las nuevas posibilidades. En el capítulo 2 se explica la metodología de TEM utilizada para estudiar los semiconductores. Los capítulos 3 a 5 se componen de los resultados. El capítulo 3 está basado en el análisis de las nanopartículas de calcogenuros complejos. La sección de resultados contiene tres partes: monoestructurados, multiestructurados, y heteroestructuradas de tipo core-shell. En caso de nanopartículas cuaternarias de CCTSe, las nanopartículas ramifican y forman polipodes, que es el caso de un estudio elaborado porque el mecanismo de la ramificación es interesante. En capítulo 4 se trabaja con los nanohilos de óxidos de metales que sirven para muchas aplicaciones como celdas solares o sensores de gas. En nuestro caso, con el objetivo de mejorar la funcionalidad de los aparatos, hemos estudiado heteroestructuras. En el capítulo 5 prácticamente la misma aproximación está escogida, pero esta vez con nanohilos del grupo III-V. Aquí hemos enfatizado la importancia del crecimiento epitaxial de heteroestructuras. Por último, en el capítulo 6 hemos hablado de las conclusiones generales y las perspectivas para la investigación futura. ; [eng] In this report novel materials for advanced applications are studied by means of the latest microscopy technologies and methodologies which have had a dramatic impact on progress of materials science. The aim was to study phenomena such as polytypism, unusual morphologies, polytypic branching, cation ordering, polarity, epitaxial growth and interface, etc, in order to find adequate explanations for the influence of the phenomena on the properties and applications such as thermoelectricity, p-n junction functionality, photovoltaic efficiency, optoelectronic properties, and sensing response. Various semiconducting materials, i.e. complex chalcogenides, metal oxides, and III-V nanostructures were characterized for this purpose. Here, nanoengineered structures of functional materials at nanoscale are studied by means of advanced electron microscopy methods. Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction to the report; the main purpose of the work, state-of-the-art, challenges and possibilities. In chapter 2 the methodology is described. The results are provided in Chapter 3, 4, and 5, and Chapter 6 is the general conclusions and the outlook. Note that Chapters 3-5 have their own introduction and conclusion. Therefore, chapter 1 consists of a short introduction to the general idea of the study, its importance and the state-of-the-art, and a preface of the thesis. In Chapter 2, after a brief history and the basic concepts of EM, the TEM methodology is described; the advanced TEM techniques used to study the nanostructured semiconductors at atomic scale. In general, it consists of brief descriptions of basic principles of TEM techniques. As experimental results are corroborated by theoretical studies and simulations, these procedures (image processing, simulations, etc) are also described shortly. Chapter 3 is dedicated to nanoengineering crystal structure and morphology of nanocrystals of complex copper-based chalcogenide, from binaries to complex ternaries and quaternaries. In this chapter it is shown that there is a wide range of possibilities for engineering, as many elements can be substituted with the primary cations and anions. Advanced TEM studies are performed in order to figure out the physics behind the property modifications. Phenomena such as morphology change, polytypism, ordering, polarity, electronic band change, strain, etc are elaborately studied, and correlated to the physical properties such as thermoelectricity. CCTSe polypods are the case of a complete structure study to understand the branching mechanism. Therefore, by means of an aberration-corrected TEM the polarity and cation ordering was determined. Polarity-driven morphology and branching mechanism is explained. Moreover, electronic band structure in this polytypic structure is simulated. Chapter 4 is based on the study of nanojunctions in metal oxide heterostructured NWs, structures that can enhance the functionality of the targeted devices, such as photovoltaic cells, or gas sensors. Production of nanojunctions is a successful approach in the context. In this chapter it is shown how coaxial heterostructuring of NWs, e.g. formation of core-shell structures increase the efficiency of the solar cells or enhance the sensitivity/selectivity of the gas sensors. In chapter 5 almost the same approach was followed, nevertheless, this time with III-V NWs. The importance of axial heterostructures and fully-epitaxial and relaxed structure are emphasized. The optoelectronic properties of the GaN NWs, such promising p-n junctions, are examined. Polarity issue, as a remarkably influencing parameter, is precisely studied experimentally. Its effect on electronic band structure in the heterointerface is also proven by the theoretical simulations. In the end, a general conclusion of the whole work and room for further study and future work is discussed in Chapter 6. The ample freedom of structural nanoengineering in the materials, together with development of novel electron microscopy techniques, opens the way towards the new possibilities for the future work.

Dioxins are commonly known as highly toxic compounds that are persistent organic pollutants. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most potent dioxin congener, and dioxin-like products are formed during the incomplete combustion of organic compounds in the presence of chlorine (waste incineration, burning of various fuels and poorly controlled combustion sources). In 1997, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified TCDD as carcinogen. Prostate cancer (PC) is an extremely serious disease in dogs. PC also represents the most commonly diagnosed cancer in males in the Western world. In general, animal models of human cancer have evolved in attempts to capture the complexity of the human disease. In particular, as humans, the dogs are the only other mammals that develop PC. The canine prostate gland shares many morphological and functional similarities with the human prostate, so this specie represents thus an attractive model for the study of the prostatic disease in dogs. Consequently, to evaluate the biological effects of TCDD on prostate cancer, in this study we used human prostate cancer cell line, PC3. Until now, very few data are present in literature about PC3 and TCDD exposure. It is known that in PC3 cell line, a hormone-independent prostate cancer cell line, TCDD induces cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and CYP1B1 via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). This effect of TCDD could result in higher elimination rates of concomitant drugs metabolized by these particular CYP isoenzymes. Autophagy is a tightly regulated process playing a normal part in cell growth, development, and homeostasis and helping to maintain a balance between the synthesis, degradation, and subsequent recycling of cellular products through the degradation via the lysosome. Defects of autophagy machinery are responsible for pathogenesis of different diseases, including cancer. The role of autophagy in cancer is controversial. There is evidence that autophagy may play a critical role in cancer progression at later stages, such as dissemination and metastasis, which account for most cancer-associated deaths, whereas in other cases it clearly contributes to tumor suppression by inducing tumor cell death. So, the aim of this study is to evaluate the biological effects of TCDD exposure to a highly metastatic prostate cancer cell line, PC3. The prostate cancer cell line PC3 was exposed to different concentrations of TCDD (0.1, 1 and 100 pg/ml) and after 24, 48, and 72 hours of exposure cell proliferation and viability, cell morphology and cell cycle analysis were performed. Also, autophagy was evaluated using the following: (a) detection of acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) by acridine orange staining; (b) immunofluorescence analysis (IF) of LC3 (microtubule associated light chain protein 3), one of the well-known autophagy markers; (c) LC3 gene expression by real-time PCR; (d) study of autophagic flux by chloroquine (CQ) (10µM), autophagy inhibitor, by western blot; (e) study the expression of multiple genes involved in autophagy machinery by real-time PCR. When compared with their relative controls, TCDD (100 pg/ml) exposure at 24, 48, and 72 hours caused the following: (1) significant increase of cell proliferation (CP) (CP24h =20.3%, CP48h =54.5% and CP72h =52.4%); (2) significant increase of cell population at S phase; (3) significant increase of autophagy demonstrated by (a) detection of AVOs; (b) LC3 IF positivity; (c) LC3 over expression (expression ratio24h =1.4, expression ratio48h =6.2 and expression ratio72h =11.4); (d) CQ increased LC3-II accumulation; (e) moreover, we demonstrated that the induction of autophagy by TCDD in PC3 cells was accompanied by an increase in the mRNA levels of certain genes that are present in different subnetworks composing the autophagy interactive network, such as: PIK3C3, BECN-1, AMBRA1, MAP1LC3B, ATG4A, ATG4C, ATG5, ATG7, ATG10, ATG16L1, GABARAPL1, PRKAA, WIPI-1. Also, we showed that TCDD negatively influenced genes that are autophagy inhibitor, such as: AKT1 and BCL2. These data suggested a multiple effect of TCDD on autophagy machinery. Furthermore, we revealed that TCDD exposure upregulated TNF whose high levels have been related to prostate cancer progression via stimulation of proliferation, survival of malignant cells and increased resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. From the 1980s, several illegal and uncontrolled sites of urban, toxic, and industrial waste disposal have been active in Campania region, Southern Italy, with the highest concentration reached in Naples and Caserta provinces. In 1994, Campania region is under a declared State of Emergency, because of the saturation of regional waste treatment facilities. There are growing national and international evidences that the accumulation of waste, illegal and legal, urban and industrial, has contaminated soil, water, and the air with a range of toxic pollutants including dioxins. A high correlation between incidences of cancer, respiratory illnesses, and genetic malformations and the presence of industrial and toxic waste landfills was also found. In Spring 2002, a dioxin emergency emerged in this region, as result of National Control Program of Residues in Foodstuff carried out by Health Minister in 2001, indeed, levels of TCDD exceeding the European Union tolerance were detected in dairy products and milk from cow and water buffalo, raised on in some areas of Campania Region. Cancer mortality descriptive studies demonstrated an increase of incidents rates of the prostate cancer in the same areas where dioxin levels were elevated. Furthermore, studies performed in animal model suggested that TCDD exposure is associated with abnormal prostate development, altered prostate pathology and increase susceptibility to prostate cancer. The administration of TCDD to a variety of cultured cells may alter their ability to proliferate and die. In a previous study we demonstrated that TCDD induced proliferation in Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK), an epithelial cell line, in which analysis of MDBK cell morphology revealed some alterations in a large number of exposed cells, where neither signs of apoptosis nor necrosis were detected, but we found that TCDD activated cell death with autophagy. Herein, TCDD exposure in PC3, a cancer cell line, induced no signs of cell death. So, taken together, our results support the idea that TCDD, may induce the progression of prostate cancer enhancing cell proliferation, inducing autophagy, deregulating the expression of genes related to the autophagy machinery, and upregulating TNF resulting in an increased risk for both animal and human health.

This thesis focuses on a historical definition given by Cesare Pavese, when he defined the 30s and 40s of the twentieth century as the translation's period par excellence in Italy. The previous studies have looked extensively on the translation of novels and most of these researches choose English or French as principal language sources. This Phd thesis concentrates instead the analysis first of all on poetic translation and also on writing poetry as well as on poetic criticism 'made' in the inter-war period until the late 40s. Poetry was incontestably the critical, translational and creative locus. Poetry was the main interest of the circles of Italian intellectuals in Florence and in Milan, in Parma, in Rome and in Turin also. Exchanges between artists, critics, poets and translators played mostly in the field of poetry, more or less without being particularly hampered by the fascist censorship, until the mid-30s. Poetry became a field of concrete action because it upsets language's syntactic order and this encourages a new conception and design of the reality, as well a way to fight every monolithic solution refusing opacity and incompleteness.Using an expression of Henri Meschonnic poetry is "against the maintenance of the order", and presents itself as a form of deep commitment (in order words a form of "engagement") that involves awareness and taking a stand against reality. In a poetic discourse the political element is closed involved. In fact we assume that "politics" is any attempt to fight for the welfare of man and every attempt to achieve the highest degree of freedom of every individual.The subject of criticism and translating poetry inevitably merge with poetry at all, and it is to consider that poetry is in any case always a translation. Poetry and its effects have become the axes of this study that tries to present consistently the voices of several people who were poets, translators and literary critics at the same time. The final part of this work concentrates on the birth of a new type of intellectual who is a poet, a translator, a critic and often also a publisher.We tried to show also what type of engagement may trigger the writing of poems and the practice of poetic translation, describing how deep and passionate activism may arise 'attending' poetry. Poetry is always proposed as a constellation of meaning constantly "building" as a presence never definitive. This enhancement of the unfinished contributes to the questioning of the subject's identity and to the pursuit of his salvation. Every poetic multiplication of hypotheses allows the opening of a lot of horizons. Offering her moving body poetry has been, even during Fascism, a lever of great indisciplinarity face to the rule settled by the dictatorship and it has been an unsuspected instrument of protest and resistance. ; Ce travail de thèse s'articule autour d'une définition historique qui a été formulée par Cesare Pavese, lorsqu'il a défini les années 30 et 40 du XXe siècle comme les deux décennies de la traduction par excellence. Si les études menées jusqu'à aujourd'hui se sont penchées de manière approfondie presque seulement sur la traduction des romans et cela en choisissant comme langue source privilégiée l'anglais ou le français, nous avons concentré notre analyse sur la traduction, l'écriture et la critique poétiques réalisées dans la période s'étalant de l'entre-deux-guerres jusqu'à la fin des années 40. La poésie était en effet le lieu critique, traductif et créatif le plus fréquenté. Un véritable besoin de poésie animait les cénacles des intellectuels italiens à Florence comme à Milan, à Parme, à Rome et également à Turin. Les échanges entre les artistes, critiques, poètes et traducteurs se jouaient pour la plupart sur le terrain de la poésie, sans être, au moins jusqu'au milieu des années 30, particulièrement entravés par la censure fasciste. En effet l'Italie devait, même aux yeux du fascisme, connaître un Baudelaire, un Rimbaud et un Eliot parlant italien. La poésie prenait une place sans précédents dans la vie culturelle et littéraire de l'époque et devint aussi un champ d'action concret : écrire en vers bouleverse autant l'ordre syntactique de la langue que l'habitude à concevoir la réalité de manière univoque et sans opacités.La poésie, pour reprendre une pensée d'Henri Meschonnic, est « contre le maintien de l'ordre », et se propose comme une forme d'engagement profond qui implique les consciences et leur prise de position face à la réalité. Dans une perspective plus large, le discours poétique s'entrelace avec le discours politique, si par politique on présuppose tout effort visant à garantir le bien-être de l'homme et la création des conditions qui permettent la réalisation au degré le plus haut de la liberté de tout individu.L'objet d'intérêt de la traduction poétique fusionne inévitablement avec la poésie tout court, ne serait-ce que parce que toute poésie est en tout cas toujours une traduction. Faire et construire en poésie sont devenus ainsi les axes de cette étude qui essaye de rendre compte constamment des voix de plusieurs personnalités qui étaient à la fois poètes, traducteurs et critiques littéraires. La partie finale de ce travail se concentre ainsi sur la naissance d'un nouveau type d'intellectuel qui est poète, traducteur et critique, et qui, très souvent, est aussi un éditeur. Sa participation à la vie sociale, politique et éditoriale du pays devient de plus en plus significative et fera de la poésie le sujet de plusieurs collections éditoriales et de nombreuses autres publications.Nous avons essayé de montrer quel type d'engagement peut émaner de l'écriture des poèmes et de la pratique de la traduction poétique, en décrivant quel militantisme profond et passionné peut surgir de la 'fréquentation' de la poésie, qui se propose comme une constellation de sens constamment "constructible", comme une présence jamais définitive. Cette mise en valeur de l'inachevé contribue à la mise en question de l'identité du sujet et à la poursuite de son salut, à la multiplication des hypothèses, et à l'ouverture des horizons. En se proposant avec son corps mouvant et émouvant, la poésie sera, pendant le fascisme, un levier d'indisciplinarité face à la règle, s'imposant comme un insoupçonnable instrument de contestation et de résistance.

AbstractThe Therapeutic Turn in International Humanitarian Law: War Crimes Tribunals as Sites of "Healing"? by Diana Elizabeth Anders Doctor of Philosophy in Rhetoric Designate Designated Emphasis in Women, Gender, and SexualityUniversity of California, Berkeley Professor Judith Butler, Co-Chair Professor David Cohen, Co-Chair This dissertation examines the growing tendency to figure international war crimes tribunals in terms of their therapeutic value for their victims. My project documents and questions how the discourse of juridical healing emerged from what I term "the therapeutic turn" in international humanitarian law (hereafter, IHL). I analyze this phenomenon in terms of its key features, conditions of possibility, modes of legitimization, and effects, focusing on legal institutions designed to adjudicate crimes such as genocide, mass rape, and torture. My central argument is that the rhetoric of juridical healing, despite its commendable achievements, comes at an important cost, in that the appeal to law can invite new forms of regulation and domination. In short, this novel form of justice produces and authorizes its own forms of violence. It does so in part by obscuring the political effects of the law's promise to heal. To bring this uncomfortable fact into relief is but a first step towards countering such ill effects. This project focuses on the first two international ad hoc tribunals -- the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and the International Tribunal for Rwanda -- as well as the International Criminal Court (hereafter, the ICTY, the ICTR, and the ICC). All were established in the 1990s in the beginning of what has been called the "tribunal era," which has ushered in an unprecedented emphasis on victims of atrocity. Primarily by means of discourse analysis, I examine court documents and trial transcripts, as well as relevant statements made by diplomats, politicians, court officials, scholars, and non-governmental-organizations. Such analysis aims to chart the expansion of a new norm of justice as healing that has so far largely gone unrecognized. Chapter One outlines the general problem of the dissertation, introducing the phenomenon of juridical healing and situating it historically. Although such healing has become a powerful, even normative trope in humanitarian discourse, it has not been well defined. The chapter raises questions concerning what juridical healing can realistically achieve, and how it might constitute a new mode of power that paternalistically regulates the very subjects it pledges to heal. It also examines how the special status of healing discourse as "above reproach" has shielded it from critical scrutiny. Chapter Two surveys the growing scholarly discourse on juridical healing, arguing that such inquiries tend to uncritically accept the core terms of the therapeutic turn. This work can thus serve to reify the problematic notion of healing promulgated elsewhere. Such thinking holds that tribunals can occasion forms of "catharsis" and "closure," both for individual victim-witnesses and more broadly. I argue that this belief in "disclosure for closure" forecloses critical reflection on the effects of juridical healing, or on alternatives to this conception. In Chapter Three, I develop a genealogy of juridical healing in relation to new legal institutions. I analyze how the promise of healing has served as a means of legitimization, even as it has led courts into uncharted legal territory. Even as the tribunals of the 1990s derived their credibility from the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals that followed World War II, they also had to distance themselves from the accusation that the latter had only dispensed "victors' justice." In an uncanny echo, recent tribunals can be said to have produced forms of "victims' justice." I examine how such rhetoric threatens to undermine the same credibility that it otherwise means to establish, even at the cost of the victims it purportedly champions. Chapter Four considers the tribunals' adjudication of sexual violence as a war crime. Here I use individual case studies to show the unforeseen costs of such procedures. I examine how the female victim of sexual violence is effectively condemned to victimhood by the very discourse that promises to heal her, but denies her meaningful agency. At the same time, "other" victims of wartime sexual violence--such as men, boys, or women from the "enemy camp"--are marginalized. My analyses of these cases explore how therapeutic-juridical interventions can undermine their avowed aims, while concealing the power relations on which they rely and which they perpetuate. The final chapter is based on fieldwork that I carried out in 2009 in The Hague, Netherlands, and examines the depoliticizing effects of juridical healing. Drawing on interviews with ICTY and ICC officials, the chapter outlines the temporal and spatial coordinates of the rhetoric of healing. I focus on the ways in which such rhetoric enacts movements of deferral and displacement, and thus neutralizes potential forms of political activity. As an alternative, I examine Hannah Arendt's account of politics, which is centered on collective, participatory action and antagonistic debate. Such a view allows us to imagine a more capable subject of politics, one with the potential to recover, resist, and revolt. The Epilogue evaluates the current and future implications of the rhetoric of healing, exploring alternative responses to extreme violence. I claim that juridical healing can be understood as the latest "last utopia" or the least "lesser evil" in a time when "human rights" and "humanitarianism" have become increasingly wed to military interventions. I proceed to trace additional contradictions in the discourse of juridical healing, in that contemporary IHL also identifies with the ideology of militarized humanitarianism in its endorsement of the UN doctrine of "Responsibility to Protect." I close by suggesting that juridical healing presents the international community with an aporia that might ultimately be generative, insofar as it produces conditions under which the very politics it stifles might also be aroused. By rethinking and reframing this rhetoric, I hope to indicate avenues for differently imagining and producing the future--a future not destined to repeat or be dictated by the violence, injustice, and pain of the past.

Mass settlement of Latvian rural inhabitants in towns and cities started just a little more than a hundred years ago, therefore bond with nature is a specifically Latvian identity sign. Studying the peculiarities of a nation, garden and plants give an opportunity to see and understand what is hard to get in a direct way as garden reveals the hidden and open processes that have taken place and are still happening in the economic, political, and social life of an individual person or the whole society. To form a perspective on the plants existing in the cultural environment as a socially significant phenomenon in Latvian identity development and preservation, in 2008 interdisciplinary research "Plants as a sign of Latvian identity" was initiated in Latvia.The present article "Plants as a sign of Latgalian identity in cultural landscape, writing, and stories" covers the results of the fifth cycle of the above mentioned research. The goal of the research was to make out which plants are assumed to be the sign of Latgalian identity. The authors of the present paper were interested in singling out the factors that were considered essential by respondents in the formation of the notion of Latgalian plants, the colours believed to belong with Latgalian garden. Collecting stories was also considered important because not everything is preserved in written sources and, as the previous studies revealed, respondents' stories were those that made it possible to understand the role of plants in the sustaining of identity. The research made use of questionnaire and written interview. The obtained results were analyzed by means of the comparative method using evidence of the cultural landscape, popular works by Latgalian authors, press periodicals published in Latgalian, literature in horticulture and gardening, archive materials of the Open-Air Ethnographical Museum of Latvia, internet resources, postcards from the private collection of Andrejs Svilāns and the prior results gained within the interdisciplinary research "Plants as a sign of Latvian identity". We set to reveal in the research what opportunities for investigating Latgalian identity are offered by the plants grown in the cultural landscape of Latgale and the way the obtained results extend the existing studies of Latvian identity.Summarizing the results of 93 questionnaires and oral interviews, 139 diversities were recognized as Latgalian plants including 54 caulescent plants – decorative plants, 35 vulnerary plants and herbs, 22 trees and 28 shrubs. The notion of the Latgalian as well as Latvian plants, according to the respondents, has been formed mostly by the gardens seen by their parents, grandparents, relatives as well as their stories. The impact of fiction and classical folklore is recognized as most essential in case of Latvian plants. The plants growing in the cultural landscape used by writers of fiction are signs that are understood and unite people belonging to a particular cultural space, they function as symbols of Latgale and the native homestead. Works produced both in Latgalian and Latvian literary language by Latgalian authors have cultivated and continue to cultivate Latgalian self-awareness, but print bans and works produced before emigration and during emigration by Latgalian writers have attributed specific worth to fiction and folklore.The research revealed that identity signs are rather stable; both Latvian and Latgalian plants were most often assumed to be those grown by a couple of preceding generations – basically at the end of the 19th –beginning of the 20th century in estate and peasant gardens. These plants are considered to be Latgalian though their origin in most cases is not the local flora. At the same time in their replies to the question what should not be grown in a Latgalian garden respondents replied – "foreign plants", meaning plants that had entered rural homesteads later on (in recent decades).The research showed that, unlike respondents from other regions, Latgalians perceive their regional landscape in a more syncretic way, not excluding plants that, due to some stereotypical notions or symbolism, do not "fit" into it, e. g. alders, asps, osiers, etc.Traditions are formed in a long-term period, but those originated in the second half of the 19th century had a special significance. Under conditions of Russification, they helped to maintain Latgalian identity, also planting particular plant combinations in line with the notion of a Latgalian garden.The information concerning plants grown in peasant homesteads in Latgale is rather scarce in the materials of the Open-Air Ethnographical Museum of Latvia, as compared to other regions. Investigation of detached homestead and village garden cultures might be a task of the further research, as village was a closed community that maintained Latvian traditions.The research brought out several debatable issues that remain unanswered. To find answers to them, a necessity to address directly the supplier of information emerged clearly in further research as well as to prepare visual material – photographs, drawings that would make it easier to identify plants and reduce the problem of taxonomic differentiation that appeared in the preceding research. For instance, it is not clear where is the border between "briar-roses" – wild rose species (Rosa sp.) and cultivated rose species and old cultivars as well as between willows (Salix fragilis), pussy willows (S. caprea or S. acutifolia x daphnoides 'Pashal') a. o. taxa of the genus Salix.The present paper does not pretend to provide an exhaustive study and analysis of the factors affecting the notion of the Latgalian plants. This is the task of further studies, as, according to the prior studies of Latvian plants, each such factor is worth a separate voluminous research.The authors of the present paper intend to proceed with the studies of garden culture as well as collecting the Latgalian names of plants grown at home, in the garden, growing in the forest, meadow, field, studying the use of plants and their economic and social significance as well as collecting stories in order to preserve this non-material culture legacy as complete and correct as possible. We hope that the paper will encourage researchers of various fields to participate in the study to use the opportunities provided by garden plants for a more unusual insight.

Bikes sharing systems have known a growing success all over the world. Several attempts have been made since the 1960s. The latest developments in ICT have enabled the system to become efficient. People can obtain real-time information about the position of the vehicles. More than 200 cities have already introduced the system and this trend keeps on with the launching of the NYC system in spring 2013. A new avatar of these means of transportation has arrived with the introduction of Autolib in Paris end of 2011.The objective of this thesis is to propose algorithms that may help to improve this system efficiency. Indeed, operating these systems induces several issues, one of which is the regulation problem. Regulation should ensures users that a right number of vehicles are present at any station anytime in order to fulfill the demand for both vehicles and parking racks. This regulation is often executed thanks to trucks that are travelling the city. This regulation issue is crucial since empty and full stations increase users' dissatisfaction. Finding the optimal strategy for regulating a network appears to be a difficult question. This thesis is divided into two parts. The first one deals with the "static" case. In this part, users' impact on the network is neglected. This is the case at night or when the system is closed. The operator faces a given repartition of the vehicles. He wants the repartition to match a target one that is known a priori. The one-truck and multiple-truck balancing problems are addressed in this thesis. For each one, an algorithm is proposed and tested on several instances. To deal with the "dynamic" case in which users interact with the system, a simulator has been developed. It is used to compare several strategies and to monitor redistribution by using trucks. Strategies not using trucks, but incentive policies are also tested: regularly updated prices are attached to stations to deter users from parking their vehicle at specified stations. At last, the question to find the best initial inventory is also addressed. It corresponds to the case when no truck are used within the day. Two local searches are presented and both aim at minimizing the total time lost by users in the system. The results obtained can be used as inputs for the target repartitions used in the first part. During my thesis, I participated to two EURO-ROADEF challenges, the 2010 edition proposed by EDF and the 2012 one by Google. In both case, my team reached the final phase. In 2010, our method was ranked fourth over all the participants and led to the publication of an article. In 2012, we ranked eighteenth over all the participants. Both works are added in the appendix ; Les systèmes de vélos en libre-service ont connu ces dernières années un développement sans précédent. Bien que les premières tentatives de mise en place remontent aux années 60, l'arrivée de technologies permettant un suivi des différents véhicules mis à la disposition du grand public et de l'état des bornes de stationnement en temps réel a rendu ces systèmes plus attractifs. Plus de 200 villes disposent de tels systèmes et cette tendance se poursuit avec l'entrée en fonctionnement du système de New York prévue pour mars 2013. La fin de l'année 2011 a été marquée par l'arrivée d'un nouvel avatar de ce type de transport avec la mise en place d'Autolib à Paris. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des algorithmes d'aide à la décision pour l'optimisation de réseaux de transport en libre-service. L'exploitation de ces systèmes, qui fleurissent actuellement un peu partout dans le monde, pose en effet de nombreux problèmes, l'un des plus cruciaux étant celui de la régulation. Cette dernière a pour objectif de maintenir dans chaque station un nombre de vélos ni trop faible, ni trop élevé, afin de satisfaire au mieux la demande. Cette régulation se fait souvent par le biais de camions qui effectuent des tournées sur le réseau. Il apparaît rapidement que la question d'une régulation optimale à l'aide d'une flotte fixée de camions est une question difficile. La thèse est divisée en deux parties. Dans la première partie, le cas "statique" est considéré. Les déplacements de véhicules dus aux usagers sont négligés. Cela traduit la situation la nuit ou lorsque le système est fermé à la location. L'opérateur doit redistribuer les véhicules afin que ceux-ci soient disposés selon une répartition définie. Les problèmes de rééquilibrage avec un ou plusieurs camions sont traités. Pour chacun des deux cas, un algorithme est proposé et utilisé pour résoudre des instances de tailles variées. La seconde partie traite du cas "dynamique" dans lequel les utilisateurs interagissent avec le système. Afin d'étudier ce système complexe, un simulateur a été développé. Il est utilisé pour comparer différentes stratégies de redistribution des véhicules. Certaines utilisent des camions se déplaçant dans la ville pendant la journée. D'autres tentent d'organiser une régulation intrinsèque du système par le biais d'une politique d'incitation : des prix mis à jour régulièrement encouragent les usagers à rendre leur véhicule dans certaines stations. Enfin, si on choisit de ne pas utiliser de camion durant la journée, la question de la détermination du nombre optimal de véhicules à disposer à chaque station se pose. Deux méthodes de recherche locale visant à minimiser le temps total perdu par les usagers sont présentées. Les résultats obtenus peuvent servir pour la définition des répartitions cibles de la première partie. Durant ma thèse, j'ai pu participer à deux challenges EURO/ROADEF, celui de 2010 proposé par EDF et celui de 2012 proposé par Google. Dans les deux cas, mon équipe a atteint les phases finales. Lors de l'édition de 2010, notre méthode est arrivée quatrième et a donné lieu à une publication. En 2012, notre méthode est arrivée dix-huitième sur tous les participants. Les travaux menés dans ces cadres sont ajoutés en annexe

Diese Arbeit wählte einen neuen Ansatz, um die Alpen in den Jahren 500 bis 800 zu beschreiben: Anstatt die einzelnen Regionen von Ost nach West - oder umgekehrt - durchzugehen und eine Herrschaftsgeschichte nach der anderen zu schreiben, wurden die relevanten Strukturen erfasst - also Zugriff, Grenzen, Verkehrsrouten, Christentum, Besiedlung, Wirtschaft, regionale Methoden der Machtentfaltung und Identitätsspuren der Bevölkerung. Diese Strukturen wurden miteinander verglichen. Dadurch war es möglich, einen neuen Zugang zu der Transformation der römischen Welt in eine frühmittelalterliche auf alpinem Gebiet zu erlangen. Um das Jahr 500 war die Bevölkerung der Alpen noch eine typisch provinzialrömische, die zwar regionale Unterschiede aufwies, sich aber in wesentlichen Punkten ähnelte: Sprache, Recht, Religion (Christentum) und Sozialstruktur. Ab dem 6. Jh. änderten sich diese Verhältnisse. Zunächst schufen die neuen politischen Bedingungen neue Zugehörigkeiten, die die Alpenprovinzen ab dem 6. Jh. an den Norden, an die Reiche fränkischer Herrschaft angliederten. Es entstanden zahlreiche Grenzpunkte Richtung Süden und später auch Osten, wo sich ab etwa 600 das awarisch-slawische Reich erstreckte. Zeuge der nun entstandenen Grenzen sind zahlreiche Höhenfestungen, eigens eingesetzte Grenztruppen und Talsperren zur Sicherung des Territoriums und der Bevölkerung. Der geänderte Blick brachte auch einige römische Alpen-Topoi zum Verschwinden, etwa den Topos der lebensfeindlichen Alpen oder von dem Gebirge als Mauern Italiens. Weitere Änderungen betrafen die Übergänge. Aus unterschiedlichsten Gründen entstanden neue Wege und alte verloren an Wichtigkeit. Ein Beispiel ist der Mont Cenis, der vor allem aufgrund der wachsenden Pilgerströme von den britischen Inseln den wichtigen römischen Alpenübergang Montgenèvre ersetzte. In den zentralen Alpen erfreute sich Churrätien, nicht zuletzt durch die stabilen politischen Verhältnisse, einer großen Beliebtheit, während Übergänge östlich davon lediglich als Nebenwege wahrgenommen wurden. Ein großer Bruch für die alpinen Menschen bedeuteten die spätantiken Veränderungen der Siedlungsstrukturen, die in allen Provinzen des ehemaligen römischen Reiches stattfanden und auch in den Alpen beobachtet werden können: die alten römischen Städte verloren ihre Substanz und verschwanden teilweise ganz, währenddessen neue Zentren erschaffen wurden, allen voran die Klöster. Einst weniger wichtige Siedlungen, wie das antike Iuvavum/Salzburg, gewannen massiv an Bedeutung, während andere römische Städte wie Teurnia, Aguntum aber auch Octodurum vergingen. Allerdings blieben die jeweiligen Siedlungskammern stets bedeutend - es ging nur die antike Stadtstruktur unter. Eine große Rolle in der Veränderung dieser Siedlungsmuster spielte die Kirche, da Bischofssitze und Kirchen von bedeutenderen Heiligen einen Anziehungspunkt für die lokale Bevölkerung darstellten. Die großen Umwälzungen der spätantiken Wirtschaft betrafen vor allem den transalpinen Handel, da viele Produkte, wie Olivenöl, hochwertige Keramik, Salz und Getreide kaum mehr über die Alpen gebracht wurden. Die lokale Landwirtschaft hingegen, die nur wenig Überschuss für Grundbesitzer und Reisende produzierte, änderte sich zunächst noch wenig. Die Bewirtschaftung mehrerer Höhenstufen bis hin zu den Almen oberhalb der Baumgrenze wurzelt in römischer und vorrömischer Zeit und blieb auch im frühen Mittelalter bestehen. Eine Spezialisierung betraf nur ganz wenige landwirtschaftliche Produkte, beispielsweise Wein und vielleicht Käse oder Wolle. Die lokalen Herrschaftsstrukturen konnten sich in den West- und Zentralalpen kontinuierlich aus ihren spätantiken Wurzeln weiterentwickeln. Im 8. und beginnenden 9. Jh. sprachen die Menschen aus diesem Teil der Alpen immer noch eine romanische Sprache, waren christlich und lebten in einer stark geschichteten Gesellschaftsstruktur, die sich laut Quellen nach spätantiken Rechtsgewohnheiten richtete. Im Gegensatz dazu erlebten die Bewohner der Ostalpen einen deutlichen Kultursprung, denn hier wechselten die Sprache, Religion und die Machtverhältnisse fast gänzlich. ; This book follows a new path of describing the Alps from the years 500 to 800. Instead of running through this mountain range from east to west (or reverse) and writing one local history after the other, relevant patterns were captured: patterns of control, borders, communication routes, Christendom, settlement, economy, local methods to establish power and traces of local identity. Comparing theses structures on an interregional level made it possible to establish a new view on the early medieval alpine regions. By the year 500 the inhabitants of this central European mountain range were typically roman-provincial. Some regional differences existed, yet the main factors were quite similar: language, laws, religion (Christendom) and social structures. From the 6th c. on this changed. New political developments made a large part of the alpine provinces turn northwards to the Frankish realms. As a consequence borders were created within the Alps. Many hilltop settlements and strongholds in the valleys were built to guarantee the security both of population and borders. Militia was installed to control these boundaries; they were either recruited from the local population or got especially settled for these means. This change of view made some Roman topoi disappear: the Alps were no longer regarded as hostile and as the walls of Italy. The routes through the Alps changed. One reason for this was the growing number of pilgrims from the British Isles made the passage through Maurienne and over the Mont Cenis more important than the ancient route via Montgenèvre. The central Alps in Curia remained a highly important point to cross the mountains, whereas more eastwards the once important crossing points became mere backroads. Farther east the Avarian-Slavic conquest caused the sources to silence, nevertheless the communication routes remained visible through archaeological findings and place names. A big change for the alpine population was the transformations in settlement patterns, first of all the diminishing importance of Roman cities. Some of them disappeared completely, such as Teurnia, Aguntum and Octodurum. Nevertheless, the wider settlement areas around these former towns always remained important. New centres emerged. Some had roman roots, for example Iuvavum/Salzburg, others were new foundations, like the numerous cloisters from the 8th c. The church played a significant role in this transformation, as a bishop's see or the burial church of a saint constituted a point of attraction for the local population. The antique transalpine and alpine networks of trade underwent some transitions. Goods like olive oil, high quality pottery and sea salt were no longer brought over the Alps. The eastern alpine ore deposits were not exploited on a grand scale anymore. New natural resources became important, for example the salt deposits in the northern Alps. There are some traces of exported products. The vineyards of the Southern Alps produced vine for export to the north-alpine regions and the central alpine soapstone production supplied the population of the whole mountain range with high quality cookware. In addition to this, products like cheese, wool, honey and lumber might have been exported. Alpine agriculture did not change much. Farming was based on subsistence and the surplus was sold locally to travellers or given to the owners of the land. The use of alpine pastures roots in pre-roman times and was practised continually, although the intensity of the pastoralism is difficult to estimate. Local power structures emerged out of late antique roots. In the 8th and beginning of the 9th c. the population of these parts of the Alps still spoke a roman language, were Christian and lived in a very differentiated social structure whose legal habits were based on roman law. Contrary to that, the eastern Alps saw a major cultural shift that resulted in the Slavic reign of Carantania.

La profundización de la crisis económica, con sus devastadoras consecuencias sociales, revela también la crisis en la ciencia económica. Es evidente no solo la bancarrota de mainstream neoclásico o del keynesianismo, sino también inéditos desafíos para quienes han continuado practicando, de manera original durante las últimas décadas, la crítica de la economía política capitalista. Es que hoy se manifiesta, como en ningún otro periodo la, no pocas veces incomprendida, relación existente entre la categoría económica y la categoría política. El presente artículo examina la continuidad de la crisis económica iniciada a finales del 2007, que muchos consideraban superada a comienzos del 2011. Expone resumidamente las contradicciones del modo de producción capitalista, que son formalmente más notorias en el mercado financiero, pero que están intrínsecamente relacionadas a la denominada economía real; es decir, al sector productivo manufacturero. Asimismo, destaca una evidente crisis en la ciencia económica, particularmente en sus corrientes de pensamiento que han sido predominantes en las universidades durante los últimos 60 años, desde finales de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la que han dado lugar a sendas protestas en las universidades de Europa y de los Estados Unidos, particularmente en la emblemática Universidad de Harvard. Analizando informes oficiales, datos estadísticos de la economía norteamericana y datos económicos europeos, se comprueba empíricamente, mediante una investigación cuantitativa desarrollada en Suiza, que aplica conceptos de la teoría del caos, un proceso de concentración del capital financiero global; de otro lado, se contrasta tal análisis con un proceso de caída salarial, de incremento de la productividad y de un creciente ejército industrial de reserva que emerge de masivos despidos y de la precariedad laboral mundial. Contradictoriamente surge a la luz de los datos un periodo de masivo incremento del consumo a través del crédito, comprobando la validez académica del término "capital ficticio" desarrollado por Marx en el tomo III de El Capital. Pese a una tasa decreciente de la ganancia se desarrolla, contradictoriamente un proceso de acumulación de capital que retroalimenta un campo especulativo y parasitario. El artículo plantea que las medidas correctivas ensayadas hasta el momento por los países altamente industrializados conducen a una recesión inexorable de largo aliento, considerando, en sus conclusiones, que un nuevo periodo histórico de gran transformación en la conciencia colectiva y en la acción creativa de los trabajadores debe constituirse si la humanidad no quiere reeditar otra barbarie humana como la que puso fin a la crisis económica acontecida en octubre de 1929: la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Finalmente, el análisis de la economía mundial implica interpretar la dinámica de leyes económicas al interior de mercados capitalistas altamente industrializados, así como sus contradictorias interrelaciones; esta dinámica configura un patrón de comportamiento sobre el resto de las economías escasamente industrializadas, como la del Perú. Tal dependencia no es mecánica y, tanto su dinámica interna, puede conducir a un desarrollo del mercado capitalista interno o a establecer una mayor dependencia primario exportadora; como su interrelación con el mercado mundial, que pueden validar el surgimiento de una economía emergente o la triste realidad de una economía semicolonial, estarán determinadas, en última instancia, por el devenir de la presente crisis mundial. ; The deepening economic crisis, with devastating social consequences, also reveals the crisis in economics. Obviously not only the bankruptcy of "mainstream" neoclassical or Keynesian, but also unprecedented challenges for those who have continued to practice, in an original way in recent decades, the critique of capitalist political economy. It appears that today, as in any other period of, not infrequently misunderstood relationship between economic status and political category. This article examines the continuity of the economic crisis that began in late 2007, many considered surpassed in early 2011. Briefly exposes the contradictions of the capitalist mode of production, which are formally more noticeable in the financial market, but they are intrinsically related to the so-called real economy, ie productive manufacturing sector. It also highlights a clear crisis in economics, particularly in their schools of thought that have been prevailing in the universities during the past 60 years, since the end of World War II, which have led to campus protests paths of Europe and the United States, particularly in the iconic Harvard University. Analyzing official reports, statistical data of the U.S. economy and European economic data, it is found empirically through quantitative research developed in Switzerland, which applies concepts of chaos theory, a concentration process of global finance capital, on the other hand, is such analysis contrasts with a process of falling wages, increase in productivity and a growing reserve army emerging from massive layoffs and job insecurity worldwide. In contradiction arises in light of the data a period of massive growth in consumption through credit, checking the academic validity of the term "fictitious capital" developed by Marx in Volume III of Capital. Despite a declining rate of profit is developed, contradictory process of capital accumulation that feeds speculative and parasitic field. The article suggests that corrective measures tested so far by the highly industrialized countries lead to a recession inexorable long-term, considering, in its conclusions, a new historical period of great transformation in the collective consciousness and creative action of workers must become if humanity is not to reissue another human barbarity as ending the economic crisis occurred in October 1929: the World War II. Finally, the analysis of the global economy, involves interpreting the dynamics of economic laws within highly industrialized capitalist markets and their interrelationships contradictory, this dynamic set a pattern for the rest of sparsely industrialized economies, such as Perú . Such dependence is not mechanical, and both its internal dynamics, which may lead to development of internal capitalist market, or to establish a greater reliance on primary exports, as its interface with the world market, which can validate the emergence of an emerging economy or the sad reality of a semi-colonial economy, will depend, ultimately, on the evolution of this global crisis.

Istražujući modnu produkciju Sirogojno stila, pošla sam od pretpostavke da su 'predmeti kao i reči nosioci informacija'. Na osnovu do sada napisanih radova, a najiscrpniji je svakako rad Bojane Bogdanović, i sopstvenog terenskog istraživanja 2010. godine, nastojala sam da utvrdim koliko je ovaj modni stil bio nosilac informacija o kulturnoj sredini koju je reprezentovao. Obuhvatila sam istrazivanje materijala, proizvodnju i prodaju predmeta od vune. U razvoj ovog stila prenet je entuzijazm kreatorke Dobrile Vasiljević-Smiljanić i žena iz zlatiborskog kraja, kao i velika podrška tadašnjih političkih struktura (države), lolalnih vlasti i, preko porodičnih veza, Dobrile Vasiljević-Smiljanić i crkve. Njene kreacije su poznate po adaptaciji tradicionalnih lokalnih ornamenata. Stvoren je prepoznatljiv stil proizvoda od vune. Na tom 'putu vune' od lokalnih sirovina do islandskih, od unikatnih motiva do prodaje na otvorenom, od prodaje u zemlji i inostranstvu do muzealizovane prodaje u prvoj deceniji dvadeset prvog veka, prošlo je više od pedeset godina. Proizvodi iz Sirogojna bili su prepoznatljivi i u zemlji i u svetu. Svi negativni procesi koji su pratili devedesete godine XX veka uticali su na smanjenje obima proizvodnje i distribuciju proizvoda domaće radinosti iz Sirogojna. U kasnim devedesetim proizvodnja je prešla u ruke vlasnika iz lokalne sredine koji nije mnogo zainteresovan za nju. Ta proizvodnja i prodaja je u prvoj deceniji dvadeset prvog veka muzealizovana. Dobrila Vasiljević- Smiljanić mi je 2010. g rekla 'da bi sada sve trebalo početi od nule, od novih motiva do marketinga'. Čini se da i danas nedostaje njen veliki entuzijazam. Vlasnici nove firme kažu 'da su sela pusta i da nema dovoljno pletilja'. S druge strane, postoji prodaja na otvorenom, dobro postavljena i vidljiva onome ko dolazi u Sirogojno. Na tom prostoru, u tipskim kućicama žene pletu i prodaju predmete od vune sa motivima koje je nekada kreirala Dobrila Vasiljević-Smiljanić. Pletu ih žene koje su nekada radile u tom pogonu, a i one izvan njega. Većina ovih žena na taj način izdržava svoju porodicu, budući da je i u ovom kraju jedan broj muškaraca ostao bez posla. Sve ispitanice koje rade na otvorenom navode da su nezadovoljne svojim statusom. Prostor gde rade i prodaju registrovan je kao zanatska radnja, a njihova delatnost kao zanat, ali ih u privrednom registru vode kao preduzetnike, a ne kao zanatlije, što utiče na visinu poreza. Nezadovoljne su jer mesto gde rade drugi nazivaju 'buvljak'. Moje ispitanice nisu imale nikakav odnos prema činjenici da se na tom mestu kopira motiv čiji je idejni tvorac kreatorka Dobrila Vasiljević-Smiljanić. U završnom delu rada iznosim svoje viđenje tekstilne radinosti u Sirogojnu. Ističem da je Dobrila Vasiljević-Smiljanić imala aktivnu ulogu u fromiranju ideje da se otvori Muzej 'Staro selo'. Šteta je što je propala njena početna ideja da se u tom atraktivnom ambijentu predstavi tradicionalni postupak izrade predmeta od vune. Ti programi danas u manjem obimu postoje u Muzeju. Istraživanje tokom 2010. godine je pokazalo da se originalna proizvodnja 'Sirogojno stila' smanjuje i muzealizuje. Muzej 'Staro selo' bi mogao da objedini resurse, bude centar tekstilne zanatske delatnosti i tako zaštiti, razvije i unapredi tekstilnu baštinu Sirogojna. ; The basic premise of my research regarding the fashion production of Sirogojno style was that 'objects are, like words, carriers of information'. Based on research published so far - a paper by Bojana Bogdanovic being the most detailed - and my own fieldwork conducted in 2010, I have attempted to ascertain the extent to which this particular style of fashion carried information about the cultural environment which it represented. The research encompasses the study of the materials being used, the production and the sale of products made of wool. The development of this particular style was influenced by the enthusiasm of designer Dobrila Vasiljevic-Smiljanic and the women of the mt. Zlatibor region, as well as the support provided by the political structure of the period, the local government, and through Dobrila Vasiljevic-Smiljanic's family ties - the church. Her creations are famous for incorporating adapted local ornaments. A distinct and recognizable style of woolen products was created. This 'Wool Road' - from using local raw materials to materials imported from Iceland, from creating unique motifs to sale in the open, from national and international sales to musealized sales in the first decade of the 21st century - has lasted for over fifty years. Products from Sirogojno were renowned both in the country and abroad. All the negative processes which happened during the nineties influenced the decline of production and distribution of hand-crafted products from Sirogojno. In the late 1990's, the production was acquired by a local owner who didn't show much interest in it. This production has been musealized in the first decade of the 21st century. Dobrila Vasiljevic-Smiljanic told me in 2010 that 'everything should be started from scratch now, from new motifs to new marketing'. The new owners of the firm say that 'the villages are deserted and there aren't enough weavers'. On the other hand, there is sale in the open, well set up and visible to visitors of Sirogojno. In this space, in typical small houses, women weave and sell woolen garments adorned with motifs which were once created by Dobrila Vasiljevic-Smiljanic. Most of these women feed their families this way, because a number of men were left without jobs in this region. All of my informants who work in the open state that they aren't satisfied with their status. And none of them had any specific relation toward the fact that they were copying motifs created by Dobrila Vasiljevic-Smiljanic. In the final part of the paper I will offer my own understanding of the textile craft in Sirogojno. I emphasize that Dobrila Vasiljevic-Smiljanic had an active role in the shaping of the idea to found the Staro Selo Museum. It is a pity that her initial idea to represent the traditional way of producing woolen garments in this attractive setting fell through. Research conducted in 2010 has shown that the original production of 'Sirogojno style' is shrinking and being musealized. The Staro Selo Museum could pool the resources, become a center for craftsmanship and thus protect, develop and promote the textile heritage of Sirogojno.

Les changements climatiques sont à présent une certitude au niveau mondial. Le 4 ème rapport du GIEC, publié en 2007, met en évidence l'origine et les responsabilités humaines liées à ce phénomène. Toutes les parties du globe sont susceptibles d'être affectées. Il n'y a pas un domaine ni un secteur d'activité qui n'en ressentira pas les effets d'où le besoin d'une nécessaire adaptation. Dès 2006, la Commission Européenne s'est engagée vers la problématique de l'adaptation au changement climatique. Tout d'abord au travers d'une consultation autour du livre vert « Adaptation au changement climatique en Europe : les possibilités d'action de l'Union Européenne » puis à l'aide d'un livre blanc « Adaptation au changement climatique: vers un cadre d'action européen ». Si la Commission Européenne y étudie la possibilité de rendre obligatoire les stratégies d'adaptation, plusieurs pays européens ont déjà réalisé la leur : la Finlande, le Royaume-Uni, la France… La Belgique via la Commission Nationale Climat a adopté sa « Stratégie Nationale Climat» fin 2010 avec l'objectif de pouvoir proposer un plan d'action opérationnel pour 2012. Ce plan d'action résultera de la fusion des plans d'actions des trois régions et du fédéral : la région flamande a réalisé une étude pour initier le processus de développement de son plan d'adaptation en 2010, la région Wallonne a emboité le pas par la présente étude et la région de Bruxelles Capitale ainsi que le Fédéral ont l'intention de suivre la même démarche en 2011. Cette étude a conduit à dresser un bilan exhaustif – caractérisation, vulnérabilités actuelles, vulnérabilités futures – de la région Wallonne suivant sept thématiques : l'agriculture, l'eau, les infrastructures/l'aménagement du territoire, la santé, l'énergie, la biodiversité et la forêt. Une consultation élargie d'experts de la région Wallonne a permis de dégager les principales mesures à mettre en œuvre afin d'adapter la région Wallonne au changement climatique. Le chapitre 1 « L'adaptation au changement climatique dans les régions européennes » dresse un état des lieux des stratégies d'adaptation aux changements climatiques mises en œuvre en Europe en vue d'en tirer des enseignements pour cette étude. Le chapitre 2 « Les avenirs climatiques de la région Wallonne » rend compte des projections climatiques spécifiquement mises en œuvre dans le cadre de cette étude et qui ont servi de support à la détermination des vulnérabilités futures de la région Wallonne. Le chapitre 3 « La vulnérabilité de la Wallonie aux changements climatiques » explore suivant sept thèmes – l'agriculture, l'eau, les infrastructures/l'aménagement du territoire, la santé, l'énergie, la biodiversité et la forêt – la région Wallonne dans le but de décrire ses vulnérabilités actuelles et futures mais aussi en mettant en avant une hiérarchisation temporelle et sectorielle des impacts. Le chapitre 4 « L'adaptation de la région Wallonne aux changements climatiques » définit les principes directeurs suivis pour les choix d'adaptation au changement climatique ainsi que les orientations proposées par thématiques. Le chapitre 5 « Vers un plan d'actions » présente les mesures par thématique avec les premiers éléments d'un dispositif de suivi évaluation. Enfin, les annexes rassemblent, d'une part, des documents opérationnels – les fiches thématiques complètes, le plan d'actions, la note d'orientation stratégique et l'analyse transversale – et des documents supports – cartes et base de données de projections climatiques, benchmark. ; Climate change is now globally accepted. The 4th IPCC report, published in 2007, clearly indicates that this phenomenon is mostly the result of human activity. All parts of the globe are potentially at risk. There are no activity sectors that will be left untouched. Adaptation is therefore necessary. Since 2006, the European Commission has been looking at the climate change adaptation issue. It first held a consultation on the European Commission Green Paper "adapting to climate change in Europe - options for EU action". This led to the publication of the White Paper « Adapting to climate change: towards a European framework for action ». In this document, the EC puts forward the idea of a compulsory Adaptation Strategy at Member State level. Several EU countries have already done so: Finland, United Kingdom and France. Belgium, through the National Climate Commission, adopted its « National Climate Strategy » in late 2010. The objective is to recommend an operational action plan by 2012. This action plan will be the result of a merger between the action plans of the three regions and the federal governments. The Flemish region launched a study to start the development process of their action plan in 2010; the Walloon region has followed with this study and the Brussels region and the Federal should launch their studies during this year (2011). This study enabled to draw a complete review – characteristics, current vulnerabilities, future vulnerabilities - of the Walloon region on seven topics: Agriculture, water, infrastructure/ spatial planning, health, energy, biodiversity and forests. An enlarged experts' consultation identified key measures to implement in order for Wallonia to adapt to climate change. Chapter 1, « climate change adaptation in European regions », is a stock-taking exercise of adaptation strategies found in Europe in order to draw relevant lessons for this study. Chapter 2: « the climate futures of Wallonia", is an analysis of the climate projection specifically carried out for this study. Those projections were used to identify Wallonia's vulnerabilities. Chapter 3 « Wallonia's vulnerabilities to Climate change" explores the seven themes Agriculture, water, infrastructure/ spatial planning, health, energy, biodiversity and forests to describe the current and future risks and to put forward a time-dependent and sectoral hierarchy of impacts. Chapter 4 « Wallonia's adaptation to climate change » states the core principles used to define the adaptation choices as well as the proposed guidelines for each theme. Chapter 5 « towards an action plan » presents the adaptation measures by theme along with the first elements of an evaluation procedure. Finally, the appendices contain the operational documents: the full thematic sheets, the action plan, the strategic guideline paper and the transversal analysis and the supporting documents: maps, climate projections database and the benchmarks.

[spa] Investigación histórica y etnográfica en el espacio simbólico y ceremonial más emblemático de la ciudad de Lisboa: O Rossio. Tratamos de agotar sus elementos físicos, relacionales y simbólicos, siguiendo varias escalas de análisis, en una interpretación general de la sociedad lisboeta. 1-("Presentación del Objeto de Estudio"): se introducen las fuentes teóricas generales que atraviesan el texto, centradas en la antropología urbana y en la problemática del espacio en tanto que producción social. Asimismo, desarrollamos una breve historia de la Praça do Rossio para proporcionar la medida de su importancia y las funciones que desempeña en el marco de la ciudad. 2-("Culturas de la Miseria, Miserias de la Cultura"): Empezamos con un primer ensayo etnográfico sobre las técnicas interactivas y las dramaturgias de la pobreza en Rossio. A modo de estudio comparativo, sigue una crítica a las políticas de governabilidad urbana en Barcelona, especialmente beligerantes ante la visibilidad de la miseria. Cerramos el bloque repasando las controversias relativas a la construcción identitaria portuguesa y su "excesso de diagnóstico", donde creemos localizar el núcleo discursivo de una cierta familiaridad con la subjetivación de la pobreza. 3-("Los Espacios y sus hombres"): Un pequeño capítulo sobre las metodologías y los protocolos etnográficos utilizados, da paso al análisis socioespacial "delimitado" de la Praça do Rossio. Se emprende aquí una revisión espacial de las 12 áreas en que dividimos la plaza, con el fin de conocer sus atributos en profundidad, descubriendo las relaciones que se establecen con su entorno constituyente -visible e invisible-, y dando lugar a las primeras reflexiones sobre el papel de Rossio en tanto que dispositivo sociourbano modular. Los mapas y diagramas ayudan a la comprensión microsocial de las trayectorias, las apropiaciones y las logicas socioespaciales que tienen lugar en la plaza. Profusamente conocido ya el espacio y sus derivaciones, en los bloques cuarto y quinto se tratan las profundas relaciones de la plaza con la evolución de la ciudad, tomando el terremoto de 1755 como acontecimiento sociourbanístico central. 4-("La fisura pombalina I: la imaginación patrimonial"): Presentamos una breve etnografía del comercio informal en Rossio, descubriendo su estrecha vinculación con procesos de patrimonialización contemporáneos, especialmente la folclorización de Alfama y el proceso político de control sobre las festas de Lisboa. En él descubrimos que los erasmus de Alfama reproducen el imaginario pintoresquista de los estudios olisipográficos, en procesos que se operan a través de la sublimación del comercio informal. Las variaciones históricas en la adscripción topológica de las prácticas de mercadeo, así como las particularidades de su versión patrimonial reificada, nos conducen a la cuestión del terremoto, cuando en la Rossio del comercio informal tenga lugar la reconfiguración forzada de la ciudad entera. 5-("La fisura pombalina II: la deriva urbana"): Nos centramos en las funciones morfológicas y simbólicas de Rossio en tanto que pieza articuladora del urbanismo lisboeta en general: siguiendo la pista anterior, ahondamos en el significado último de la intervención del Marqués después del seísmo de 1755. Un estudio de caso sobre la apropiación lusoafricana en una esquina de Rossio, nos permite profundizar en las consecuencias sociomorfológicas del terremoto: la "fisura pombalina" conduce, mediante dos "movimientos" simultáneos, a la bipolarización urbanística actual. Finalmente, analizaremos varios procesos recientes de capitalización en el centro de la ciudad, reconociendo asimismo el papel de diferentes actores sociales en la intervención urbana. ¿Sigue la Praça do Rossio conservando aquella inercia que la caracteriza más allá de "brechas" y "fisuras"?, ¿cuál es su papel en la articulación sociourbana de la ciudad?, ¿sigue siendo O Rossio un rossio, es decir, un espacio de apropiación colectiva marcado por la confluencia de las energías societarias? ; [eng] The present historical and ethnographic research is focused on the most emblematic space in Lisbon's downtown, Praça do Rossio. The comprehension of its historical function and cultural significance is explored by the following arguments and study cases: 1- The state of art on urban anthropology and an introduction to the social and political history of this emplacement. 2- An essay about beggar's performance and poverty visibility on Lisbon's streets, regarded as a discursive effect based on Portuguese identity construction, in contrast to Barcelona's anti-poor governance strategies. 3- An in-depth description of every single material element and detail from square's morphological composition, that lead us to consider Rossio both as a relationship playground and as historical emplacement. Besides, this chapter includes maps and diagrams showing the complexity of appropriations and circulations, as well as ethnographic insights and cultural issues. With all morphological details displayed, and with a large cultural square's acknowledgment, chapters 4 and 5 introduce the core of interpretation, allowing us to comprehend the urban and social function of Rossio through the most critical urban event in Lisbon's history: The 1755 earthquake. First, in chapter 4, informal economy and its liturgical dramatizations on Santos Populares city feasts -stated by olisipography's nineteenth-century discourses- are analyzed as an heritagization process. Rossio was the heart of the historical street-vendor practices, symbolized in current hegemonic city representations. Secondly, in chapter 5 the daily Portuguese-Africans meetings on Rossio Largo's corner are analyzed and considered as a symbol of the preservation of square's communicative and political functions. Summarizing the urban history of the city -and the social characterization, problems and representations of different neighborhoods-, Rossio is found to be the center of the politico-cultural and socio-morphological phenomena which is called "pombaline's fissure": the symbolic and material displacement caused by 1755 urban disaster and its later reconstruction, that reorganizes the axis between the bourgeois and the popular city. The theoretical and methodological approach of urban and social anthropology, as well as all this data collection, allow us to argue that Rossio performs a function as an urban hinge, articulating the city's sociospatial bipolarization and its symbolic representations.