Suchergebnisse

The debate between neorealism & neoinstitutionalism rests -- beyond all differences -- on common assumptions about the nature of the international system & actors behavior. The conception of states as rational & self-interested actors has proved fairly stable vis-a-vis its sociological critique. In this context, the author wants to show that the utilitarian approach can be reformulated more realistically. Rational-choice approaches are able to accommodate their critics without giving up the core concept of a decision-based theory. Following the widely accepted assumption of bounded rationality & the adoption of theorems that are developed within the context of psychological economics, a modified rational-choice concept makes a noneclectical integration of structural & functional approaches possible. Considering the concept of quasi-rationality, the article concludes with a discussion of the role & function of institutions for international cooperation. Adapted from the source document.

Discusses definition of international distributive justice, focusing on fair and equitable sharing, benefits, decision-making authority, and international relations.

The impact of (international) armed conflict on international economic law has become a subject of renewed interest since, in particular, the Iran--Iraq War of 1980--1988 and, to a lesser extent, the Falkland/Malvinas War of 1982. The military operations against Iraq during the 1990--1991 Kuwait crisis, and, more recently, the events in the former Yugoslavia have added a new dimension to this part of international law. The subject of this book is the reciprocal effect of armed conflict and international economic relations. The rules on visit, search, diversion and capture, instruments such as blockade or the rules on termination or suspension of trade agreements and the law of neutrality provide classic examples. `Traditional' and `classic' do not necessarily mean that these long-standing rules are now invalid. One of the purposes of this book is to examine the state of important rules of international prize law and of fundamental principles of the law of neutrality. The essays collected here contribute to a few important capita of international economic law

The international contract is of interest to all states because of its value. It represents a way in which international exchanges can be realized, its role in international economic relations giving the parties the opportunity to use the advantages of arbitration and autonomy of will. The main legal instrument used to promote international relations is the contract. Compared to other fields, the legal relationships resulting from contracts are numerous and frequent. International trade contracts are distinguished by certain particularities, because according to their nature, they constitute a form of contracts regarding commercial activity. However, international trade contracts, compared to domestic contracts, do not remain subject to national law and differ from them by the existence of specific elements of internationality. An important moment in the existence of a contract is that of formation. All aspects related to the formation of contractual relations are influenced by the exact knowledge and correct application of the practice of concluding the contract. International trade contracts differ from commercial contracts concluded between participants in domestic trade by means of the extraneous element it contains, an element that, together with the commerciality element, delimits the international trade contract from the other contracts that are regulated by the rules of general law. From the category of contracts that are part of the field of international trade law, the franchise contract has had a rapid evolution, having the ability to adapt and introduce new services, products and techniques to the market, the extent of which has taken over time having practically no tendency to decrease nowadays, more and more merchants end up concluding such contracts. Thus, the franchise contract is both a relatively safe and cheap method of obtaining profit, as well as the most agreeable tool of globalization, attributed to the current consumer society.

Aus dem verstärkten Interesse vor allem der Wachstums- und Entwicklungstheorie an langfristigen Prozessen erhebt der Autor lange Realeinkommensreihen. Ohne diese Informationen sind wachstumstheoretische Annahmen nicht überprüfbar. Hinsichtlich eines Index der Reallöhne in Deutschland, der weit in die Zeit vor 1870 zurückreicht, liegen bislang nur die Ergebnisse der umfangreichen Untersuchungen von Jürgen Kuczynski vor (vgl. Kyczynski, J.: Die Geschichte der Lage der Arbeiter unter dem Kapitalismus, Teil I: Die Geschichte der Arbeiter in Deutschland von 1789 bis zur Gegenwart, Band 1 bis Band 4. Berlin 1961, 1962, 1962, 1967). Eine kritische Überprüfung der zugrunde liegenden Reihen der Nominallöhne und Lebenshaltungskosten sieht der Autor als Anlass für eine unabhängige Neuberechnung.
Das Einkommen wird als Summe aus Stunden-, Tage-, Wochen- und/oder Monatslöhne innerhalb eines Jahres verstanden. Das Nominaleinkommen wird absolut in Mark erfasst, ein Index des Nominaleinkommens wird auf der Basis von 1913 berechnet. Darüber hinaus wird für den Zeitraum von 1810-1914 der Index für die Lebenshaltungskosten erfasst sowie ein Index des Realeinkommens auf der Basis von 1913 berechnet.

Variablen:
- Nominaleinkommen absolut in Mark (Gömmel,(1979))
- Nominaleinkommen Index (1913 = 100)(Gömmel,(1979))
- Lebenshaltungskosten Index (1913 = 100)(Gömmel,(1979))
- Realeinkommen Index (1913 = 100)(Berechnung von Gömmel,(1979))
- Realeinkommen Index nach Kuczynski (1913 = 100)
- Nominaleinkommen Index nach Kuczynski (1913=100)
- Reallohn Index nach Grumbach/König (1913 = 100)
- Nominallohn Index nach Grumbach/König (1913 = 100)
- Reallöhne Orsagh-Index (1913 = 100)

Tabelle in der ZA-Datenbank HISTAT:
- Einkommen und Lebenshaltungskosten in Deutschland

One of the current controversies within international relations deals with the "stability" of bipolar as opposed to multipolar stratifications of world power. Morton Kaplan, in codifying the views of classical balance of power theorists, advances the view that multipolar systems are more stable than bipolar systems. Kenneth Waltz, sagely pointing to the relatively peaceful international arena since World War II, argues that a bipolar distribution of power can guarantee world stability. Many a priori arguments have been presented to buttress the Kaplan and Waltz hypotheses. In one of the most elaborate such formulations, the "interaction opportunity" hypothesis of Karl Deutsch and J. David Singer, the presence of stabilizing crosscutting alliances is postulated to be most likely within multipolar systems, which in turn are a function of the number of major powers and members of a system. In an attempt to bring the two opposing strands of theory into a larger framework, Richard Rosecrance more recently has suggested that bipolarity and multipolarity may each have their peculiar costs and benefits. Bipolarity, according to Rosecrance, is distinguished by (1) an absence of "peripheries," such as areas for colonial expansion or neutral powers to woo; (2) all international behavior is highly politicized; (3) there are many crises; (4) changes in power confrontations are either significant or trivial, with no intervening shades of gray; (5) each pole is dominated by major powers highly motivated to expand their domains, willing even to incur brinksmanlike situations and hostility spirals; (6) no detente is possible. Multipolarity, on the other hand, is hypothesized to have (1) more interaction opportunities and thus less preoccupation (or obsession) with any one set of states; (2) fewer arms races; (3) more international conflicts; (4) the outcomes of international conflicts are harder to predict in advance; (5) changes in power confrontations have ambiguous consequences for the overall distribution of power. Rosecrance, therefore, urges a "bi-multipolar" arrangement that would combine the best features of both alternatives. The empirical questions and intriguing hypotheses so eloquently raised by Kaplan, Waltz, Deutsch, Singer, and Rosecrance have remained largely unexamined, however.