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Cities are the response to social, political or technological transformations. They reflect our aspirations and respond to the challenges of the era. We are becoming a nation of 'cities and towns'. In India the population ratio between the rural and urban is changing fast. Today 17 of our population is of slum dwellers. Agriculture has become more efficient as also its machinery, and needs far fewer people. Unemployment and even underemployment have become a worrisome phenomenon in Indian villages The attraction of cities with its thousand lights has become irresistible. Can our cities absorb this exodus In India the whole exodus has been accommodated in the existing structures. This has led to the creation of slums in India. Even basic needs such as accommodation, energy, water, and sanitation are in short supply. Are these remediable Can we clean up our cities or build new ones If we go in for building new cities, can we integrate such initiatives with the answers that new technologies provide . Slums are an unhappy reality for our country and many others across the world. In India the total number of slum dwellers is about 65 million! Slums are a major urban drawback and a huge hurdle in the country's development at the same time people living there are a part of our working system!! We need to think whether the broad term SMART CITIES is good enough for India or we could have smart cities, smart slums and smart rural sector because the financial hurdles will always keep them on different racks of the ladder. We believe that Smart cities should focus on developing smart techniques of social awareness for the slum dwellers so that they can consciously work for a better living rather than be happy in the dump. S.S. Sisodia | Kamalkant "Remedial Measures to Improve the Living Conditions of Slump Dwellers as a Step in the Journey towards a Smart City : An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: ...

This book discusses the potential of travel behaviour modification (TBM) as a persuasive tool to promote low-carbon mobility among adolescents on Penang Island by highlighting the role of bus usage in a sustainable urban lifestyle. The participants of the Reduce Carbon Footprint Campaign, which aimed to create sustainable transport and pro-environmental awareness among adolescents, were recruited from secondary schools on Penang Island. Campaign materials, such as bus routes maps and discount travel cards for students, were provided by Rapid Penang, the leading bus operator in Penang. The campaign also involved several intervention programmes, including motivational sessions and classes for travel journey planning.

Cleverdon, Robert G.: Tourism development in the SADC region. The opportunities and challenges. - S. 7-28. Kirsten, Marie ; Rogerson, Christian M.: Tourism, business linkages and small enterprise development in South Africa. - S. 29-59. Ashley, Caroline ; Roe, Dilys: Making tourism work for the poor. Strategies and challenges in southern Africa. - S. 61-82. Mahony, Karin ; Zyl, Jurgens van: The impacts of tourism investment on rural communities. Three case studies in South Africa. - S. 83-103. Suich, Helen: Development of preliminary tourism satellite accounts for Namibia. - S. 105-121. Satellite and resource accounting as tools for tourism planning in southern Africa. / Daneswar Poonyth... - S. 123-141. Rogerson, Christian M.: Tourism and local economic development. The case of the Highlands Meander. - S. 143-167. Rogerson, Christian M.: Urban tourism in the developing world. The case of Johannesburg. - S. 169-190. Bourgouin, France: Information communication technologies and the potential for rural tourism SMME development. The case of the Wild Coast. - S. 191-212

At the beginning of 2020, 66 long-term refugee camps existed along the East African Rift. Millions of young children have been born at the camps and have grown up there, yet it is unknown how their surrounding built environments affect their learning and development. Architecture as a Way of Seeing and Learning presents an architect's take on questions many academics and humanitarians ask. Is it relevant to look at camps through an urban lens and focus on their built environment? Which analytical benefits can architectural and design tools provide to refugee assistance and specifically to young children's learning? And which advantages can assemblage thinking and situated knowledges bring about in analysing, understanding and transforming long-term refugee camps? Responding to the extreme lack of information about East African camps, Nerea Amorós Elorduy has built contextualised knowledge – nuanced, situated and participatory – to describe, study and transform the East African long-term camps, and uncover hidden agencies in refugee assistance. She uses architecture as a means to create new knowledge collectively, include more local voices and speculate on how to improve the educational landscape for young children. With this book, Amorós Elorduy brings nuance, contextualisation and empathy to the study and management of long-term refugee camps in East Africa. It is empathy, she argues, that will help change mindsets, decolonise humanitarian refugee assistance and its study. Crossing architecture, humanitarian aid and early career development, this book offers many practical learnings.

While the city has been central to the Indian novel in English since the 1980s, the profusion of urban novels, essays and literary reportages published since the 2000s has triggered a formal and thematic renewal of the literary discourse on the Indian city. At the crossroads of literature and urban studies, this thesis locates this literary phenomenon in the context of India's embrace of global capitalism in the 1990s, which has resulted in the accelerated expansion and transformation of Indian cities, inspired by the model of the global city. Based on a corpus of fictional and non-fictional texts on Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata, I study the development of a critical urban imaginary which expresses the contradictory experience of this urban metamorphosis through the interplay between two major aesthetic modes, and challenges both orientalists and nationalist discourses on the Indian city. These texts oscillate between an epic mode, which defamiliarize urban modernisation and amplifies the collision between antagonistic global social forces in the city, and an ordinary mode, which explores this historical process at the scale of the locality through the lens of everyday life, obliquely shedding light on structural violence but also on tactics devised by urban outcasts to reclaim urban space. These two modes are considered as the two faces of a political literary approach of the city, which rests on the strong historical consciousness of the writers. Their works unveil the multiple layers of a fragmented urban history which contemporary urban planning endeavours to erase. ; Si la ville a une place importante dans le roman indien de langue anglaise depuis les années 1980, la profusion de romans, essais et reportages littéraires urbains publiés depuis les années 2000 a engendré un renouvellement des formes et des motifs du discours littéraire sur la ville indienne. Au croisement de la littérature et des études urbaines, cette thèse situe ce phénomène littéraire dans le contexte de l'ouverture de l'Inde au capitalisme ...

While the city has been central to the Indian novel in English since the 1980s, the profusion of urban novels, essays and literary reportages published since the 2000s has triggered a formal and thematic renewal of the literary discourse on the Indian city. At the crossroads of literature and urban studies, this thesis locates this literary phenomenon in the context of India's embrace of global capitalism in the 1990s, which has resulted in the accelerated expansion and transformation of Indian cities, inspired by the model of the global city. Based on a corpus of fictional and non-fictional texts on Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata, I study the development of a critical urban imaginary which expresses the contradictory experience of this urban metamorphosis through the interplay between two major aesthetic modes, and challenges both orientalists and nationalist discourses on the Indian city. These texts oscillate between an epic mode, which defamiliarize urban modernisation and amplifies the collision between antagonistic global social forces in the city, and an ordinary mode, which explores this historical process at the scale of the locality through the lens of everyday life, obliquely shedding light on structural violence but also on tactics devised by urban outcasts to reclaim urban space. These two modes are considered as the two faces of a political literary approach of the city, which rests on the strong historical consciousness of the writers. Their works unveil the multiple layers of a fragmented urban history which contemporary urban planning endeavours to erase. ; Si la ville a une place importante dans le roman indien de langue anglaise depuis les années 1980, la profusion de romans, essais et reportages littéraires urbains publiés depuis les années 2000 a engendré un renouvellement des formes et des motifs du discours littéraire sur la ville indienne. Au croisement de la littérature et des études urbaines, cette thèse situe ce phénomène littéraire dans le contexte de l'ouverture de l'Inde au capitalisme ...

Paralleling the increasing disparities in income and wealth worldwide since the 1980s, cities in developing countries have witnessed the emergence of a growing divergence of lifestyles, particularly within the middle classes, reinforced by the widening gap between the quality of public and private educational and health care institutions, spatial segregation, gated communities, and exclusive semiprivate amenities. This erosion of social cohesion and citizenship in urban society has sharpened the growing perception and reality of exclusion. This book is arranged as follows: (i) chapter one discusses on the growing importance of inclusion in urban areas; (ii) chapter two describes trends affecting social inclusion in urban areas; (iii) chapter three focuses on infrastructure and public services: a powerful tool to promote social inclusion; (iv) chapter four explains restoring the social function of public space; (v) chapter five deals with access to land: a critical factor at the core of inclusion and exclusion; (vi) chapter six describes the erosion of inclusive options for affordable housing; (vii) chapter seven talks about generating revenues to finance urban improvements: land-based financing; (viii) chapter eight focuses on the right to the city; (ix) chapter nine describes Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO) and Community-Based Organizations (CBO) as strategic partners in driving the implementation of inclusionary programs; and (x) chapter ten has concluding remarks.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is considered by researchers as a critical
factor for economic growth and development since they have shown a positive relationship
between FDI and economic growth. The recent economic crisis in the European Union
(EU) has brought up again the discussion of the key drivers specific to the attraction of FDI.
In addition to strict economic factors the literature emphasizes the role of institutions in a
country as determinants in attracting FDI inflows. An analysis of the role that the quality of
institutions in attracting FDI has in Greece is attempted using an econometric model on
institutional, regulatory, country specific and firm level data. For the purpose of giving a
regional dimension in the analysis, and for attempting a comparison of the findings, the
analysis focuses besides Greece, in two other Southeastern European countries (SEE),
Bulgaria and Romania, being two new member states of the EU.

This report provides insights about the nature and depth of cooperation between the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and civil society organizations (CSOs) in 2018 and features success stories from throughout Asia and the Pacific. It also summarizes the role of CSOs in ADB's policy review processes, particularly in the preparation of Strategy 2030. During the year, CSOs participated in 98% of 131 projects approved in ADB sovereign operations.

The Mediterranean coastline is a tremendously attractive area, especially in Spain. On the one hand, this attraction was reflected by the development of mass tourism, and, on the other hand, by growing phenomena such as land speculation. It has thus revealed to what extent political, economic and social spheres interact with each other within a city, in a sometimes harmonious, sometimes conflictual way. Barcelona and Valencia share numerous common characteristics – both are port cities and the capitals of autonomous communities. Some of their districts give a better insight into the continuities and discontinuities that exist in the planning and perception of the Spanish and Mediterranean spaces. In these two areas, the tensions and conflicts – fueled by re-arrangement projects – also reveal the connections that tie inhabitants to their neighborhood, the way people perceive their living areas, the tensions that divide communities up, and the disagreements with authorities. The Mediterranean urban space revolves around weak balances that Cabanyal and Barceloneta epitomize. In 1960, toward the end of the Franco dictatorship, vast re-arrangement works on the coastline of the two considered urban areas were initiated, triggering a mass mobilization of collective forces. They were replaced by other larger focusing on national issues related to the crisis that Spain has been undergoing since 2008. In this way, the four considered decades enable a better understanding of the mechanisms, practices, and phenomena that drove the social movements caused by the transformation of the metropolitan space, at a time when Spain also experienced deep political, social and economic upheavals. ; Le littoral méditerranéen, notamment en Espagne, exerce un attrait considérable qui s'est traduit, d'une part, par le développement du tourisme de masse et d'autre part, par l'accentuation de phénomènes tels que la spéculation foncière, montrant ainsi dans quelle mesure la ville est un espace où s'imbriquent de façon tantôt harmonieuse, ...

AbstractThe present study assesses the impact of the Covid‐19 pandemic‐induced income shocks on dietary diversity in India using eight waves of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy–Consumer Pyramids Household Surveys data over the period January 2019 to August 2021. Using a two‐stage least squares panel regression model and a specification akin to difference‐in‐differences technique, our results suggest that an income shock of any magnitude reduced the dietary diversity of households across India, though the impact has been more severe in the rural areas compared to urban and during the first year of the pandemic compared to the second. The mediating role of household socio‐economic characteristics, pandemic indicators and food prices is also examined.