Suchergebnisse

На современном этапе реформирования структуры МВД России с большей остротой встает проблема укрепления их качественных параметров, как боевой техники, вооружения, так и личного состава. К числу наиболее важных проблем относится достижение позитивного влияния социально-психологических факторов, определяющих боевое взаимодействие в воинских коллективах, на результаты их учебной и служебно-боевой деятельности. Рассматривая характер и условия учебно-боевой деятельности отрядов специального назначения ЦСН ГУ МВД Российской Федерации, можно сказать, что их высокая боеспособность и жизнеспособность напрямую зависят от боевой сплоченности и крепкой физической закалки личного состава. Данное положение отражено в Указе Президента РФ № 1468 от 2009 г. «О мерах по совершенствованию деятельности органов внутренних дел Российской Федерации». На сегодняшний день специальные отряды быстрого реагирования МВД России (СОБР) являются реально воюющими отрядами и имеют богатые традиции, примеры героизма и патриотизма военнослужащих. ; At the present stage of reforming of structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia with bigger sharpness arises a problem of strengthening of their qualitative parameters, as military equipment, arms, and staff. Achievement of positive influence of the social and psychological factors defining fighting interaction in military collectives belongs to number of the most important problems, on results of their educational and office and fighting activity. Considering character and conditions of educational and fighting activity of groups of a special purpose of Center of a special purpose of rapid reaction forces of General Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, it is possible to tell that their high fighting capacity and viability directly depend on fighting unity and strong physical training of staff. This situation is reflected in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1468 of 2009. "About measures for improvement of activity of law-enforcement bodies of the Russian Federation". Today special groups of fast reaction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia are really the war groups and have rich traditions, examples of heroism and patriotism of the military personnel.

Rodrigo Facio fue la figura estelar y el principal ideólogo de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente de 1949. El Estado democrático y social derecho concebido en la Constitución que nos rige, es producto, principalmente de sus ideas políticas y luchas en la Constituyente. Se dice con énfasis, hoy, cuando la moda de nuestros líderes políticos es renegar de la ideología y decir que se es de centro, a pesar de que eso conduzca, nada más, que al estancamiento político, económico y social del país.El pensamiento de Rodrigo Facio se reviste de una particular actualidad en momentos cuando la democracia costarricense, como diría O' Donnell, no tiene un buen desempeño.La opinión generalizada es que los últimos gobiernos, dominados por el personalismo y el egocentrismo, han perdido el rumbo; no se están solucionado cuestiones básicas del desarrollo, como la pobreza y la desigualdad social; tampoco ha encarado, con valentía e ingenio, el problema relacionado con la inseguridad ciudadana, producto tanto de la criminalidad común como del lavado de dólares, el narcotráfico y el sicariato. ; Rodrigo Facio was the star figure and the main ideologist of the National Constituent Assembly of 1949. The Democratic state and the law social conceived in the Constitution that governs us is the result, primarily, of his political ideas and struggles in the Constituent Assembly. I say with emphasis, today, when the fashion of our political leaders is to renege about the ideology and say that is of center, although it leads, nothing more, that to the political, economic and social stalemate in the country.Rodrigo Facio´s thought has a particular actuality at a time when the Costa Rican democracy, as O' Donnell would say, it hasn't a good performance. The general opinion is that the last governments, dominated by personalism and gocentrism, have lost their way, they are not solved basic issues of the development such as the poverty and the social inequality; they neither have faced, with courage and wit, to the problem related to insecurity, product of the common crime and the money laundering, drug trafficking and contract killings.

Цель: Выявление наиболее часто встречающихся в судебной практике жалоб зрителей на действия сотрудников кинотеатров и выработка общих теоретических подходов к разрешению таких жалоб. Методология: Автором применялись формально-юридический метод, метод включенного наблюдения и экспериментальные методы исследования. Результаты: На основе анализа фактической и юридической стороны наиболее часто встречающихся в судебной практике жалоб зрителей на действия сотрудников кинотеатров автором сделан вывод о том, что запреты и санкции, закрепляемые в правилах работы кинотеатров и прочно укоренившиеся в практике, зачастую противоречат нормам действующего законодательства. Отмечено, что зрителям в большинстве случаев удается защитить свои права на основе положений гражданского законодательства и законодательства о защите прав потребителей. В статье также предложены рекомендации потребителям по защите их прав и интересов. Новизна/оригинальность/ценность: Статья содержит обладающие научной новизной и высокой практической значимостью авторские обобщения относительно юридической стороны споров между зрителями и кинотеатрами. ; Purpose: Detection of complaints of the audience most often meeting in court practice on actions of staff of movie theaters and elaboration of the general theoretical approaches to permission of such complaints. Methodology: The author applied a formal-legal method and a method of the included supervision and experimental methods of research. Results: On the basis of the analysis of the actual and legal side of complaints of the audience most often meeting in court practice on actions of staff of movie theaters, the author drew a conclusion that a ban and the sanctions which fixed in rules of work of movie theaters and have strongly taken roots in practice, often contradict standards of the current legislation. It is noted that the audience in most cases manages to protect the rights on the basis of provisions of the civil legislation and the consumer protection law. In article recommendations are also offered consumers on protection of their rights and interests. Novelty/originality/value: Article contains author's generalizations of rather legal side of disputes between the audience and movie theaters possessing scientific novelty and the high practical importance.

Due to its location, Portugal has several valuable renewable resources for electricity production. It has a high level of solar radiation, moderate wind resource, and considerable vegetable and animal biomass potential. Ocean and hydro resources are also present, mainly the latter—although its major development took place in 2006 with the construction of large hydraulic power stations. Wave energy systems are now under development; the PELAMIS project, the first of its kind, is installed and has been functioning since the beginning of 2008. Nevertheless, Portugal still depends greatly on foreign countries for oil, gas, and coal resources, but it is taking large steps toward sustainable renewables-based electricity generation. Government and competent authorities established several measures in recent years that created incentives to install renewable energy systems and created the conditions for economic development in the energy sector. Regarding renewable energy systems, at the end of 2008 Portugal had about 8,151 MW capacity (1), corresponding to an estimated energy production of about 23,179 GWh. This production constitutes 43.3% of national electricity demand. However, this represents a 9% decrease in production compared with 2007, largely due to the decrease hydropower production. The goals defined for 2010 and 2013—that 39% and 45%, respectively, of the national electricity demand be generated from RES—are within reach. Wind generation at the end of 2008 was about 11% of the total national electrical demand—50.6 TWh (2). Also, use of renewable sources for micro generation of electricity is growing and as a result of legislation published at the end of 2007 (Dec. Law 363-2007, 2 November). The public in general has responded in large numbers to the initiatives and the programs that followed. By the end of 2008, 5,768 license requests had already been granted and registered on the web site of CERTIEL (3), the governing agency, corresponding to 19,772 kW of capacity. Of these registered systems, 7,137 kW are ready for inspection and about to start production (4).

Цель: определение понятия, структуры и особенностей реализации права на коммуникацию в России. Методы: социально-коммуникативный подход с использованием общенаучных методов анализа и обобщения. Результаты: на основе анализа эмпирических и статистических данных выявлено диалектическое противоречие между сущим как фактическим положением дел в политико-коммуникативной сфере и должным как системой информационно-коммуникативных отношений, складывающихся на основе адекватных современному демократическому обществу нормативно-правовых актов, регулирующих информационную сферу. Выделены политико-правовые долженствования, способствующие реализации права на коммуникацию. Научная новизна: определено соотношение понятий «право на коммуникацию» и «право на информацию», уточнены и проанализированы структурные элементы данной правовой системы и механизм их реализации в контексте современных политических событий и информационного правотворчества. Практическая значимость: в возможности диалогической оптимизации информационно-коммуникативных отношений в сфере политики адекватными методами правового регулирования. Реализация права на коммуникацию способствует сохранению динамического равновесия социальной системы, рационализации конфликтов и коммуникативной легитимации власти. ; Objective: to define the notion, structure and features of implementation of right for communication in Russia. Methods: social-communicative approach using general scientific methods of analysis and generalization. Results: basing on the analysis of empirical and statistical data the dialectic contradiction is revealed between the actual as the instantaneous state of affairs in political-communicative sphere and the due as a system of information-communicative relations formed on the basis of normative-legal acts regulating the information sphere, which are adequate for the modern democratic society. The political-legal necessities are defined, which promote the implementation of the right for communication. Scientific novelty: the correlation is defined between the notions "right for communication" and "right for information"; structural elements of the given legal system are analyzed, as well as the mechanism of their implementation in the context of the modern political events and informational law-making. Practical value: the possibility of dialogical optimization of information-communication relations in the political sphere by adequate methods of legal regulation. Implementation of the right for communication promotes perseverance of the dynamic balance of the social system, rationalization of conflicts and communicational legalization of the authorities.

The song is an expression of the writer to the listener, based on exprerience, gained either from oneself, others as well as the environment. A song contains lyrics that use language to convey the intention or purpose of the writer to the listener. Slank is a rock and roll music group in Indonesia. Slank is more familiar with the anti-corruption movement or part of social criticism. One of its songs entitled "Gosip Jalanan" gets a lot of response from various parties. Members of the Parliament consider the lyrics to be an insult to their perfomance as the people's representatives, so through their Honorary Council, they were about to take a legal action against Slank. However the general public supported the music group as they considered songs created by Slank depicted reality.This study employed a semiotic analysis method aimed at exlpaining the meaning of each sign found in the lyrics from the writer's as well as the listeners' point of view in relation to their respective socio-cultural backgrounds.The results of this study revealed that "Gosip Jalanan" lyrics served as an expression of Slank music group's contemplation based on the members' personal experience and observation of variety of social realities amidst the society. Corruption and different forms of power abuse currently prevailing in Indonesia the group judged as having been done on a massive and systematic scale, by which Slank referred to as the "mafia". Money became the source of power misused by the mafia to such extent that they were able to overrun the existing law and regulations. Meanwhile the people listening to the lyrics responded differently. Some were in agreement but others in disagreement about the meaning conveyed by the lyrics. The former judged the lyrics to be in accordance with reality the song attempted to depict, whereas the latter considered that the song did not depict reality, as it was only partial and not universal in nature. Key Words: Music, Lyrics, Sign and Meanings, Semiotics

Der EuGH erklärte in seiner aktuellen Entscheidungsreihe ein generelles Zugabenverbot für nicht mit der RL 2005/29/EG vereinbar und versuchte damit, eine europaweite Harmonisierung hinsichtlich der lauterkeitsrechtlichen Bestimmungen innerhalb der Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union durchzuführen. Die aktuell letzte dieser Entscheidungen betraf die Rs Mediaprint, ?Fußballer des Jahres?, in der das österreichische Zugabenverbot des § 9a UWG für europarechtswidrig erklärt wurde. Diese Entscheidung stellt die wesentliche Grundlage gegenständlicher Diplomarbeit darf. Ziel ist es, kritisch zu hinterfragen, wie diese Entscheidung des EuGH zu beurteilen ist, welche historische und aktuelle Bedeutung ein Zugabenverbot besitzt und mit welchen Konsequenzen aus wettbewerbsrechtlicher und wirtschaftlicher Sicht durch die Abschaffung zu rechnen ist. Zu Beginn wird daher historisch die Entwicklung sowie auch die Notwendigkeit des Zugabeverbotes beschrieben, gefolgt vom europarechtlichen Einfluss, insbesondere der RL 2005/29/EG. Danach wird die aktuelle Entscheidungspraxis des EuGH dargestellt und deren Folgen kritisch analysiert. Abschließend wird die Situation zum Zeitpunkt nach der Erklärung der Unvereinbarkeit des Zugabeverbotes durch den EuGH mit der RL 2005/29/EG, dessen Folgen für die Wettbewerbspraxis, für Unternehmer sowie für Verbraucher anhand eines aktuellen Beispiels erläutert und mögliche Lösungsansätze hinsichtlich der zukünftigen rechtlichen Zulässigkeit von Zugaben erarbeitet. ; The European Court of Justice (ECJ) decided within the ECJ?s current decision praxis that a general prohibition of premiums is incompatible with the directive 2005/29/EG. In this way, the ECJ tried to harmonize unfair business practices in the member states of the European Union. In the latest decision, which is the basis of this diploma thesis, the ECJ dealt with the prohibition of premiums by section 9a of the Austrian Competition Act, which was declared as an infringement of the directive 2005/29/EG. The aim of this paper is to analyze the current ECJ decisions and to elaborate its consequences with regard to competition and economy. Therefore, it is necessary to start with the historical background of the Austrian prohibition of premiums by section 9a of the Competition Act, to describe its necessity and to explain how it is influenced by European Law, especially by the directive 2005/29/EG. The following chapter deals with the current decision praxis of the ECJ including its consequences. Finally, the future of the legal treatment of premiums and the impact on competitors on the market and on customers is analyzed by a current business practice. ; eingereicht von Julia Lehrer ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2012 ; (VLID)225168

The jurisprudence of the CJEU and the national constitutional courts referring to the national constitutional identities of the Members States fits into the framework of constitutional pluralism as modus vivendi of the European legal order. This paper focuses in particular on the recent judgments of the Polish and Czech constitutional courts. One might perceive a more general tendency in the process of EU integration to dominate the EU policies increasingly with national agendas. As a result, the EU policies might be held hostage by the interests of the stronger Member States. These tendencies enhance the tensions inherent in the pluralist structure of the relationships between legal orders in the European arena. Constitutional identity is yet another concept used in this debate about the ultimate authority. Pluralism assumes that the courts will compete over the ultimate authority and will try to use such concept "to their advantage". With regard to art.4 (2) TEU the CJEU seems to have more persuasive power than the TK or the ÚS. However, the jurisprudence is definitely not settled yet. The interweavement of national, European and international law creates the need to examine the constitutional identity expressed to the inside and to the outside of the EU. Pure heterarchy based on a balance of powers and protection of national constitutions and constitutional courts comes with the inherent risk of leading to a logic of "might is right". On the other hand, even though one could identify cases where the judicial actors seem to miss an opportunity to improve the protection of individual rights or disclose too much eagerness to ensure its own authority, it is how the system of constitutional pluralism functions. It has the ambition of improving the quality of the judgments and creating a framework for fruitful interaction of competing visions of Europe. Single criticisable judgments do not put in question the viability of the whole framework, but it is important to be aware of the systemic risks.

El presente artículo recoge los resultados más relevantes de la investigación realizada para obtener el Diploma de Estudios Avanzados de la Universidad de Salamanca. El artículo presenta de manera general la forma como se ha avanzando en la implementación del modelo de administración electrónica en el Distrito Capital de Bogotá y cómo dicho avance se relaciona con el programa de gestión documental del Distrito, de conformidad con lo establecido en la Ley 594 del 2000. Los resultados obtenidos son un indicador válido para reformular la política pública en este aspecto, así como para reorientar los procesos de implementación de programas y proyectos de gestión documental en las entidades del Distrito, en el ámbito de la administración electrónica, mejor conocida como Gobierno en Línea (GEL), dada la estrecha relación entre ambos. El artículo describe la relación existente entre el desarrollo de los proyectos de administración electrónica de Bogotá y el programa de gestión documental que se viene implementando en las entidades del Distrito, de forma que se pueda establecer el impacto que la segunda ha tenido sobre las estrategias de gobierno electrónico de la ciudad. ; The present article collects the most important results of an investigation carried out to obtain the Advanced Studies Diploma from Universidad de Salamanca. The article presents an overall progress of the implementation of the electronic administration model in the Capital District of Bogota, and how said progress is related to the District's Document Management Program, in accordance with what was established in Law 594 of 2000. The obtained results are a valid indicator to reformulate public policy in this aspect, as well as to refocus processes to implement document management programs and projects in the District's entities under the framework of electronic administration, known as Online Government (GEL, for its initials in Spanish), given the close link between the two. The article describes the relationship between the development of electronic administration projects in Bogota and the document management program implemented in different District entities, in order to establish the impact of the latter in the city's electronic government strategies.

Il carattere probabilistico delle leggi scientifiche e la più generale incertezza che sempre circonda l'implementazione sociale delle nuove tecnologie è stata all'origine di prospettive di policy diverse nei contesti normativi statunitense ed europeo. In ambito europeo, pur nella coesistenza di molteplici modelli di science policy, le riflessioni sull'incertezza sono state all'origine, anche nel settore della sicurezza alimentare, di nuovi strumenti giuridici che collegano l'allocazione delle conoscenze rilevanti a forme differenziate di responsabilità rispetto alle conoscenze medesime o alle loro conseguenze. In tali nuove forme di responsabilità si mescolano approcci innovativi1 e soluzioni che ripropongono in nuova veste il modello della certezza e dell'oggettività della scienza e dei suoi esperti. "Prendere sul serio" la società della conoscenza e il ruolo dei cittadini europei significa approfondire prospettive di ricerca epistemica, di valorizzazione di tutta la conoscenza rilevante e di riforma democratica 3 per ora più evocate che praticate dalle istituzioni comunitarie. ; In democratic knowledge-based societies the reference to scientific evidence as a source for objectivity and certainty has become a major tool to make law and policy more reliable and legitimate. However, as unforeseen risk in connection with science-based policies (especially in the health and food sector) can hardly be reduced and controlled, new legal concepts to deal with uncertainty in science policy have been shaped in different legal systems. The construction of a safe market both through certification bodies and the right to information for responsible citizens framed by Regulations 765/2008 and 1169/2011 belong to this theoretical framework. After having presented the main characters of the US and EU science policy, the paper argues in favor of a radical approach to uncertainty as a normal condition. This approach encompasses democratizing policy-making processes by assembling all relevant knowledge from citizens, and a two-ways communications between experts and nonexperts. In order to rebuild citizens' trust towards scientific and political institutions, and to establish sound forms of responsibility towards unexpected impacts of innovation, new interactions between science and society should take place

Este artículo se centra en un tema poco investigado: la política de la educación bajo el Antiguo Régimen. La existencia de la política educativa en la Europa preliberal ha sido por lo general ignorada, probablemente debido a la escasez de fuentes. Sin embargo, tal política existió de hecho, aunque fue muy peculiary en buena medida contradice los presupuestos de los que se parte hoy en día en la planificación educativa. Con el fin de superar la escasez de fuentes, nos hemos centrado en unaregión española y en un tínico nivel de enseñanza: las escuelas de primeras letras. Además, hemos intentado sacar partido de los archivos locales, en particular del fondo de procesos del Real Consejo del Antiguo Reyno de Navarra Los documentos hallados confirman la existencia de una administración educativa, de carácter informal y bastante rudimentario, instaurada por el Real Consejo de Navarra. Sin embargo, la dirección de las escuelas seguía recayendoen los ayuntamientos, ya que éstos podían elegir, nombrar y pagar a sus maestros. Además, las leyes les reconocían el derecho de cerrar las escuelas privadas, con el objetivo de incrementar los ingresos de los maestros municipalesABSTRACTThis paper is focused on a largely neglected topic: the policies of education during the Anclen Régimen. The existence of educational policies in preliberal Europe has been traditionally ignored, probably due to lacle of sources. However, in fact these policies exist, although they were very peculiar and in many aspects opposed to contemporary political principies in such matter. In order to overecome the problem of sources we have centred the study in a Spanish region and in one level of teaching: the elementary schools. Then, we have made use of local archives, especially the litigation fund ofthe Royal Courtofold Kingdom of Navarre. The documents confirm the existence of an informal and rudimentary educationaladministration set up by Royal Court of Navarre. However, the govemment of schools remain a responsibility of communities, because each one was allowed to choose, name and pay the schoolmasters. Furthermore, the law recognize to communities the right to close private schools in order to increase the incomes of public schoolmasters.

It is a fact that biogas can give a valuable contribution to waste valorization, energy production and environment protection. This is recognized, for example, in the European Union Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, which considers "the use of agricultural material such as manure, slurry and other animal and organic waste for biogas production has, in view of the high greenhouse gas emission saving potential, significant environmental advantages in terms of heat and power production and its use as biofuel. Biogas installations can, as a result of their decentralized nature and the regional investment structure, contribute significantly to sustainable development in rural areas and offer farmers new income opportunities". Despite all this advantages, legislation deficiencies can pose serious obstacles to the development of the renewable energies sector in general and of the biogas segment in particular. In this context, this chapter analyses and discusses the current state and legal framework of the Portuguese biogas sector at the light of the country's and European legislation on waste management. Some important pieces of international environmental law are reviewed, followed by the identification of the European and Portuguese legal instruments that are related to the production, impacts and management of waste and to the biogas sector. The important link between waste and biogas is highlighted and the value attached to it prized. As far as the potential and current state of the Portuguese biogas production are concerned, despite the fact that the organic effluents are a relevant energy source (873 Mm3 biogas year-1; 4890 GWh year-1) and that new, more favorable, feed-in tariffs were established in 2007, biogas valorization to energy is still at an early stage. The country's current biogas electricity installed capacity is around 20% of its potential (229 MW). For this reason, and for all the environment benefits of the biogas energy recovery, it is desirable to strengthen the national biogas market.

The thesis examines the intricacies of the global AML/CFT framework focusing largely on the three jurisdictions of United Kingdom, Uganda and South Africa. These jurisdictions were selected to test the hypothetical model on which this study was undertaken. While appreciating the importance for states to embrace global prohibition regimes to deal with overlapping interstate issues such as money laundering, these regimes often tend to overlook practical realities in member countries they are implemented. Since the global AML framework is implemented through the compliance of individual states, its efficacy would depend on the propensity of individual states to harness it. There is anecdotal evidence to corroborate the thesis that the current global AML/CFT framework is not compatible with the regulatory environment across the majority of LDCs. Thus, this presupposes that it cannot be applicable globally. LDCs are saddled by general systemic failure, lack of economic and social infrastructure; lack of physical and human resources, corruption and its corruptive effective on regulatory institutions and national governments. Even with the best intent, in the foregoing precarious environment, desired AML laws cannot effectively work as expected. Also, by design or default, soft law instruments (for example the FATF forty plus nine recommendations are not easy apply, let alone enforce globally. The study proposes the need for countries to undertake desired reform programmes before they can countenance the adoption of the global AML/CFT framework. Since money laundering crimes are jurisdictional problematic—not amenable within the realm of individual states, it is imperative to introduce a global AML court. It is also imperative for states to consider adopting hybrid measures such as mutual recognition paradigm in Europe to ease their co-existence on overlapping global regulatory challenges. States should also explore the possibility of harnessing norms of CIL as opposed to prescribing regulatory regimes every time there is a crisis. However, it needs to be noted that the envisaged global AML/CFT regimes cannot crystallize into norms of CIL, unless they are willingly embraced by countries and not imposed.

The purpose of the research.The paper wants to answer a current problem and very important to come before the Albanian politics and society, the problem of changing the electoral law and electoral system in Albania. Two recent elections in our country, general elections of 2009 and 2011 local elections were marred by numerous irregularities which have influenced the outcome of the election and brought numerous disputes strong opposition. Political parties, the Albanian society and international community are in discussion adjustments should be made to election legislation that elections are fair, credible and acceptable by both parties. In Albania, all elections are influenced by the election legislation. But have influenced the conduct of elections and election results election systems. Therefore the object of work is mainly the influence of electoral systems on the elections in AlbaniaMethods. Evidence of the election legislation in Albania and its comparison with European and international legislation in this field. Analysis of the election and election results in Albania in the period 1991-2011.Evidencing the influence of electoral systems on election and election results, comparing the results in all elections.Results. From the search derived these results: election systems and distribution formulas of seats have influenced and defined the party in the election outcome; political parties have made adjustments and changes constantly in election systems, passing by a majority system based on absolute majority, combined electoral systems up in regional proportional electoral system. The 2009 elections showed that the regional proportional system had not sustainable governance, and real representation of parties in parliament.Conclusions. The main conclusion. For Albania was wrong application of the regional proportional electoral system. More convenient for Albania is the majoritarian system corrected. Electoral formula of distribution of additional seats bring the number of seats to the number of votes each party receives nationwide. Voter to have available only one ballot and one vote only, that belongs candidate single-member zone and the party the candidate represents. In this way the votes that the voter will cast is a sincere vote.