Suchergebnisse

Adriana Gini,1,2,* Denis Larrivee,2,3,* Michele Farisco,4,5 Vittorio Alessandro Sironi6 1Neuroradiology Division, Neuroscience Department, San Camillo-Forlanini Medical Center, Rome, Italy; 2International Neuroethics Society, Bethesda, MD, USA; 3Educational Outreach Office, Catholic Dioceses of Charleston, SC, USA; 4Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; 5Biogem Genetic Research Center, Ariano Irpino, Italy; 6Research Center on the History of Biomedical Thought, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: Studied since antiquity, the human brain has recently been the inspiration for an international neuroscientific entrepreneurship, the Human Brain Project in Europe and the Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies initiative in the USA. Different in their approach, both regard the human brain as one of the greatest challenges of 21st century science and the organ that makes us "human". However, it is mainly the necessity of developing new therapies that affect up to a billion people worldwide, which has propelled the search for extensive expertise and investment in neuroscience research. The debate on ethical and social policy issues as well as the research and medical strategies of such gigantic efforts has involved participants as diverse as neuroscientists, philosophers, scholars in ethics and law, politicians, and the general public, rendering modern neuroscience an interdisciplinary and conflictual endeavor. In fact, the brain is described as the biological underpinning of our thoughts, emotions, perceptions, free willed actions, and memories, features unique to our humanity. In this review, three neuroscientists and a philosopher from the neuroethics community provide their perspectives for an up-to-date survey of salient neuroethical issues, ie, modulation of free will and neuropharmaceuticals and neurotechnologies that enhance cognitive capacities, as well as an introduction of the reader to the controversial new discipline of neuroethics. Written for nonexperts in the field, it is intended to reflect on and to impart information helpful in understanding the challenges and the perils of modern neuroscience, whose tools are so powerful as to jeopardize what is uniquely "human" through willful mind manipulation. We conclude that, for any future effort to "recreate" the mind and, at the same time, keep what is uniquely ours, it will be necessary to reflect ethically and review carefully man's past best efforts at self-understanding. Keywords: neuroethics, free will, neuromodulation, human nature, neuroscience, neurophilosophy

1) Важнейшей задачей современного жилищного законодательства является формирование эффективной системы способов защиты жилищных прав. К числу широко востребованных практикой способов защиты жилищных прав относится иск о признании лица не приобретшим права пользования жилым помещением. Вследствие отсутствия законодательной регламентации указанного способа защиты и явной недостаточности специальной литературы, в которой исследовались бы различные аспекты применения данного требования актуальным представляется исследование правовой природы данного иска и определение его места в системе способов защиты жилищных прав. 2) При написании статьи использовались как общенаучные (диалектический), так и специальные методы научного исследования, в том числе системный метод, метод сравнительного правоведения. 3) Результатом исследования стал вывод о том, что для признания судом лица не приобретшим права пользования жилым помещением необходимым является установление как негативных, так и позитивных юридических фактов. Проведен сравнительный анализ исследуемого иска с иными способами защиты жилищных прав. 4) Результаты работы могут быть использованы для дальнейших исследований проблем защиты жилищных прав. 5) Статья предназначена для работников судебной системы, адвокатов, научных работников, студентов, обучающихся по специальности «Юриспруденция». ; 1) The most important task of modern housing legislation is to establish an effective system of the methods of protection of housing rights. Among the widely popular practice methods of protection of housing rights is a claim for recognition of the person has not acquired the right of use of premises. Due to the lack of legal regulation of the specified protection method and the apparent failure of the special literature, which investigated different aspects of the application of this requirement, relevant is the study of the legal nature of the claim and determining its place in the system of methods of protection of housing rights. 2) When writing the article General scientific (dialectic) method and special methods of scientific research, including systematic method, method of comparative law have been used. 3) The result of the study has been the conclusion that the recognition by the court of persons not acquired the right of use of premises the establishment of both negative and positive legal facts is required. A comparative analysis investigated the claim with other means of protection of housing rights. 4) The results can be used for further research of problems of protection of housing rights. 5) The article is intended for members of the judiciary, lawyers, academics, students enrolled in the specialty "Jurisprudence"

Сегодня, как и в начале XX века остро встает вопрос о выборе наиболее оптимальных форм сочетания взаимоотношений представительной и исполнительной властей. В современных условиях, когда происходит усиление влияния непосредственно органов управления во главе с лицом, олицетворяющим вершину пирамиды исполнительной власти, необходимо четко и строго определить параметры деятельности, которой призваны заниматься представители законодательных органов. В статье рассматриваются вопросы реализации некоторых контрольных полномочий Федерального Собрания России за деятельностью исполнительных органов власти. Историко-правовой анализ научной и эмпирической литературы позволили сделать вывод о том, что институт парламентских расследований в современной России достаточно молодой и его влияние на политико-правовое развитие нашего государства незначительно. Методологическую основу исследования составили современные общенаучные и специальные методы познания. Комплексное применение методов научного познания способствовало всестороннему изучению парламентского расследования как одной из форм контроля представительного учреждения за исполнительной ветвью власти. Положения и выводы проведенного исследования формируют комплексный взгляд на один из важных вопросов юриспруденции место и роль парламента России в системе органов государственной власти. ; Purpose: Today, as well as at the beginning of the XX century sharply there is a question of a choice of the most optimum forms of a combination of relationship of the representative and executive authorities. In modern conditions when there is an influence strengthening directly of governing bodies led by the person personifying top of a pyramid of the executive authority it is necessary to determine accurately and strictly parameters of activity in which representatives of legislature are urged to be engaged. In article questions of realization of some control powers of Federal Assembly of Russia behind activity of executive bodies of the power are considered. Methodology: The historical and legal analysis of scientific and empirical literature allowed to draw a conclusion that institute of parliamentary investigations in modern Russia rather young and its influence on political and legal development of our state is insignificant. Results: The methodological basis of research was made by modern general scientific and special methods of knowledge. Complex application of methods of scientific knowledge promoted comprehensive study of parliamentary investigation as one of forms of control of representative institution of an executive branch of the power. Conclusion: Provisions and conclusions of the conducted research form a complex view of one of important questions of law a place and a role of parliament of Russia in system of public authorities.

Tekst przedstawia analizę polityki energetycznej Polski zarówno w wymiarze instytucjonalno-normatywnym (policy), jak i w wymiarze szerszych działań politycznych (politics). W związku z próbą analizy dokumentów o charakterze planistycznym przygotowywanych przez Ministra Gospodarki (tzw. "polityka energetyczna państwa") punktem wyjścia są kwestie prawne wynikające z Ustawy prawo energetyczne. W tekście przedstawione zostały w ogólnym zarysie główne założenia Polityki energetycznej do 2030r. i niekompletnego jeszcze w 2015r. Projektu Polityki energetycznej do 2050r. Ujęcie instytucjonalno-normatywne zostało wzbogacone analizą wybranych problemów mających znaczenie dla kierunków polityki energetycznej i bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Polski. Ponadto w tekście podjęto się odpowiedzi na następujące pytania: (1) W jakim zakresie status prawny dokumentu "polityka energetyczna państwa" wpływa na niski poziom realizacji założeń celów strategicznych w energetyce?, (2) W jakim zakresie brak faktycznej odpowiedzialności podmiotów politycznych wpływa na brak realizacji celów strategicznych "polityki energetycznej państwa"? , (3) Jakie działania należy podjąć w celu prowadzenia spójnej i efektywnej polityki energetycznej w Polsce? ; The text presents an analysis of the Polish energy policy, which takes into account its both aspects: the institutional and normative aspect (policy), and the context of political activities involved (politics). As the text analyses the planning documents prepared by the Minister of Economy (the so-called "State's energy policy"), the starting point for this analysis are the legal issues ensuing from the Energy Law Act. The text outlines the major assumptions of the Energy Policy till 2030 as well as the general provisions of the incomplete, as of the year 2015, Project of the Energy Policy till 2050. The institutional and normative context has been supplemented with an analysis of selected issues significant for the directions in the development of the energy policy and the energy security in Poland. Moreover, the text addresses the following questions: (1) to what extent does the legal status of the document "the State's energy policy" contribute to the poor achievement of the strategic goals in the energy sector?, (2) to what extent does the lack of actual responsibility of the political subjects contribute to the lack of the realisation of strategic goals put forward in the "State's energy policy"?, (3) what actions should be undertaken in order to administer a cohesive and effective energy policy in Poland?

Die Erreichbarkeit von Einrichtungen der Grundversorgung spielt sowohl für Wohnstandortentscheidungen als auch für die individuelle Lebenssituation der in einer Region lebenden Bürger eine wichtige Rolle. Erreichbarkeitsverhältnisse bestimmen neben der Qualität des Infrastrukturangebots den regionalen Versorgungsgrad mit Infrastruktur und sind daher ein wichtiger Faktor der regionalen Entwicklung. Auch für die Diskussion über die Sicherung der Daseinsvorsorge sind aktuelle Informationen über deren Erreichbarkeit notwendig, um sich vor dem Hintergrund des normativen Anspruches gleichwertiger Lebensbedingungen in allen Landesteilen ein sachliches und realistisches Bild über die derzeitige Situation als Ausgangsbasis für ggf. notwendige Politikmaßnahmen/-interventionen machen zu können. Vor diesem Hintergrund befasst sich die vorliegende Studie mit Ambulanten Pflegediensten, die Leistungen nach dem Sozialgesetzbuch Elftes Buch (SGB XI) anbieten als eine – insbesondere in ländlichen Räumen – wichtige Schlüsseldienst-leistung für die Bürger. Dazu wird anhand der Analyse der lokalen Verteilung Ambulanter Pflegedienste in Deutschland, die Leistungen nach SGB XI anbieten, auf Basis eines rasterbasierten GIS-Erreichbarkeitsmodells ein einfacher generischer Erreichbarkeitsindikator ermittelt, der flächendeckend für Deutschland Rückschlüsse auf die lokale Verteilung Ambulanter Pflegedienste nach SGB XI ermöglicht. Als Ergebnis lässt sich festhalten, dass in Deutschland ein Ambulanter Pflegedienst im Durchschnitt bei 50 km/h 5,8 Minuten zurücklegt um seine Kunden zu erreichen. Allerdings zeigt eine regionalisierte Betrachtung, dass vor allem in ländlichen Räumen größere Entfernungen zurückgelegt werden müssen. Nichtsdestotrotz können 94 % der Bürger bei einer durchschnittlichen Geschwindigkeit von 50 km/h innerhalb längstens 10 Minuten Fahrzeit durch einen Ambulanten Pflegedienst erreicht werden. Dies entspricht ca. 95 % der pflegebedürftigen Personen, die Ambulante Pflegedienstleistungen nach SGB XI in Anspruch nehmen. ; Accessibility is as important for location decision and regional development as it is for the individual life situation of the citizens. The reason is that accessibility determines the regional quality and provision of infrastructure. Considering the normative political claim to provide comparable living conditions in all regions of Germany actual empirically sound information about the accessibility of services of general interest are important in order to get an objective and realistic impression about the current situation which can function as input for future policy actions and interventions. The study focuses on the availability of ambulant nursing services according to the Eleventh Book of the Code of Social Law (SGB XI) by analysing the regional distribution of ambulant nursing services based on a raster-based GIS accessibility analysis. Thereby the study especially focuses on the regional distribution of nursing services in rural areas. It can be concluded, that in Germany a nursing service needs on average 5.8 minutes at an average speed of 50 km/h to reach its customers. A regionalized analysis shows that in rural areas the distances to be covered are slightly greater than in urban areas. Nevertheless according to the accessibility model 94 % of the people can be reached by an nursing service within 10 minutes driving time at an average speed of 50 km/h. That corresponds to ca. 95 % of the people in need of nursing services.

El Estado colombiano en largas décadas ha estado acompañado por el conflicto armado; conflicto que para las mujeres colombianas ha arrojado la discriminación y violencia que ellas padecen. Los conflictos armados y sus secuelas constituyen un contexto específico en el que los actores del conflicto en su lucha por controlar territorios y comunidades en distintas zonas del país, atentan contra los derechos de las mujeres contribuyendo a la violencia física, sexual, psicológica, al desplazamiento forzado; dentro de una práctica sistemática y generalizada manifestada como una estrategia de guerra. De aquí surge la necesidad de demandar la inclusión de la protección de la mujer a nivel nacional e internacional pero dentro de un contexto especifico como es el del conflicto armado reflejado en una política pública, reconociendo un enfoque de género y diferencial ante el evidente crecimiento estadístico de la violación contra las mujeres quienes por lo general no denuncian por miedo a sus victimarios o porque desconfían del sistema judicial. Una vulneración a los derechos humanos e infracción al derecho internacional humanitario que permanece invisible y de la cuál se hace necesario evaluar medidas legislativas, políticas institucionales y judiciales adoptadas por el Estado. ; Abstract. The Colombian state in many decades has been accompanied by armed conflict; conflict for Colombian women has thrown discrimination and violence they suffer. Armed conflict and its aftermath constitute a specific context in which the actors of the conflict in their struggle to control territories and communities in different parts of the country infringe on the rights of women contributing to physical, sexual, psychological violence, displacement forced; within a widespread and systematic practice manifested as a war strategy. This raises the need to demand the inclusion of the protection of women at national and international level but within a specific context such as the armed conflict reflected in public policy, recognizing a gender and differential to the obvious statistical growth of rape against women who generally do not report for fear of their abusers or because they distrust the judiciary. A violation of human rights and breaches of international humanitarian law remains invisible and what is necessary to evaluate judicial legislative, institutional and policy adopted by the State. ; Maestría

ABSTRACT Trash has become a national issue that management needs to be done in a comprehensive and integrated headwaters downstream waste management necessary legal certainty, clarity of responsibility and authority of the government, local government, the role of the community and waste management can proceed professional, effectively and efficiently. So the president issued Law Decree No.18 of 2008 on Waste Management which aims to reduce the waste problem in Indonesia. Waste management aims to serve a city of garbage generated population, which indirectly contribute to maintaining public health and create a cleaner environment. To support the establishment of the provincial capital of Manado as a clean, healthy, comfortable, beautiful and environmentally friendly. Mayor of Manado making policy on Waste Management in the city of Manado, the policy was issued to strengthen the Regional Regulation No. 07 Year 2006 concerning Manado Waste Management and General Services Levies. In this study using the model of George C. Edwards III where implementation can be started from the abstract state and a question of whether the conditions for policy implementation to be successful is communication, communication is between implementing policies / programs with community target groups. Resources, is the human resources and financial resources available or provided for the implementation of policies / programs. Disposition, is characteristic that attaches to the executive like honesty, commitment and democratic attitudes. Bureaucratic structure, is the mechanism (SOP) and the structure of the organization implementing the policy. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach through interviews of 11 informants, observation and tracking documents and research is assisted by an additional instrument in the form of a list of guidelines for interviewing, recording devices (Hand phone) and stationery. The results showed that the overall waste management policy in Manado City Sanitation Department has shown a pretty good rate, in other words the implementation of solid waste management in terms of freight has been carried out effectively, but seen from the time of completion is still not efficient, since there are often delays garbage carry. Over all results of the interview on the results of the implementation of the waste management policy to the conclusion that the success rate in Waste Management Policy Implementation in Manado City Sanitation Department is quite good. Keywords: Implementation of Waste Management Policy

Includes bibliographical references ; Section 165 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 introduces the new statutory derivative action. The section confers a pivotal function on the courts as gatekeepers to the derivative action, with an important filtering or screening function to weed out applications for derivative actions that are frivolous, vexatious or without merit. The vital judicial discretion to grant leave to an applicant to bring a derivative action entails a tension between two equally important policy objectives. A proper balance between these two underpinning policy objectives depends on the appropriate judicial interpretation and application of the three vague, general and open-textured criteria or gateways for the grant of leave to institute a derivative action. The courts have been entrusted by s 165 to flesh out the details, the contours, the ambit and the scope of these criteria. This crucially gives the courts a dominant and a decisive role in shaping the effectiveness of the new statutory derivative action. This thesis makes an original contribution to knowledge in three main respects. First, this thesis focuses on the three guiding criteria for leave, and their many nuances, interpretations and applications in certain foreign jurisdictions that have exerted an influence on the provisions of s 165. Based on experience garnered from Australian, Canadian and New Zealand law, as well as the United Kingdom and the USA, guidelines are suggested for the approach that the South African courts should adopt to the three preconditions for a derivative action. Secondly, it is submitted that the real weakness in s 165 lies in the rebuttable presumption in s 165(7) and (8), which contains a fatal flaw that renders the remedy defective and calls for legislative amendment. Pending such amendment, proposals are suggested for the proper judicial approach in the meantime to the troublesome presumption. These proposals are supported by both reasoned argument and original research on experience in certain foreign jurisdictions, particularly the USA. Thirdly, and equally importantly, a framework is suggested in this thesis for the proper exercise of the judicial discretion to make orders of costs, which is known to have plagued minority shareholders wishing to bring derivative proceedings against miscreant directors who have wronged the company.

Objectives: This study assessed whether Georgia Senate Bill 360, a statewide law passed in August, 2010, that prohibits text messaging while driving, resulted in a decrease in this behavior among emergency medicine (EM) and general surgery (GS) healthcare providers. Methods: SurveyMonkey was used to create a web-based survey containing up to 28 multiple choice and free-text questions about driving behaviors. EM and GS healthcare providers at a southeastern medical school and its affiliate county hospital received an email inviting them to complete this survey in February, 2011. All analyses were conducted in SPSS (version 19.0, Chicago, IL, 2010), using chi-squared tests and logistic regression models. The primary outcome of interest was a change in participant texting or emailing while driving after passage of the texting ban in Georgia. Results: Two hundred and twenty-six providers completed the entire survey (response rate 46.8%). Participants ranged in age from 23 to 71 years, with an average age of 38 (SD=10.2; median=35). Only three-quarters of providers (n=173, 76.6%) were aware of a texting ban in the state. Out of these, 60 providers (36.6%) reported never or rarely sending texts while driving (0 to 2 times per year), and 30 engaged in this behavior almost daily (18.9%). Almost two-thirds of this group reported no change in texting while driving following passage of the texting ban (n=110, 68%), while 53 respondents texted less (31.8%). Respondents younger than 40 were more than twice as likely to report no change in texting post-ban compared to older participants (OR=2.31, p=0.014). Providers who had been pulled over for speeding in the previous five years were about 2.5 times as likely to not change their texting while driving behavior following legislation passage compared to those without a history of police stops for speeding (OR=2.55, p=0.011). Each additional ticket received in the past 5 years for a moving violation lessened the odds of reporting a decrease in texting by 45%. (OR=0.553, p=0.007). Conclusion: EM and GS providers, particularly those who are younger, have received more tickets for moving violations, and with a history of police stops for speeding, exhibit limited compliance with distracted driving laws, despite first-hand exposure to the motor vehicle crashes caused by distracted driving.

The article discusses theoretical and practical aspects of the legal adjustment of the systems of local self-governance; it presents a description of the models of the organization of the local governance; it also points out the general features of the institutes of self-governance; furthermore, it presents the concept of the local self-governance consolidated in the European legislation. The article studies the distribution of competences of the institutions of the local self-governance and emphasizes the significance of the principle of subsidiarity (especially the decision taking on the lowest level) in the democratization of governance. In addition, it looks into the problems of the legal adjustment of the local self-government in the context of the democratic governance of the state. The article accentuates the necessity of the objective evaluation of the possibilities to transpose the institutions of local self-governance of foreign countries into the system of national legislation. The article presents the principles of the organization of the local self-governance enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania and considers the compliance of the powers of the self-government Council, the Mayor and the Head of Administration laid down in the Law on Local Self-Governance. In order to avoid possible ambiguity in the text of the Constitution, it suggests setting a more detailed and clearer definition of the institutional structure of the self-governance and the powers of the subjects. It is proposed that the self-government council be granted a right to settle the main issues of self-governance, economic, financial issues and a right of appointment to key posts. ; Straipsnyje aptariami vietos savivaldos sistemų teisinio reguliavimo teoriniai ir praktiniai aspektai, apibudinami pasaulyje naudojami vietos savivaldos organizavimo modeliai, pateikiama Europos teisėje įtvirtinta vietos savivaldos samprata, nagrinėjama vietos savivaldos institucijų kompetencijų paskirstymo sistema, pabrėžiama subsidiarumo principo (ypač sprendimų priėmimo žemiausiu valdymo lygiu) svarba valdymo demokratizavimui. Demokratinio valstybės valdymo kontekste nagrinėjamos ir vietos savivaldos teisinio reguliavimo problemos Lietuvoje. Teikiami siūlymai vietos savivaldos sistemai tobulinti bei valdymui demokratizuoti. Straipsnį sudaro įžanga, dvi dalys - ,,Vietos savivaldos sistemų teisinio reguliavimo ypatumai" ir "Vietos savivaldos instituto konstituciniai pagrindai", išvados, literatūros sąrašas, straipsnio pabaigoje pateikiama santrauka anglų kalba.

В статье раскрываются порядок и особенности заключения договора аренды оборудования, транспортных средств и другого движимого имущества. Автор статьи исходит из того, что практика хозяйственной деятельности показывает высокую степень востребованности договоров аренды движимого имущества, в том числе оборудования (механизмов), транспортных средств. При этом данные договорные отношения регулируются преимущественно общими положениями гражданского законодательства об аренде, в то время как отсутствуют специальные нормы, касающиеся аренды движимого имущества. Кроме того, в процессе арендных отношений у субъектов хозяйствования часто возникают практические вопросы, требующие законодательного разрешения. Указанными обстоятельствами обусловлена актуальность рассматриваемой темы. В статье рассматривается сущность арендных отношений, содержание договора аренды имущества. Характеризуются права и обязанности сторон договора, ответственность за неисполнение принятых на себя обязательств. Подчеркивается необходимость законодательного закрепления понятия договора аренды движимого имущества. Ставятся вопросы, связанные с составом арендной платы. Предлагается принятие специального нормативного правового акта по вопросам договора аренды движимого имущества. По мнению автора статьи, форма и содержание договора аренды движимого имущества могут быть обусловлены стоимостью данного имущества и характером его эксплуатации. ; The article reveals the procedure and particulars of making a rental contract for vehicles and other movable property. The author proceeds from the fact that the practice of economic activity shows a high degree of demand for leases of movable property, including equipment (machinery) and vehicles. The data contractual relations are governed mainly by general provisions of civil law lease, while there are no special rules relating to the lease of movable property. In addition, during the leasing relations the economic agents often have the practical issues that require legislative authorization. These circumstances determine the relevance of the topic. The article deals with the essence of the lease and the rental contract subject matter. The rights and obligations of the parties of the contract, liability of the parties for default of its obligations are characterized. The need for legislative recognition of the concept of agreement for lease of movable property is emphasized. The issues related to the composition of rent are raised. It is proposed to adopt a special normative legal act on the agreement for lease of movable property. According to the author, the form and content of the contract of movable property lease may be determined by the cost of the property and the type of its service.

Статья основана на эмпирическом материале, полученном автором в ходе проведения социологических исследований в Республике Бурятия в 2008 и 2010 гг. с целью изучения проблем функционирования и развития органов местного самоуправления в рамках реализации федерального закона № 131-ФЗ «Об общих принципах организации местного самоуправления в Российской Федерации». Исследования выявили мнения экспертов разного уровня о социально-экономической ситуации на территории поселений и возможностях ее улучшения, последствиях муниципальной реформы в республике, степени участия граждан в деятельности органов местного самоуправления, степени эффективности работы сити-менеджеров (руководителей администраций по контракту), а также их отношение к альтернативным вариантам избрания глав муниципального образования и предпочтительность при выборе вариантов избрания представительного органа муниципального района. Проблемы, связанные с процессом становления местного самоуправления в России, характерны и для республики. Это нехватка финансовых ресурсов, несовершенство федерального законодательства, недостаточная квалификация муниципальных кадров, двойственное отношение к институту сити-менеджеров. Проведенные исследования позволили выяснить, как организационные мероприятия, касающиеся муниципальной реформы, преломляются в сознании граждан и каким образом это влияет на их повседневные социальные практики.The article is based on the empirical materials acquired by the author in the course of sociological studies in the Republic of Buryatia in 2008 and 2010 aimed at the research of functioning and development problems of the local self-government bodies within the frameworks of the currently implemented federal law № 131-ФЗ «On the General Principles of Organization of the Local Self-government in the Russian Federation». The research singled out experts' opinions on the socio-economic situation in settlements and opportunities for its improvement, as well as on consequences of a municipal reform in the republic, degree of citizens` involvement into the activity of the local self-government, efficiency of city managers (hired as heads of administration) and so on. Also the study exposed their attitudes towards alternative variants of mayor elections and preferences in a choice of election type variants. Problems associated with development of the local self-government in Russia are also typical of Buryatya. That is insufficient financial resources, imperfection of federal legislation, and insufficient qualification levels of municipal cadres and a dubious attitude to the city manager institution. The conducted studies allowed finding out how the organizational measures associated with the municipal reform are evaluated and how they are interpreted by the citizens and effect on their everyday social practices.

Предметом исследования выступают содержание правовых норм Устава уголовного судопроизводства 1964 г., правовые нормы Уголовно-процессуального кодекса РФ в их взаимосвязи с нормами Устава, существующие в уголовно-процессуальной науке взгляды, идеи и представления о сущности и роли Устава уголовного судопроизводства в истории развития российского уголовного судопроизводства. Исследуются основные положения, характеризующие реформу уголовного судопроизводства 1980-х гг. Существенное внимание уделено исследованию уголовно-процессуальной деятельности отдельных должностных лиц, а именно судебного следователя, полиции, прокурора и судей. Методами исследования послужили общенаучный (диалектический) метод познания и частнонаучные методы такие, как историко-правовой, сравнительно-правовой, логический, системного подхода. В научной статье проведен всесторонний анализ основных положений Устава уголовного судопроизводства, которые оказали существенное влияние на дальнейшее развитие российского уголовно-процессуального законодательства. Проведенное исследование позволило сравнить нормы действующего уголовно-процессуального законодательства с положениями Устава и определить роль данного исторического нормативного акта в уголовном судопроизводстве России. В результате исследования были сделаны определенные выводы, способствующие совершенствованию уголовного судопроизводства. ; The subject of research is the content of legal norms of the Charter of Criminal Legal Proceedings of 1864, the legal rules of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation in their interrelation with the rules of the Charter, the existing criminal procedure points of view, ideas and perceptions about the nature and role of the Charter of Criminal Legal Proceedings in the history of the development of the Russian criminal proceedings. We explore the basic provisions that characterize the criminal justice reform of the 1980s. Considerable attention is given to the study of the criminal procedure of individual officials, namely the investigator, the police, prosecutors and judges. The method of research is a general scientific (dialectical) method of knowledge and private scientific methods such as historical and legal, comparative legal, logical, and that of systematic approach. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the basic provisions of the Charter of the Criminal Legal Proceedings, which had a significant impact on the further development of the Russian criminal procedural law. The study has enables us to compare the rules of the current criminal procedure legislation with the provisions of the Charter and to determine the role of this historic regulation in the criminal proceedings of Russia. As a result, certain conclusions have been made, contributing to the improvement of the criminal justice system.

В статье поднимается проблема законодательного определения компьютерной информации на современном этапе развития информационных технологий. Анализируется содержание основных нормативно правовых актов в данной сфере общественных отношений. Раскрывается содержание понятия информации как совокупности составляющих ее сообщений, данных с позиций информатики и уголовного права. Указываются недостатки легального определения компьютерной информации и предлагаются пути решения данной проблемы с учетом существующих доктринальных подходов к ее разрешению. В заключении предлагается авторское определение исследуемого понятия. В ходе изучения поднятой проблемы использованы общенаучные методы, среди которых анализ и синтез, сравнительно-правовой, а также логический методы. В настоящей работе предпринята попытка комплексного изучения компьютерной информации с позиций теории коммуникации, информатики, а также юридических наук. На основании проведенного исследования автором сделан вывод о нецелесообразности использования термина «компьютерная информация», как не отвечающего современным тенденциям развития компьютерной преступности. Предлагается введение понятия «электронной информации», под которой понимаются сведения (сообщения, данные), представленные в цифровой форме и содержащиеся в информационно-телекоммуникационных устройствах, их системах и сетях. ; The article addresses the issue of legislative definition of computer information at the present stage of IT development. The author analyses the contents of the main regulatory legal acts in the given sphere of social relations. The author elaborates on the concept of information as a set of its messages from the point of view of computer science and criminal law. The author points out the drawbacks of the legal definition of computer information and comes up with ways of solving the given problem in light of existing doctrinal approaches to its solution. In conclusion the authors definition of the concept in question is given. While studying the raised issue general scientific methods have been used including analysis and synthesis, the comparative legal method, as well as the logical method. The present work is an attempt of a complex study of computer information in relation to the communication theory, computer science and legal sciences. On the basis of the conducted research the author made a conclusion on the inadvisability of using the term 'computer information' as inadequate to the modern tendencies of computer crimes evolution. The author proposes to introduce the term of 'electronic information' which is understood as information (messages, data) presented in the digital form and contained in the data and telecommunication devices, their systems and nets.

Статья посвящена рассмотрению вопросов развития правового регулирования отношений по государственным и муниципальным закупкам в условиях формирования в данной сфере контрактной системы. Анализируются вопросы, касающиеся соотношения норм специального законодательства и ГК РФ в рассматриваемой части. Обращается особое внимание на необходимость сбалансированности процесса развития специального законодательства и совершенствования норм ГК РФ в рамках общей реформы гражданского законодательства. Отмечается, что изменения, происходящие в специальном законодательстве, должны находить определенное отражение в ГК РФ, а детальное правовое регулирование должно предусматриваться специальными актами. По мнению автора, в ГК РФ должны быть сформированы предпосылки для дальнейшего развития рассматриваемых отношений и их правового регулирования в рамках специального законодательства. Обращается особое внимание на то, что в условиях реформы законодательства в рассматриваемой сфере следует обеспечить сохранение чистоты гражданского законодательства, с точки зрения используемого понятийного аппарата, содержания гражданско-правовых категорий. Автором отмечается необходимость решения задачи по обеспечению стабильности ГК РФ на фоне его постоянного актуализированного состояния. ; The article is dedicated to the issues of development of legal regulation of relations pertaining to state and municipal purchasing in the conditions of establishing of a contractual system in this field. The article analyzes the issues relating to correlation of the special legal norms and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in the respective field. There emphasized the necessity of balance of the process of development of special legislation and improvement of the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation within the general reform of the civil legislation. It is noted that amendments made in the special legislation should be to a certain degree reflected in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, whereas detailed legal regulation should be stipulated by special acts. In the author's opinion, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation should establish pre-conditions for further development of the relations in question and their legal regulation within the special legislation. A special focus is made on the fact that in the conditions of reforming legislation in this field preservation of purity of the civil legislation in terms of the used conceptual framework and the contents of civil law categories should be ensured. The author points at the necessity to achieve the objective of ensuring stability of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation against the background of its continuous state of updating.