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Since the Soviet judicial system is patterned largely after the political system, the study is introduced with an explanation of the governmental plan of the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics and its constituent parts. The author, who is thoroughly conversant with Russian language, life, and politics, has discussed the political and social philosophy of the Soviet as it affects the administration of criminal justice. The material has been collected not only from published records but from firsthand observation in Russia. It has been brought up to date by a summary of a Project for a New Soviet Code of Criminal Procedure (August, 1931). Based on proletarian political philosophy, the Soviet Codes differ very widely from Russian Imperial Law and from European practice in general, the most striking instance being, the abolishment of trial by jury. By considering the social, economic, and human background of Soviet Law, the author has brought out these contrasts in a lucid fashion, and although the book is primarily a legal treatise, it provides a wealth of new information for general readers

Abstract
In recent years, semiotics has put "life" at the center of the subject of study. There is the desire to be successful in the lifestyle and the desire to convey the right knowledge to the recipient or the correct use of practices in life. A semiotic theory developed by Jacques Fontanille recently showed that strategy can also be used in semiotic analysis. So, the way of life that Fontanille talks about is not just strategy. The process we call "lifestyle" has an order from small to large: There are basic signs, texts, objects, actants, practices, action phases, strategies, and finally lifestyle. In this study, we question the function of strategy, but generally of productive pursuit, in the analysis of political discourses. In our study, we reveal the approach of semiotics to political discourses that concern the whole world and discuss whether they are valid in every society. We emphasize political semiotics, which is used to understand the general structure of political discourses, and show the general functioning of political discourses with Greimas' Actantial Model. We conclude that politicians can influence target audiences by using various methods and discourse strategies.

AbstractBeliefs linking zodiac signs to personality traits, life outcomes, and well‐being remain widespread across various cultures. This study examined the relationship between Western zodiac signs and subjective well‐being in a nationally representative American sample from the General Social Survey (N = 12,791). Well‐being was measured across eight components: general unhappiness, depressive symptoms, psychological distress, work dissatisfaction, financial dissatisfaction, perceived dullness of one's life, self‐rated health, and unhappiness with marriage. Parametric and nonparametric analyses consistently revealed no robust associations between zodiac signs and any of the well‐being variables, regardless of whether demographic factors were controlled for. The effect sizes were negligible, accounting for 0.3% or less of the variance in well‐being, demonstrating that zodiac signs lack predictive power for well‐being outcomes. An additional analysis revealed that astrological signs were no more predictive of than random numbers. Thus, a randomly generated number between 1 and 12 is statistically as predictive of one's well‐being as one's zodiac sign. These findings challenge popular astrological claims about the influence of zodiac signs on well‐being and quality of life.

Abstract
This essay discusses the notion of 'semiotic development in child development' and highlights potential concerns for 'psychologism' when semiotics turns into cognitive semiotics. The notion of 'semiotic development in child development' indicates a transdisciplinary approach involving both semiotics, the general study of meaning and signs, and child psychology. This, however, invites the criticism of committing the fallacy of psychologism. Piaget was aware of this dilemma when developing his theory of the semiotic function as a united capacity in children's cognitive development. Sonesson's proposal of a general definition of signs in meaning-making is suggested to, at some points, meet the dilemma with psychologism in studies of children's semiotic development. Starting from a phenomenological point of view in semiotics and integrating Piaget's theory on cognitive development and meaning-making meet the study of subjectivity in intersubjectivity. On the one hand, the sign as a theoretical object is not reducible to any given psychological process or processes; on the other hand, sign meaning can only exist if there are beings (consciousnesses) capable of grasping and using signs.

This research studies the profile of students' critical thinking skills in physics in general, indicators, aptitudes, gender, and analyzes the perspectives of the Project-Oriented Problem-Based Learning (POPBL) model in improving these skills. The method used in this study was descriptive quantitative with a sample of 154 students. Data collection methods using written tests, questionnaires and bibliometric extraction through the Scopus database with 25 received documents. The study showed that students in general have the ability to think critically in physics, since most of them have critical thinking skills according to low criteria. When viewed by indicators, the average score is the highest in the indicator "Evaluating", and the lowest average score is according to the indicator "Synthesis". There are some gifted students who demonstrate higher critical thinking. In addition, the value of women's critical thinking abilities is higher than that of men and there are significant differences. Research on the POPBL model, designed to improve critical thinking skills in the field of learning physics, is very potential, since it is characterized by great novelty and originality.

Received: 7 February 2024 / Accepted: 26 April 2024 / Published: 5 May 2024

In Li Bai's poems, the term yao or medicine is frequently employed as an idea-image. The meaning of yao can be further divided into four distinct types, each corresponding to its functions in different contexts. It represents the elixir found on Penglai Island, having the power to elevate a person to immortality; the elixir stolen from the Queen Mother of the West by Heng'E; the immortal herbs pounded by the Jade Rabbit; and the medicine used for treating diseases. In addition, Li Bai's poems also contain elixir liquid (danye 丹液), potable gold (jinye 金液), and other substances referred to as yao. Unlike specific terms like "cinnabar", these names are more general in nature. The medicines, their names, and the general terms in poems carry different emotional implications, e.g., his admiration for immortality, and a means to criticize his own time, to express his aspirations and lamentation over the passage of time. The "Yao" also serves as a symbol of healing and nourishment, especially in the context of friendship. All these points deserve to be meticulously explored.

Abstract
This article reconstructs the debates on the woman question in which nineteenth-century French liberal economists participated: it aims at showing that their analysis contradicted their conviction that, in Bastiat's words, "men's interests, when left to themselves, tend to . . . work together for progress and the general good." Indeed, French liberals are usually labeled optimistic: they denounced the pessimistic and fatalist character of the "English school of economics" based on Ricardo's rent theory and Malthus's law of population. On the contrary, they attempted to prove that economic development improved the situation of all, especially that of workers. However, their optimism did not extend to their analysis of the situation of women: most of them recognized that women were not benefiting from the general improvement in terms of wages, labor conditions, and social mobility. The article then shows that the reasons they gave to explain the bad situation of women present many challenges, linked respectively to the issue of state intervention and wage theory. Moreover, it is unlikely that the only solution they proposed for improving it, that is, the promotion of female education, could have worked.

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) may be the next general purpose technology. General purpose technologies, such as the steam engine and computing, can have an outsized impact on productivity through a positive feedback loop between producing and application industries. Along with the discussion of AI's potential to improve productivity come a number of policy concerns related to AI's potential to automate jobs and to create existential risk for humanity. Because of these worries, in March 2023, a widely circulated petition called for a pause in AI research. That letter asked several questions about AI's potential impact on society. This paper examines those questions through an economic lens. It highlights reasons to be optimistic about the long‐run impact of AI, while underscoring short‐run risks. Economic models provide an understanding of where the ambiguity lies and where it does not. Our models suggest no ambiguity on whether there will be jobs and little ambiguity on long‐term productivity growth if AI diffuses widely. In contrast, there is substantial ambiguity on the implications of AI's diffusion for inequality.

Se sugiere que las elecciones municipales celebradas en más de 8.000 ciudades y pueblos españoles, no son gobernadas de una forma específica siguiendo líneas electorales del ámbito particular de lo local; sino que, más bien, tienden a reproducir, con ligeras variaciones, los parámetros de las elecciones generales. De esta forma, se deduce que las elecciones municipales o locales no son simplemente administrativas, sino altamente políticas. A través de conjuntos de datos cuantitativos se examinan las elecciones locales y generales a lo largo del período histórico de consolidación del nuevo sistema democrático; desde 1979, año de las primeras elecciones locales, hasta 1991. Se centra en la relación entre las candidaturas independientes y partidistas, la evolución de la abstención, y la formación de un sistema de partidos nacionales que se extiende al ámbito local. El análisis sugiere que las elecciones locales en España se presentan mucho más ?nacionales? que en países vecinos. Sin embargo, más que la progresiva ?nacionalización? del voto, se refleja el ciclo electoral en el que se presentan las mutuas interferencias entre ambos ámbitos electorales.

En este artículo se realiza una revisión general de las aportaciones fundamentales de la sociología actual enel tema de la crisis de la sociedad del trabajo y las transformaciones experimentadas en los ciclos biográficoslaborales. Se comienza, así, revisando los cambios en el entorno de la sociedad industrial y en los sentidosatribuidos en ella al trabajo y al empleo; se sigue por la realización de una exposición de los enfoques más característicosen el estudio sociológico del proceso de trabajo, haciendo especial hincapié en aquellas aportacionesteóricas que estudian el papel de las estrategias de los diferentes sujetos y actores sociales implicadosen el desarrollo de este proceso; finalmente, se aborda una evaluación de los puntos polémicos de los nuevos(y contradictorios) discursos sobre la formalización de los mecanismos convencionales de representación socialde la vida laboral. El artículo se cierra con una consideración general sobre las nuevas tendencias dereestructuración de la relación salarial y la biografía laboral, reestructuración que afecta hasta incluso a losconceptos mismos de trabajo, actividad y competencia, apostando con ello por una necesaria y fecunda visiónsociológica concreta en el enfoque de estos temas.

AbstractCarbon tax is widely regarded as an effective and efficient method to reduce carbon emissions. However, the introduction of carbon tax has faced resistance from the public and interest groups. In this article, we examine the determinants of public support for carbon taxation in South Korea. While the expected cost of the carbon tax on individual citizens appears to be the most important determinant of preferences towards carbon tax, we also find that the public support changes depending on the design of the revenue recycling system. The public is more likely to support a carbon tax scheme that is earmarked to support the energy‐poor population compared to one that uses tax revenues for general government expenditures. The use of carbon tax revenues to create green sector jobs appears to significantly increase the support for carbon tax compared to the use of revenue for the general environment budget. Our findings suggest that while opposition towards carbon tax exists, certain design features such as universal carbon dividends can alleviate some resistance from the public.

AbstractEmerging health crises challenge and overwhelm federal political systems (Greer et al. 2020, Global Public Health 15: 1413–6). Within the context of COVID-19, states and governors took charge in the absence of a coordinated federal response. The result was uneven policy responses and variance in health-related and economic outcomes. While existing research has explored public evaluations of state COVID-19 policies, we explore primary care physicians' trust in state government for handling the pandemic, as well as their evaluations of their state government's treatment responsibility for the pandemic and their state's policy response. We find that general preferences for the role of the federal/state government in addressing the pandemic are shaped by individual-level physician partisanship. Specific evaluations of state policy responsiveness are influenced by whether physicians' partisan preferences matched their governor. We also find, however, that Republican physicians were critical of Republican governors and physicians were less partisan than the general public. At least within public health, there are limits to the influence of partisan identity on expert (physician) political evaluations.

La economía popular y solidaria ha representado un conjunto de beneficios en los países que la han aplicado. En este sentido la estrategia de utilizar los emprendimientos de la economía popular y solidaria es vista por aquellas personas con visión de generar negocios, una forma de organización que le permita general los recursos necesarios para cubrir sus necesidades, en donde se busca, además del beneficio económico, una convivencia en un entorno sustentable. Esta investigación busca describir los emprendimientos de economía popular y solidaria de Ecuador en el año 2023. Para ello se aplicó una encuesta de manera directa en algunas provincias de la zona costera y sierra, utilizando el sistema de Google Forms; lográndose encuestar a 675 emprendedores. De manera general se aprecia que, la mayoría de los emprendedores son del sexo femenino y que, siendo solteras, son el sostén de un grupo familiar. Por otra parte, el inicio del emprendimiento se debió a que vieron una oportunidad de negocio, y para el cual recibieron formación que les permitió incorporar algunas herramientas administrativas para llevar con éxito su emprendimiento.

The subject of the article is an analysis of the lyrics of 13 Polish songs sung in the village of Muravanaya Ashmyanka. A linguistic analysis of the transcribed lyrics of the songs based on the author's personal recordings, conducted according to dialectological publications, and carried out on the phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and lexical levels, revealed numerous clear influences of the East Slavic languages. Among the many deviations from the general Polish language, and the multitude of dialectal features characteristic of the Northern Borderlands dialect, the following may be concluded: asynchronous pronunciation of nasal vowels at the final position and before fricative consonants, vowel reduction, the pronunciation of the dental consonant ł, the occurrence of the prepositional construction instead of the general Polish synthetic one, preservation of the voiced quality of the consonant w after voiceless consonants, soft pronunciation of l, change of grammatical gender, voiced pronunciation of the consonanth. The lyrics of the collected and transcribed songs are an example of valuable linguistic material fading into oblivion with the passage of time.

One of the urgent problems of modern humanitarian knowledge is the implementation of a holistic and critical analysis of ecological philosophy and philosophy of ecology as directions of philosophical cognition in the un-derstanding of environmental problems characterizing various models of the relationship between man and nature. Considering these directions of scientific knowledge, we establish that they differ not only in the subject of cognition, but also in the models of interaction: the first one studies ecological theories and concepts, in the center of which are evolutionary processes of nature and society, and the second one studies ontological and axiological aspects characterizing the sustainability of human and nature development in accordance with hu-manistic attitudes, opposing negative scenarios of future development of mankind. Due to the spread of neo-humanism and transhumanism, special perspectives of noosphere, eco-culture, and post-apocalyptic scenari-os in general are being formed. The general interest of these directions is conditioned by the study of the archi-tectonics of ecological being as the most important basis of ecological civilization of the present and future in the context of sustainable development.