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International audience ; In 1522 Rhodes was conquered by the Knights of St. John and became part of the Ottoman Empire. The town retained economic prosperity but lost all strategic roles, reverting to a provincial rank. For these reasons and because of lacking sources, scholars little studied the Ottoman town of Rhodes, but travel reports and urban analysis suggest interesting remarks. The Turks reused pre-existing architectures and occupied the walled town, while Greek and Latin people were forced to live in suburbs. Relevant architectural changes, as seen through the sources and unpublished recent photos, concerned religious buildings: Latin churches were adapted to Djami, mesdjid or warehouses and Greek ones became houses. Inside the walls "Ottomanization" was carried out through few interventions occupying leading points of the town, while other important functions (such as the government seat and cemeteries) were moved outside the walls. The hypothesis proposed is Rhodes model of Islamic city, based on the market as an "empty center" with public buildings around it (Friday Mosque, bedesten, madrasa and hammam) and applied exploiting the existing sites. The Friday Mosque and a madrasa with hammam were built on top of the slope of the medieval market street, where there was a Christian monastery, and a bedesten may have been placed in a medieval building near the present Bezesten Djami. In addition, five new mosques were founded becoming new urban polarities. Rhodes was almost certainly divided in mahalla, residential units usually centered on a mosque: a mahalla worked as a self-sufficient district, generally extended from ten to few hundreds homes. This subdivision changed Rhodes urban structure, for streets gradually became cul de sac. It's not yet possible to outline the borders of Rhodes mahalla or identify their central mosques, but the sources attest that each mahalla had the name of its reference mosque. These considerations allowed drawing a first scheme of Rhodes urban fabric and its new polarities. The town can be considered a relevant example of Ottoman urban policy outside the motherland and could be taken as a reference in the study of other cities at the periphery of the empire, as a part of a larger comparative analysis.

At present the Irish construction industry is facing one of its most uncertain and challenging periods and will see major cuts in all areas of the economy in 2012. Despite this, Ireland pushes forward in sustainability initiatives with the Government ruling that environmentally-friendly policies are to get priority in competing for State contracts worth up to €16 billion a year. This and further initiatives are in place, so as to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 20% by the year 2020. By the end of 2018 the public sector must own or rent only buildings with high energy-saving standards and promote the conversion of existing buildings to "nearly zero" standards. Furthermore, the "retro-fitting" of Ireland's existing building stock will challenge Ireland to meet carbon targets. This paper outlines how Building Information Modelling (BIM) can be utilised on future and present public works projects in Ireland to significantly assist the Irish Government in managing a low carbon energy future. The paper will focus on the application of a sophisticated BIM model in helping to predict the performance of buildings or assess retrofit/upgrade options in managing low carbon construction. The authors' data collation methodology involved the testing and analysis of a BIM model for a public works project, used during a four day workshop in late 2011. The workshop proved a success and provided the platform for the Irish Government to see first-hand, how a collaborative BIM model used on a public works projects could provide a low carbon future for both future and existing building stock.

Dans les années 1980 et 1990, la politique de la ville avait été pionnière dans l'expérimentation, puis la tentative de généralisation dans l'action publique locale d'une évaluation de type « démocratique ». Les pratiques étaient restées bien en deçà de l'idéal d'évaluation démocratique, définie par Patrick Viveret comme un moyen « d'accroître la qualité de la vie démocratique » en nourrissant le débat public par la formation d'un jugement collectif sur la valeur d'une politique publique . Depuis la loi Borloo, la politique de la ville et son évaluation sont entrées dans l'ère du néo-managérialisme. Sommée de prouver son efficacité et son efficience, cette politique a été entièrement refaçonnée, sur le plan des objectifs comme des instruments . Mais en rabattant l'évaluation sur la seule mesure quantitative des résultats, et en faisant l'impasse sur les processus de formation d'un jugement collectif, le tournant néo-managérial de la politique de la ville représente finalement un recul pour la pratique évaluative.

Durch die starke Konsolidierung im Krankenhaussektor droht in vielen regionalen Krankenhausmärkten die Bildung von Konzentration und Marktmacht. Dies kann für Patienten wie für Krankenkassen negative Folgen nach sich ziehen. Die Studie widmet sich der empirischen Erfassung dieses Konzentrationsprozesses und berücksichtigt dabei erstmals die Rolle der Krankenhausträger. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der deutsche Krankenhaussektor in wesentlichen Teilen durch hoch konzentrierte Marktstrukturen gekennzeichnet ist. Insbesondere in ländlichen Regionen verschärft dies auch den krankenhausplanerischen Zielkonflikt, eine qualitativ hochwertige Versorgung zu ermöglichen, ohne zugleich monopolartige Strukturen zu schaffen

The article presents technological alliances as political activities, helping establish coalitions, co-opt supporters and eliminate rivals. Using the example of Microsoft's and Google's partner ecosystems, it discusses specific partnership techniques and their relevance for technology companies. The article offers a rich picture of developments of Microsoft Windows and Google Android platforms, combined with the steps taken by both companies to ensure support from partner firms. The effectiveness of financial, marketing and technological incentives as well as of deterrents depends on expected outcomes (such as: decreasing transaction costs, creating lock-ins, stimulating innovativeness or restricting development of competitive products) and technology life cycle stages. The article helps shape partnership strategies and optimize investments, needed to motivate and control partners. ; Artykuł prezentuje alianse technologiczne jako działania o charakterze politycznym, pomagające budować koalicje, kooptować sojuszników i eliminować rywali. W oparciu o przykłady ekosystemów partnerskich firm Microsoft i Google, omówione zostają specyficzne techniki stosowane w odniesieniu do partnerów i ich przydatność dla firm technologicznych. Artykuł oferuje bogaty przegląd faktograficzny, dotyczący rozwoju platform Microsoft Windows i Google Android, w połączeniu z działaniami, podejmowanymi przez obie firmy w celu zapewnienia wsparcia ze strony firm partnerskich. Skuteczność zachęt o charakterze finansowym, marketingowym i technologicznym, jak również działań odstraszających, jest uzależniona od oczekiwanych rezultatów (taki jak: redukcja kosztów transakcyjnych, uzależnianie partnera, stymulowanie innowacyjności lub ograniczanie rozwoju konkurencyjnych produktów), jak również etapu cyklu życia technologii. Artykuł pomaga kształtować strategie współpracy z partnerami i optymalizować inwestycje, niezbędne dla motywowania i kontrolowania partnerów.

В статье рассматривается соотношение юридической основы деятельности и реальной практики проведения крестьянских сходов в Вологодской губернии конца XIX начала XX вв., а также отношение крестьян к сходам и приговорам. Автор описывает влияние локальных условий и традиций на такие аспекты функционирования систем сходов, как набор типов сходов, границ их компетенции, условий легитимности. ; The article considers the ratio of legislation and the real practice of carrying out peasant assemblies in the Vologda province at the end of 19th beginning of the 20th century, and the attitude of peasants to assemblies and sentencing. The author describes the influence of local conditions and traditions on aspects of functioning systems of assemblies such as the range of assembly types, limits of their competence and legitimacy conditions.

The public, and also the media often regard the Bundesrat as a political counterweight to parliament and government only. This view ignores that it contributes substantially to expert legislation on the federal level. As a consequence of German history, the Bundesrat is composed of members of the executives of the Lander. In practice, their contribution lies in participating in the legislation and administration of the Federation in all cases provided for by the Basic Law. In a highly formalized but nevertheless very efficient procedure, the federal states bring to bear their own expertise and administrative experience. The decisions of the Bundesrat as a result of previous deliberations on committee and plenary level contribute significantly to practicable federal legislation and, in addition, to an equivalent development of law within the European Union. Adapted from the source document.