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Mental capacity is required for an adult to make autonomous treatment choices. This review highlights recent legal and clinical developments in the field. The recent English Mental Capacity Act 2005 is described and compared with mental health legislation. Some of the difficulties of defining mental capacity are then outlined. Recent research regarding mental capacity in general hospital patients is summarised. Such research indicates firstly that capacity can reliably be assessed; secondly, that among general hospital inpatients, approximately one-third may lack capacity; and thirdly, that mental incapacity in this setting is mainly driven by cognitive impairment caused by delirium or dementia. This is contrasted with psychiatric inpatients, where the problem is no more frequent, but mainly relates to psychotic illness. The article finishes with some general guidance as to how to assess mental capacity in the general hospital.

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of ultraviolet radiation (UV‐R) on state capacity. The results indicate that the intensity of UV‐R is a strong predictor of cross‐country differences in state capacity. Countries with a higher degree of UV‐R exposure tend on average to have weaker states. This finding remains unaffected after controlling for different variables that may be correlated with both UV‐R and state capacity, including an extensive set of geographical, historical and contemporary factors. The observed link between sunlight and state capacity is not driven by potential outliers and is robust to the employment of alternative measures of state capacity, estimation methods and other sensitivity checks. Furthermore, the analysis also reveals that the individualistic–collectivist dimension of culture acts as a transmission channel connecting UV‐R and state capacity. The estimates show that a lower degree of UV‐R exposure leads to the adoption of individualistic values, which in turn contribute to the development of state capacity.

Organizational capacity is the set of structures and functions a nonprofit organization needs to effectively serve the community. Although capacity is defined in the nonprofit literature, no standardized measures exist, making it difficult to accurately assess organizational capacity. Data from a survey of nonprofit human service organizations ( N = 1,221) that participated in a capacity-building demonstration project are used to assess the fit of two conceptual models of capacity using confirmatory factor analysis. Results indicated that a model that measured capacity with more than 40 performance-related indicators did not fit the data well. However, a model using fewer (19) indicators of organizations' self-assessed capacity-building progress fit the data well and was invariant by tenure. Implications for measuring nonprofit organizational capacity are discussed.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Dedication -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Tables and Figures -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Part I: The Concept of Political Capacity -- 1 Relative Political Capacity: Political Extraction and Political Reach -- 2 Theoretical Link of Political Capacity to Development -- Part II: Economic Applications -- 3 Political Capacity and Economic Determinants of Inflation -- 4 Political Capacity and the Use of Seigniorage -- 5 Political Capacity and Private Investment -- 6 Political Capacity and Economic Growth -- 7 Political Capacity, Macroeconomic Factors, and Capital Flows -- 8 Political Capacity and Black Market Premiums -- Part III: Political Applications -- 9 Political Capacity and Government Resource Transfers -- 10 Political Capacity and Demographic Change -- 11 Political Capacity and Violence -- 12 Political Capacity, Growth, and Distributive Commitments -- Part IV: Extending Political Capacity -- 13 Political Capacity and the Economic Frontier -- 14 New Estimates of Political Capacity -- 15 Alternative Approaches to Estimating Political Capacity -- 16 The Unfinished Agenda -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the Book and Editors

Planning researchers often use planning capacity as an independent variable in studies of plan making and implementation. Increased capacity is associated with higher quality planning processes and plans. Yet, unlike in other fields such as public administration, planners have not devoted much attention to understanding the nature, impacts, and implications of planning capacity. This article synthesizes the literature concerning capacity in planning and related fields and proposes criteria that future definitions and measures of capacity should include.

Despite the emphasis placed on response capacity building to strengthen health security in this region, no comparative data exists to look into the determinants that drive the capacity. For public and private managers, the ignorance of capacity development and failure to assess it, by and large, points to highly ambiguous and flawed methodological approaches. This paper therefore reports on a qualitative interview study into capacity building around health security and explains the emergence of response capacity against the fight of influenza A H1N1 pandemics in Singapore and Taiwan in 2009. This paper further provides empirically grounded evidence to identify prerequisites for capacity development towards health security in response to (the same type of) public health crises in Asia.

In 1993, a team of political scientists launched an 11-city study of school reform, centering on the concept of civic capacity. In the field of urban education, the 11-city study found places ranging from those with low levels of civic capacity in which diffuse and scattered concerns never became focused and synergistic to those with relatively high levels of civic capacity in which key actors came together in concerted action. Community leaders develop civic capacity to respond to major community-wide problems with a high potential for controversy. An ever-present potential for conflict means that a spirit of cooperation can quickly erode, and civic capacity differs from micro versions of social capital. To be lasting, civic capacity needs an institutional foundation for interaction among elites and a "grassroots" base through which ordinary citizens are engaged.

Fiscal capacity through Local Own-Source Revenuedescribes the region's ability to explore existing sources of income in the region. Data from BPS (2019) on the level of regional independence shows 11 provinces in the low category, 15 provinces in the low category, and eight provinces in the moderate category. Until now, no province in Indonesia has been included in the high category of regional independence. The novelty of this study, trying to revisit the issue of Local Own-Source Revenue in Indonesia. The purpose of the study was to analyze the influence of per capita GDP variables, the value of the trade sector, and the value of the agricultural sector on Local Own-Source Revenuecapacity. Local Own-Source Revenue capacity is measured using the concept of tax capacity, namely Local Own-Source Revenuedivided by PDRB. The object of the study was 34 provinces in Indonesia during the period 2010-2019 (10 years). The research method uses an unbalanced regression panel with a fixed-effect model approach. The study results were that the per capita GDP had a positive and significant effect on Local Own-Source Revenue capacity. The trade sector had a positive and insignificant effect, and the agricultural sector had a significant negative impact on Local Own-Source Revenuecapacity. Therefore, the Provincial Government needs to continue to increase GDP per capita, issue regulations, and maintain regional conditions to support trade activities and approach the public to pay taxes, especially provincial taxes. The provincial government also needs to increase the downstream and industrialization of agricultural products to increase the capacity of Local Own-Source Revenue. Keywords: Local Own-Source Revenue; Tax Capacity

It is clear that some subnational governments are better than others at orchestrating major policy programs, yet important questions remain about how and why subnational government capacity varies from case to case. Scholarship that emphasizes political agency in explaining subnational policy outcomes is not always clear as to where such agency comes from. Meanwhile, research that defines the power of subnational units in terms of their formal administrative authority, fiscal capacity, and political status does not fully explain how these structural endowments translate into effective agency. This article works toward a conception of subnational government capacity better able to integrate these approaches and bridge the agency-structure divide. I call for greater attention to the connective structures that enable subnational governments to take the initiative in policymaking and mobilize resources, stressing provinces' internal cohesion and upward political ties. To illustrate the need for a broader conception of subnational capacity, and to show the importance of connective power in action, I analyze the contrasting outcomes of regional development strategies in two Chinese provinces.

Electoral management bodies (EMBs) perform many functions crucial to promoting electoral integrity, from registering voters to resolving post-election disputes. The capacity of an EMB to perform its tasks, however, is difficult to measure in cross-national perspective. Data on resources and personnel provide only a partial picture of EMB capacity and expert surveys are limited in their comparability. This article presents a new proxy for measuring EMB capacity. It employs a content analysis of EMB websites in 99 countries to measure the presence of indicators of their major functions. It assesses the measurement validity of this new measure of capacity and conducts a small-scale test to determine whether EMBs that score highly do actively communicate with their citizens. An application of this new measure of EMB capacity demonstrates its importance in predicting overall electoral integrity, indicating its importance for future scholarly and policy research.