The end of the soviet system led to a reorganization of former kolkhozes and sovkhozes in Russia. Despite these transformations, the agricultural operators have developed strategies to preserve their non-market goods production. The decision to keep the former social role question the experts. Indeed, these behaviors create a priori less efficient economic performances, which should lead these enterprises to disappear. However, these strategies helps to maintain large corporate farms, which should not be compatible with the market (because of the economies of scale). This way, Russian agriculture became heterogeneous, while the reforms should have mainly helped only the emergence of small farms. Our main thesis is that a sectoral regulationist approach, which considers that the actor have a specific rationality links to the fact that this actor is also a member of a community, is able to analyze the choice to product some non market goods.To analyze the regulation we have used the concept of "productive configuration" saw as a representation of the framework which organizes the coherence of some institutional elements (as rules, political choices, territorial issues, market rules.). Ours empirical works in the oblast of Orel allowed us to represent the regulation of the agricultural sector as four "productive configurations". We explained the plurality of the configurations as the result of the diversity of agreements consented by heterogeneous actors. These agreements allow each actor to maximize his interests according to his power and to reproduce the community to which he belongs to. To defend their individual and collective interests the actors create some legal structures on the land market which prevent the standard capitalism development in the Russian agriculture. These legal structures are based on the construction of the land as a collective patrimony. ; Notre thèse propose de sortir d'un schéma dual dans lequel les forces poussant au développement et la modernisation du secteur agricole russe, dans le cadre de la construction d'une économie de marché, se heurteraient à des lobbys usant de leur pouvoir politique pour bloquer le développement économique. Les deux phénomènes ont quelque consistance, mais les approches de terrains réalisés à Orel (région de laFédération de Russie) nous ont conduits à observer que les formes de capitalisme agricole ou même d'exploitations individuelles restaient « inhabituelles ». Notre approche propose de porter le regard sur la réalité des réponses des acteurs en termes : de combinaisons de blocs sociaux ; d'organisation des frontières entre unités productives et de prise en charge des différentes fonctions de l'agriculture dans une société donnée.L'approche régulationniste sectorielle et territoriale invite à observer sur une longue période, la façon dont se nouent des configurations productives. En la mobilisant au service d'une démarche d'économie industrielle empirique et en l'associant à une approche patrimoniale, on s'est proposé d'élargir l'approche régulationniste à l'étude de la façon dont les acteurs interprètent la multifonctionnalité de l'agriculture pour mettre en avant certaines fonctions qu'ils souhaitent préserver.Nous aboutissons à la nécessité de tenir compte de la persistance de l'hétérogénéité des exploitations agricoles dans la région d'Orel et de leur façon spécifique de prendre en charge la multifonctionnalité. Les différentes formes d'exploitations héritées du système soviétique ont su (ou du) évoluer dans le nouveau contexte économique. Elles ont utilisé les marges de manoeuvre dont elles disposaient pour choisir la façon dont elles s'inséraient sur les marchés agricoles en formation. Le corollaire est qu'elles se sont posé la question de la façon dont elles pouvaient stratégiquement utiliser l'expression des besoins sociaux des populations rurales pour constituer avec elles des « communautés » garantissant leur reproduction et leur développement respectif.La régulation des marchés et l'intervention des politiques aux niveaux local et national ont accompagné ces transformations. Cela s'est traduit par la construction d'un espace de régulation au niveau d'un mésosystème que nous pensons pouvoir représenter comme le lieu de confrontation de quatre configurations productives. Elles expriment la diversité des stratégies patrimoniales et marchandes. Les communautés qui se constituentautour de chacune d'elles sont influencées par la façon dont les rapports de propriété sont redéfinis. Ainsi, dans la région d'Orel, des collectifs de propriétaires de parcelles en indivision se sont créés et leur légitimité a été reconnue par les autorités locales et les textes de loi. Leur stratégie de constitution du foncier agricole en un patrimoine collectif a été le moyen d'encourager les différents investisseurs à maintenir la gestion, lefinancement et/ou la production de biens collectifs.
The end of the soviet system led to a reorganization of former kolkhozes and sovkhozes in Russia. Despite these transformations, the agricultural operators have developed strategies to preserve their non-market goods production. The decision to keep the former social role question the experts. Indeed, these behaviors create a priori less efficient economic performances, which should lead these enterprises to disappear. However, these strategies helps to maintain large corporate farms, which should not be compatible with the market (because of the economies of scale). This way, Russian agriculture became heterogeneous, while the reforms should have mainly helped only the emergence of small farms. Our main thesis is that a sectoral regulationist approach, which considers that the actor have a specific rationality links to the fact that this actor is also a member of a community, is able to analyze the choice to product some non market goods.To analyze the regulation we have used the concept of "productive configuration" saw as a representation of the framework which organizes the coherence of some institutional elements (as rules, political choices, territorial issues, market rules.). Ours empirical works in the oblast of Orel allowed us to represent the regulation of the agricultural sector as four "productive configurations". We explained the plurality of the configurations as the result of the diversity of agreements consented by heterogeneous actors. These agreements allow each actor to maximize his interests according to his power and to reproduce the community to which he belongs to. To defend their individual and collective interests the actors create some legal structures on the land market which prevent the standard capitalism development in the Russian agriculture. These legal structures are based on the construction of the land as a collective patrimony. ; Notre thèse propose de sortir d'un schéma dual dans lequel les forces poussant au développement et la modernisation du secteur agricole russe, dans le cadre de la construction d'une économie de marché, se heurteraient à des lobbys usant de leur pouvoir politique pour bloquer le développement économique. Les deux phénomènes ont quelque consistance, mais les approches de terrains réalisés à Orel (région de laFédération de Russie) nous ont conduits à observer que les formes de capitalisme agricole ou même d'exploitations individuelles restaient « inhabituelles ». Notre approche propose de porter le regard sur la réalité des réponses des acteurs en termes : de combinaisons de blocs sociaux ; d'organisation des frontières entre unités productives et de prise en charge des différentes fonctions de l'agriculture dans une société donnée.L'approche régulationniste sectorielle et territoriale invite à observer sur une longue période, la façon dont se nouent des configurations productives. En la mobilisant au service d'une démarche d'économie industrielle empirique et en l'associant à une approche patrimoniale, on s'est proposé d'élargir l'approche régulationniste à l'étude de la façon dont les acteurs interprètent la multifonctionnalité de l'agriculture pour mettre en avant certaines fonctions qu'ils souhaitent préserver.Nous aboutissons à la nécessité de tenir compte de la persistance de l'hétérogénéité des exploitations agricoles dans la région d'Orel et de leur façon spécifique de prendre en charge la multifonctionnalité. Les différentes formes d'exploitations héritées du système soviétique ont su (ou du) évoluer dans le nouveau contexte économique. Elles ont utilisé les marges de manoeuvre dont elles disposaient pour choisir la façon dont elles s'inséraient sur les marchés agricoles en formation. Le corollaire est qu'elles se sont posé la question de la façon dont elles pouvaient stratégiquement utiliser l'expression des besoins sociaux des populations rurales pour constituer avec elles des « communautés » garantissant leur reproduction et leur développement respectif.La régulation des marchés et l'intervention des politiques aux niveaux local et national ont accompagné ces transformations. Cela s'est traduit par la construction d'un espace de régulation au niveau d'un mésosystème que nous pensons pouvoir représenter comme le lieu de confrontation de quatre configurations productives. Elles expriment la diversité des stratégies patrimoniales et marchandes. Les communautés qui se constituentautour de chacune d'elles sont influencées par la façon dont les rapports de propriété sont redéfinis. Ainsi, dans la région d'Orel, des collectifs de propriétaires de parcelles en indivision se sont créés et leur légitimité a été reconnue par les autorités locales et les textes de loi. Leur stratégie de constitution du foncier agricole en un patrimoine collectif a été le moyen d'encourager les différents investisseurs à maintenir la gestion, lefinancement et/ou la production de biens collectifs.
At the Bering Straits, Russia and Alaska share a common ecology: rolling tundra and icy mountains divided by the narrow ocean. Every living thing exists without plentiful solar energy, curtailing the productivity evident in temperate climates. Yet over the course of the long twentieth century, Russians and Americans were drawn north by its potential riches, from the energy in walrus blubber to the currency of gold. They stayed to make converts, fortunes, and states. This dissertation chronicles the environmental, political, economic and cultural revolutions that came in their wake. These revolutions map onto the distribution of energy in arctic space. Europeans began by harvesting whales, moved to hunting walrus on coasts, attempted to farm reindeer on land, sought gold underground, and finally returned to hunting whales at sea. Organized around these spaces, the following five chapters trace a narrative from the stateless meetings of indigenous Yupik, Inupiat, and Chukchi with commercial hunters, to the inception of national borders and ideas of citizenship, through to the region's division along ideological lines. Using ecological and anthropological scholarship and sources from twenty local, regional, and national archives in the U.S. and Russia, it examines how capitalism and communism, which imagine history as universal, progress as inevitable, and production as infinite, met with the constraints of the far north. The common extremity of the Beringian environment provides a unique space in which to compare the twentieth century's two great economic systems. The resulting insights transcend the peripheral geography, and contribute to major questions in the histories of capitalism, socialism, and the environment. First, comparing how people understood their northern environs, and how they chose to change them, demonstrates how both economies were laced with normative assumptions about the trajectory of people's lives and history. Capitalism was never simply about how commodities were owned and traded, any more than communism was only about collective ownership of the means of production. Rather, both were ideologies that shaped what was thinkable, valuable, and rational. Second, these ideas did not exist outside environmental context. In ways specific to marine, coastal, and terrestrial habitats, local ecologies changed the practice of communism and capitalism. By investigating how intent became action, and action shaped new intents, this project shows instances of socialist rationality, market irrationality, and unexpected resemblance. Above all, both economic and ideological systems were contingent on factors beyond human control. Attention to the non-human, from animal behavior to climate, demonstrates how agency, in the sense of individual or collective will working on the world, was situational. The result is a history of how human intention and action were negotiated in concert with the environments they inhabited.
Effizienzpolitiken allein werden nicht mehr ausreichen, um Klimaschutzziele zu erreichen. Diese Erkenntnis setzt sich in der aktuellen Nachhaltigkeitsdebatte immer mehr durch, partiell selbst innerhalb der Green Economy-Diskurse. Wir werden um Politiken der Eindämmung struktureller Energiebedarfs-Erzeugung nicht herumkommen. Allerdings besteht die Gefahr, dass die Forderungen nach Suffizienz und "Maß-Halten" nicht die Erwerbsökonomie und Wachstumspolitiken adressieren, sondern die privaten Haushalte: die genderbedingt erwerbsökonomisch und politisch externalisierte Versorgungsökonomie (Haushaltswirtschaft) und persönliches Handeln. Deshalb ist ein emanzipativer Energiesuffizienz-Politikansatz umso wichtiger. Wie aber lässt sich ein Energie-bezogener Suffizienz-Ansatz des "Genug - es reicht!" anwendungsorientiert und methodisch konkret fassen? Auf welches Sichtbarmachen von den in der Energieforschung und -politik fast immer ausgeblendeten Fragen nach dem gutem Leben, Versorgen und Versorgt werden kommt es an? Wie lassen sich dabei implizite Genderverzerrungen, die aus traditionell an Maskulinität als Norm orientiertem Denken stammen, gemeinsam überwinden? Welche Strategien, welche Potenziale, welche Eingriffspunkte für Energiesuffizienz-Politiken und welcher Art Instrumente resultieren daraus? Die im ersten größeren, vom BMBF geförderten Forschungsprojekt zu diesen Fragen erarbeiteten Analysen, Ansätze und Methoden wurden durch genderkompetente ExpertInnen aus den beteiligten Disziplinen in einer Fokusgruppen-Diskussion reflektiert, kritisch gewürdigt, mit Anregungen, disziplinären Wissensbeständen und praktischen Beispielen bereichert. Der Wuppertal Report 8 präsentiert die Auswertung und die Zusammenfassung des emanzipativen Ansatzes und neuen Methode. Er gibt damit einen Einblick in die vielfältigen Ergebnisse des Gesamtprojekts "Strategien und Instrumente für eine technische, systemische und kulturelle Transformation zur nachhaltigen Begrenzung des Energiebedarfs im Konsumfeld Bauen/Wohnen". ; Bericht zum emanzipativen Suffizienz-Ansatz, zur neuen genderreflektierten Methodik und Auswertung einer Fokusgruppendiskussion im Rahmen des Verbundvorhabens "Strategien und Instrumente für eine technische, systemische und kulturelle Transformation zur nachhaltigen Begrenzung des Energiebedarfs im Konsumfeld Bauen/Wohnen" ; Sufficiency actually is debated as a serious topic. Not at least because of the limits and destructive impacts of growth, producing global environmental damages, unsustainable consumption of ressources and climate change, but also economical and social destabilisations and inequalities. Also green economy and efficiency policies turn out to be no match for these problems. But how to design acceptable and effective sustainable sufficiency policies in concrete sectors like energy? Enabling "good life" without growth imperative (cf. the "sustainable livelihood" approach) necessitates adressing politically the structural production of energy needs and demand. Nevertheless there are emerging risks, not hitherto politics and market driven economy will be adressed by sufficiency, but private households: their care economy as well as the personal acting within. The care economy however already is long ago recognised being in an economical, social and ecological crisis: It is economically exploited, but because of gender biases externalised from being (societal the essential) part of economy and its rationality. The dominant societal masculinity model still comprises significant abstinence resulting i.a. in gender unequal chances of being served and provided. And societal nature relationships of caring are undermined by centering independent social security etc. around income from market. After the "feminisation of the environmental responsibility", pointed out for the waste and transport sector, now "feminisation of the energy sufficiency responsibility"? All the more important is an emancipative (energy) sufficiency approach. What methods are nescessary and adequate designing sustainable, i.e. gender responsive political energy sufficiency strategies and modeling potentials? Which political step ins, actions and types of instruments are resulting from an energy sufficiency approach of "Enough already!"? The analysis, approach and methods as well as their evaluation and enrichment by an interdisciplinary expert focus group discussion, done within a first research project on elaborating energy sufficiency policies, are presented by the Wuppertal Report no. 8.
Die Kommerzialisierung und Verkitschung der alpinen Bergwelt und ihrer Bewohner spielt bis heute eine erhebliche Rolle innerhalb der visuellen Rezeption der Alpenwelt.Die künstlerische Behandlung der Hochgebirgswelt nahm ihren Beginn im 18. Jahrhundert und fand in der Romantik zu einem ersten Höhepunkt. Entgegen der Rationalität von Klassizismus und Aufklärung standen die einsamen und kargen alpinen Berglandschaften für Leidenschaft, Gefühl und Emotionalität. Die ?Entdeckungskünstler? drangen selbst in das Hochgebirge vor und erfuhren so vor Ort den subjektiven Stimmungsgehalt, den sie in ihre Werke einbrachten. Dies führte zu einer massenhaften Produktion und touristischen Vermarktung der neu entdeckten Bildwelt. Hier wird sie allerdings, als Reaktion auf die Vereinnahmung durch die nationalsozialistische Propaganda, ganz bewusst als unpolitischer Ort der Freizeitindustrie gezeichnet. Ab den späten 1960er Jahren griffen Künstler in ihren Arbeiten auf Geschichte und Identität der Alpen und ihrer Rezeption zurück und bemühten sich dabei, das moderne, verzerrte Verständnis von der Erhabenheit der Bergwelt zu dekonstruieren. Diesem, hier als subversiv verstandenen Blick auf die Alpenwelt soll in der vorliegenden Arbeit nachgegangen werden. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Beispiele künstlerischer Auseinandersetzung mit den Alpen versuchen alle, das heute primär medial geprägte Alpenbild zu zersetzen und zu dekonstruieren. Ökologische wie ökonomische Probleme als Folgen des alpinen Tourismus haben die Geschichte des Alpenblicks mitgestaltet. Diese Problembereiche werden von den Künstlern aufgegriffen und mit Hilfe derselben Strategien, derer sich Tourismus, Politik und Medien bedienen, im Kunstwerk hinterfragt. Der künstlerische Blick wendet sich von der Schönheit der Alpen ab und versucht, das Erhabene der Berge wieder wahrzunehmen und für das Publikum wahrnehmbar zu machen. ; The commercialisation and sentimentalisation of both Alpine landscape and culture play an important role in the visual interpretation of the Alps down to the present day. Artistic engagement with the Alps began in the 18th century and reached an early high point in the Romantic period. The lonely and austere Alpine peaks stood for passion, emotion and the senses as opposed to the rationality of Classicism and the Enlightenment. Artistic pioneers eagerly scaled the highest peaks and in this way were able to experience for themselves the subjective emotional ambience of the mountains, which they then introduced into their work. This newly developed conceptualisation of the Alps was then reproduced and marketed to tourists on a huge scale. However, in response to its appropriation by National Socialist propaganda, this essay will deliberately consider Alpine iconography to be an apolitical product of the leisure and recreation industry. From the late 1960s onwards artists once again drew upon Alpine identity and history, as well as upon various cultural interpretations of the Alps, in an attempt to deconstruct the debased modern version of the Romantic Alpine sublime. The object of this essay will be to investigate this subversive approach to traditional conceptualisations of the Alps. The examples of artistic engagement with the Alps presented in this essay all constitute attempts to undermine and deconstruct the standard modern day image of the Alps ? an image largely shaped by the media. The economic and ecological problems arising from Alpine tourism have also contributed to the development of new ways of looking at the Alps. The artists considered here have taken up and examined these themes in their work, making use of typical visual strategies employed in tourism, politics and the media. The artistic focus is no longer on the beauty of the Alps, instead the intention is to recognise the transcendence of the mountains and to make this accessible to the viewer. ; vorgelegt von Sofie Mathoi ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. u. engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2011 ; (VLID)215659
Economic sociology is a rapidly expanding field, applying sociology's core insight--that individuals behave according to scripts that are tied to social roles--to economic behavior. It places homo economicus (that tried-and-true fictive actor who is completely rational, acts only out of self-interest, and has perfect information) in context. In this way, it places a construct into a framework that more closely approximates the world in which we live. But, as an academic field, economic sociology has lost focus. The New Economic Sociology remedies this. The book comprises twenty of the most representative and widely read articles in the field's history--its classics--and organizes them according to four themes at the heart of sociology: institutions, networks, power, and cognition. Dobbin's substantial and engagingly written introduction (including his rich comparison of Yanomamo chest-beaters and Wall Street bond-traders) sets a clear framework for what follows. Gathering force throughout is Dobbin's argument that economic practices emerge through distinctly social processes, in which social networks and power resources play roles in the social construction of certain behaviors as rational or optimal. Not only does Dobbin provide a consummate introduction to the field and its history to students approaching the subject for the first time, but he also establishes a schema for interpreting the field based on an understanding of what economic sociology aims to achieve
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Alternative food networks have emerged in recent decades as a bottom-up social phenomenon and consist of food provision initiatives that seek to operate outside globalized industrial supply chains that incorporate the values of social justice, environmental sustainability, community health and democracy. In this sense, the present study aimed to analyze the contributions that the virtual agroecological fair action plan between family farming and federal institutions in the state of Goiás-Brazil brought to family farmers. The methodology is characterized by an action research both by the character of the collaborative construction action plan of an agroecological fair, and by the structure of development in which the insertion of authors is guided by the permanent collection of elements of the practice and, also, for the development of small interventions that help to elucidate the problems detected, through problematization and theoretical deepening. The Virtual Agroecological Interinstitutional Fair is held in an interinstitutional and collaborative way with family farmers with the appreciation of family farming of ecological Goiás basis and culminates in a path that enhances more sustainable territorial development with income generation, weaves an alternative for food supply and the promotion of the alternative food network "from the countryside to the city" in the face of socio-environmental rationality, in addition to a fairer and more equitable society, with the enhancement of biodiversity and the offer of food produced in the face of ecological practices. ; Las redes de alimentos alternativos han surgido en las últimas décadas como un fenómeno social de abajo hacia arriba y consisten en iniciativas de suministro de alimentos que buscan operar fuera de las cadenas de suministro industriales globalizadas que incorporan los valores de justicia social, sostenibilidad ambiental, salud comunitaria y democracia. En este sentido, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar las contribuciones que el plan de acción de feria agroecológica virtual entre la agricultura familiar y las instituciones federales en el estado de Goiás-Brasil trajo a los agricultores familiares. La metodología se caracteriza por una investigación-acción tanto por el carácter del plan de acción de construcción colaborativa de una feria agroecológica, como por la estructura de desarrollo en la que la inserción de los autores está guiada por la recopilación permanente de elementos de la práctica y, también, para el desarrollo de pequeñas intervenciones que ayuden a dilucidar los problemas detectados, a través de la problematización y profundización teórica. La Feria Virtual Agroecológica Interinstitucional se realiza de manera interinstitucional y colaborativa con agricultores familiares con la apreciación de la agricultura familiar de la base ecológica de Goiana y culmina en un camino que potencia un desarrollo territorial más sostenible con generación de ingresos, teje una alternativa para el suministro de alimentos y la promoción. de la red alimentaria alternativa "del campo a la ciudad" frente a la racionalidad socioambiental, además de una sociedad más justa y equitativa, con la puesta en valor de la biodiversidad y la oferta de alimentos producidos frente a prácticas ecológicas. ; As redes de alimentos alternativos surgiram nas últimas décadas como um fenômeno social de baixo para cima e consistem em iniciativas de provisionamento de alimentos que buscam operar fora das cadeias de abastecimento industrial globalizadas que incorporam os valores de justiça social, sustentabilidade ambiental, saúde comunitária e democracia. Neste sentido o presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as contribuições que o plano de ação feira agroecológica virtual entre agricultura familiar e instituições federais do estado de Goiás-Brasil trouxe para os agricultores familiares. A metodologia é caracterizada por uma pesquisa-ação tanto pelo caráter do plano de ação construção colaborativa de uma feira agroecológica, quanto pela estrutura do desenvolvimento no qual a inserção dos autores é pautada para a coleta permanente de elementos da prática e, também, para o desenvolvimento de pequenas intervenções que ajudam a elucidar os problemas detectados, via problematização e aprofundamento teórico. A Feira Interinstitucional Agroecológica Virtual é realizada de forma interinstitucional e colaborativa com os agricultores familiares com valorização da agricultura familiar de base ecológica Goiana e culmina em um caminho que potencializa o desenvolvimento territorial mais sustentável com geração de renda, tece uma alternativa para o abastecimento alimentar e a promoção da rede de alimentos alternativos "do campo à cidade" diante a racionalidade socioambiental, além de uma sociedade mais justa e equânime, com valorização da biodiversidade e a oferta de alimentos produzidos diante as práticas ecológicas.
After falling under the power of the Russian Crown, the Northern Black Sea steppe from the end of eighteenth century crystallized as the Russian government's prime venue for socioeconomic and sociocultural reinvention and colonization. Vast ethnic, sociocultural and even ecological changes followed. Present study is preoccupied with the marriage of the immigrant population from the German lands who came to the region in the course of its state orchestrated colonization, and was officially categorized as "German colonists." The book illuminates the multiple ways in which marriage and household formation among the colonists was instrumentalized by the imperial politics in the Northern Black Sea steppe, and conditioned by socioeconomic rationality of its colonization. Marriage formation and dissolution among the colonists were gradually absorbed into the competencies of the colonial vertical power. Intending to control colonist marriage and household formation through the introduced marriage regime, the Russian government and its regional representatives lacked the actual means to exert this control at the local level. On the ground, however, imperial politics was mediated by the people it targeted, and by the functionaries tasked with its implementation. As the study reveals, the paramount importance was given to functional households and sustainable farms based on non-conflictual relations between parties. Situated on the crossroads of state, church, community, and personal interests, colonist marriage engendered clashes between secular and ecclesiastical bodies over the supremacy over it. The interplay of colonization as politics, and colonization as an imperial situation with respect to the marriage of the German colonists is explored in this book by concentrating on both norms and practices. Another important consideration is the ways gender and colonization constructed and determined one another reciprocally, both in legal norms and in actual practices. Secret divorces and unauthorized marriages, open and hidden defiance, imitations and unruliness, refashioning of rituals and discourses, and desertions – a number of strategies and performances which challenged and negotiated the marriage regime in the region, were scholarly examined for the first time in this book. ; År 1804 formulerade tsar Alexander I:s regering nya riktlinjer för rysk migrationspolitik. Invandrare från de krigshärjade tyska länderna skulle värvas till kolonisering av stäppen norr om Svarta havet i en omfattande kampanj orkestrerad av den ryska staten. Dessa nykomlingar, som av myndigheterna kategoriserades som "tyska kolonister," etablerade kolonier i hela regionen inom ett par årtionden. Boken presenterar den första studien av hur äktenskap och hushållsformering användes som instrument i den ryska koloniseringspolitiken i området, och hur dessa faktorer primärt styrdes av koloniseringens socioekonomiska rationalitet. Stabila hushåll och jordbruk som genererade avkastning eftersträvades in i det längsta. Ibland ledde detta till konflikter mellan den sekulära och den andliga makten om tolkningsföreträde rörande äktenskapets upplösning och ingående. Genom analys av både normer och praxis blottläggs samspelet mellan kolonisering som politik, och kolonisering som en imperiesituation, där äktenskapet och hushållet omförhandlades i skärningspunkten mellan myndigheter, kyrkosamfund, lokalsamhälle och enskilda. Studien visar att den ryska centralmakten och dess regionala representanter saknade verktyg för att utöva den effektiva kontroll som eftersträvades över kolonistäktenskap och hushållsformering på lokal nivå. Denna slutsats stöds genom att ett antal strategier och handlingsmönster som utmanade och bidrog till att omförhandla äktenskapsregimen i regionen identifieras och diskuteras.
Durante los últimos setenta años, el desarrollo como idea fuerza extendió la hegemonía del capitalismo, potenciando la producción y reproducción de sus lógicas en múltiples dimensiones. Oculta así, bajo el signo de la libertad de elegir, de la incorporación social al mundo global y del acceso al bienestar vía el consumo, el proceso de dominación, explotación y conflicto necesario para la imposición del desarrollo a la manera occidental desde el cual fue conceptualizado A pesar de ello, emergen, en el seno mismo del sistema, experiencias alternativas al capitalismo en las cuales el concepto de colonialidad del poder permite identificar las dimensiones que forman parte de dicho proceso de dominación, explotación y conflicto para el desarrollo económico y admite explorar cómo, desde la práctica, los actores adaptan estas dimensiones, las revierten o las superan. En este marco, en este trabajo se indaga el proceso productivo, de organización y de interacción en dos cooperativas agroecológicas chaqueñas. Las experiencias concretas, analizadas en una investigación exploratoria cualitativa con anclaje etnográfico, traslucen lógicas alternativas a las capitalistas en algunas dimensiones, pero también similares en otras. La naturaleza no se presenta únicamente como un factor de la producción, siendo el individuo parte de la misma. Lo ambiental se mezcla con lo político, y el conocimiento experto-científico se entrecruza con los saberes de los campesinos-indígenas en la producción. La inserción en el mercado y la definición de los precios cargan las "racionalidades" capitalistas. Las lógicas modernas-capitalistas se cuelan con otras, y se construyen y redefinen. Su importancia radica en que permiten mirar desde un lugar distinto a la modernidad, y reclaman un entendimiento diferente dentro de las ciencias sociales. ; Over the past 70 years, the development as a powerful-idea spread out the hegemony of capitalism, promoting the production and reproduction of their logic in multiple dimensions. It hides the process of domination, exploitation and conflict, which is necessary for the imposition of the development on Western stile. It was conceptualized under the sign of freedom of choice, the social inclusion in the global world and the access to welfare by consumption. However, alternative experiences to the capitalism emerge within the system, where the concept of coloniality of power identifies the dimensions that are part of the process of domination, exploitation and conflict for the economic development itself, and admits to explore how actors adapt these dimensions from the practice, reverse them or overcome them. In this framework we will investigate the production process of organization and interaction in two agro-ecological cooperatives in Chaco. The specific experiences, analyzed in a qualitative exploratory research with ethnographically-anchor, show logical alternatives to the capitalist ones in some dimensions, but also similar in others. Nature does not seem to be a production factor, and the human being is part of it. The environment is mixed with politics, and the expert-scientific knowledge intersects with peasant-indigenous knowledge in the production. The fact of inserting in the market and the price definition carries with the capitalists "rationality ". The modern-capitalist logics mix with others, and are built and redefined. Its importance lies in that they allow to look from a different place to modernity and demand a different understanding within the social sciences. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación
1. Contextual outline of the PhD Research Climate change is today often seen as one of the most challenging issue that our civilisation will have to face during the 21st century. This is especially so now that the most recent scientific data have led to the conclusion that the globally averaged net effect of human activities since 1750 has been one of warming (IPCC 2007, p. 5) and that continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming (IPCC, 2007 p. 13). This unequivocal link between climate change and anthropogenic activities requires an urgent, world-wide shift towards a low carbon economy (STERN 2006 p. iv) and coordinated policies and measures to manage this transition. The climate issue is undoubtedly a typical policy question and as such, is considered amenable to economic scrutiny. Indeed, in today's world economics is inevitable when it comes to arbitrages in the field of policy making. From the very beginning of international talks on climate change, up until the most recent discussions on a post-Kyoto international framework, economic arguments have turned out to be crucial elements of the analysis that shapes policy responses to the climate threat. This can be illustrated by the prominent role that economics has played in the different analyses produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to assess the impact of climate change on society. The starting point and the core idea of this PhD research is the long-held observation that the threat of climate change calls for a change of climate in economics. Borrowing from the jargon used in climate policy, adaptation measures could also usefully target the academic discipline of economics. Given that inherent characteristics of the climate problem (e.g. complexity, irreversibility, deep uncertainty, etc.) challenge core economic assumptions, mainstream economic theory does not appear as appropriately equipped to deal with this crucial issue. This makes that new assumptions and analyses are needed in economics in order to comprehend and respond to the problem of climate change. In parallel (and without environmental considerations being specifically the driving force to it), the mainstream model in economics has also long been (and still is) strongly criticised and disputed by numerous scholars - both from within and outside the field of economics. For the sake of functionality, these criticisms - whether they relate to theoretical inconsistencies or are empirically-based - can be subsumed as all challenging part of the Cartesian/Newtonian legacy of economics. This legacy can be shown to have led to a model imprinted with what could be called "mechanistic reductionism". The mechanistic side refers to the Homo oeconomicus construct while reductionism refers to the quest for micro-foundations materialised with the representative agent hypothesis. These two hypotheses constitute, together with the conjecture of perfect markets, the building blocks of the framework of general equilibrium economics. Even though it is functional for the purpose of this work to present them separately, the flaws of economics in dealing with the specificities of the climate issue are not considered independent from the fundamental objections made to the theoretical framework of mainstream economics. The former only make the latter seem more pregnant while the current failure of traditional climate policies informed by mainstream economics render the need for complementary approaches more urgent. 2. Overview of the approach and its main insights for climate policy Starting from this observation, the main objective of this PhD is thus to assess the implications for climate policy that arise from adopting an alternative analytical economic framework. The stance is that the coupling of insights from the framework of evolutionary economics with the perspective of ecological economics provides a promising way forward both theoretically as well as on a more applied basis with respect to a better comprehension of the socioeconomic aspects related to the climate problem. As claimed in van den Bergh (2007, p. 521), ecological economics and evolutionary economics "share many characteristics and can be combined in a fruitful way" - which renders the coupling approach both legitimate and promising. The choice of an evolutionary line of thought initially stems from its core characteristic: given its focus on innovation and system change it provides a useful approach to start with for assessing and managing the needed transition towards a low carbon economy. Besides, its shift of focus towards a better understanding of economic dynamics together with its departure from the perfect rationality hypothesis renders evolutionary economics a suitable theoretical complement for designing environmental policies. The notions of path-dependence and lock-in can be seen as the core elements from this PhD research. They arise from adopting a framework which is founded on a different view of individual rationality and that allows for richer and more complex causalities to be accounted for. In a quest for surmounting the above-mentioned problem of reductionism, our framework builds on the idea of 'multi-level selection'. This means that our analytical framework should be able to accommodate not only for upward but also for downward causation, without giving analytical priority to any level over the other. One crucial implication of such a framework is that the notion of circularity becomes the core dynamic, highlighting the importance of historicity, feedbacks and emergent properties. More precisely, the added value of the perspective adopted in this PhD research is that it highlights the role played by inertia and path-dependence. Obviously, it is essential to have a good understanding of the underlying causes of that inertia prior to devising on how to enforce a change. Providing a clear picture of the socio-economic processes at play in shaping socio-technical systems is thus a necessary first step in order to usefully complement policy-making in the field of energy and climate change. In providing an analytical basis for this important diagnosis to be performed, the use of the evolutionary framework sheds a new light on the transition towards low-carbon socio-technical systems. The objective is to suggest strategies that could prove efficient in triggering the needed transition such as it has been the case in past "lock-in" stories. Most notably, the evolutionary framework allows us to depict the presence of two sources of inertia (i.e at the levels of individuals through "habits" and at the level of socio-technical systems) that mutually reinforce each other in a path-dependent manner. Within the broad perspective on path dependence and lock-in, this PhD research has first sketched the implications for climate policy of applying the concept of 'technological lock-in' in a systemic perspective. We then investigated in more details the notion of habits. This is important as the 'behavioural' part of the lock-in process, although explicitly acknowledged in the pioneer work of Paul David (David, 1985, p. 336), has been neglected in most of subsequent analyses. Throughout this study, the notion of habits has been studied at both the theoretical and applied level of analysis as well as from an empirical perspective. As shown in the first chapters of the PhD, the advantage of our approach is that it can incorporate theories that so far have been presented opposite, partial and incomplete perspectives. For instance, it is shown that our evolutionary approach not only is able to provide explanation to some of the puzzling questions in economics (e.g. the problem of strong reciprocity displayed by individual in anonymous one-shot situations) but also is very helpful in bringing a complementary explanation with respect to the famous debate on the 'no-regret' emission reduction potential which agitates the experts of climate policy. An emission reduction potential is said to be "no regret" when the costs of implementing a measure are more than offset by the benefits it generates such as, for instance, reduced energy bills. In explaining why individuals do not spontaneously implement those highly profitable energy-efficient investments , it appears that most prior analyses have neglected the importance of non-economic obstacle. They are often referred to as "barriers" and partly relate to the 'bounded rationality' of economic agent. As developed in the different chapters of this PhD research, the framework of evolutionary economics is very useful in that it is able to provide a two-fold account (i.e. relying on both individual and socio-technical sources of inertia) of this limited rationality that prevent individuals to act as purely optimising agents. Bearing this context in mind, the concept of habits, as defined and developed in this study, is essential in analysing the determinants of energy consumption. Indeed, this concept sheds an insightful light on the puzzling question of why energy consumption keeps rising even though there is an evident increase of awareness and concern about energy-related environmental issues such as climate change. Indeed, if we subscribe to the idea that energy-consuming behaviours are often guided by habits and that deeply ingrained habits can become "counter-intentional", it then follows that people may often display "locked-in" practices in their daily energy consumption behaviour. This hypothesis has been assessed in our empirical analysis whose results show how the presence of strong energy-consuming habitual practices can reduce the effectiveness of economic incentives such as energy subsidies. One additional delicate factor that appears crucial for our purpose is that habits are not fully conscious forms of behaviours. This makes that individuals do not really see habits as a problem given that it is viewed as easily changed. In sum, based on our evolutionary account of the situation, it follows that, to be more efficient, climate policies would have to both shift the incumbent carbon-based socio-technical systems (for it to shape decisions towards a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions) and also deconstruct habits that this same socio-technical has forged with time (as increased environmental awareness and intentions formulated accordingly are not sufficient in the presence of strong habits). Accordingly, decision-makers should design measures (e.g. commitment strategies, niche management, etc.) that, as explained in this research, specifically target those change-resisting factors and their key features. This is essential as these factors tend to reduce the efficiency of traditional instruments. Micro-level interventions are thus needed as much as macro-level ones. For instance, it is often the case that external improvements of energy efficiency do not lead to lower energy consumption due to the rebound effect arising from unchanged energy-consuming habits. Bearing this in mind and building on the insights from the evolutionary approach, policy-makers should go beyond the mere subsidisation of technologies. They should instead create conditions enabling the use of the multi-layered, cumulative and self-reinforcing character of economic change highlighted by evolutionary analyses. This means supporting both social and physical technologies with the aim of influencing the selection environment so that only the low-carbon technologies and practices will survive. ; De nos jours, la science économique est devenue une discipline incontournable dans le domaine de l'analyse politique. Les politiques environnementales, et notamment la politique de lutte contre le réchauffement climatique, n'échappent pas à la règle. Or, la théorie économique traditionnelle repose sur des postulats fortement contestés par de nombreux auteurs, tant du point de vue théorique que du point de vue empirique. Dans ce contexte, l'idée de la thèse est de voir quelles seraient les implications de l'adoption d'une grille de lecture économique alternative sur le processus de décision dans le domaine de la politique climatique. Le choix d'un autre modèle s'est porté logiquement sur l'économie évolutionniste dans la mesure où, d'une part, ce courant s'est construit sur l'idée qu'il fallait réconcilier la caractérisation de l'agent économique avec l'abondante littérature empirique et, d'autre part, il a opté pour la logique biologique, plus en phase les rythmes écologiques, comme métaphore inspiratrice. De par la nature même de la réflexion sous-tendant ses fondements théoriques, l'économie évolutionniste s'intéresse aux dynamiques économiques résultant des processus d'innovation, sélection et accumulation. En fait, ce qui est considéré comme exogène dans le modèle traditionnel, constitue le « cœur conceptuel » du modèle évolutionniste. Le choix de cette nouvelle grille de lecture a inévitablement comme conséquence d'envisager d'une autre manière l'économie politique portant sur les questions environnementales. La première partie de la recherche est consacrée à une analyse approfondie des critiques formulées à l'encontre du modèle économique traditionnel. Cette analyse, dont l'objectif est de contribuer à l'élaboration du cadre conceptuel de la thèse, consiste en l'exploration parallèle du champ de recherche concernant le fonctionnement des agents économiques et de la philosophie évolutionniste en général. Cette investigation conjointe, doublée d'un cadrage portant sur l'histoire et l'évolution de la science économique, permet d'aborder de front les deux faiblesses principales du modèle traditionnel, à savoir l'irréalisme empirique du paradigme de l'Homo Oeconomicus et le problème de la simple agrégation sous la forme de l'agent représentatif. Cette phase aboutit à la formulation d'un schéma analytique alternatif fondé sur le concept de « rationalité limitée » articulé dans un cadre reposant sur la notion d'évolution, définie comme un processus à causalité cumulative, double (ascendante et descendante) et interactive illustrant l'importance jouée par le niveau de groupe pour expliquer le fonctionnement des individus. Ce cadre et les préceptes qui en découlent seront utilisés d'une part, pour tenter d'apporter un éclairage différent sur la question du « paradoxe énergétique » et, d'autre part, pour analyser l'évolution technologique, élément central de la problématique du climat. Par exemple, la notion de causalité cumulative et interactive appliquée à la question de l'évolution technologique met lumière celle de « dépendance du sentier » qui exprime l'idée selon laquelle des évènements aléatoires insignifiants influencent fortement la direction et l'orientation d'une trajectoire technologique. De même, l'importance de la contingence historique et des interdépendances systémiques, qui découlent de notre choix d'adopter une approche évolutionniste, servent à expliquer le processus via lequel on a abouti à ce que l'on peut appeler le « carbon lock-in », selon lequel notre économie serait enfermée dans un régime sociotechnique « carbone » tant nos habitudes, nos institutions et nos réseaux technologiques sont adaptés à l'utilisation de combustibles fossiles (principale cause du problème de l'effet de serre). Cette notion d'enfermement technologique à laquelle notre analyse a mené est importante dans le sens où elle requiert des décideurs politiques de mettre en œuvre des mesures propres à déverrouiller nos trajectoires technologiques, si on veut respecter les engagements pris dans le cadre du Protocole de Kyoto. En conclusion, l'adoption d'une approche évolutionniste est susceptible de faire évoluer sensiblement le type de politiques et instrument utilisés pour lutter contre le problème du réchauffement. Notamment, elle questionne la pertinence des instruments économiques actuels, comme l'échange de quotas d'émissions, qui proviennent du modèle traditionnel (mettant l'accent sur l'efficience et reposant sur la parfaite rationalité des acteurs), dans la mesure où ils ne traitent pas des barrières structurelles responsables de l'enfermement technologique dans la filière fossile. Comme le souligne notre recherche, les politiques climatiques devraient plutôt créer un environnement permettant d'utiliser la nature cumulative et auto-renforçante de l'évolution des technologies.
El presente artículo propone analizar la importancia y el rol de la participación ciudadana en las políticas públicas ambientales, desde una perspectiva latinoamericana y bajo la categoría central de la conflictividad social. En ese contexto, se hace hincapié en el abordaje de la participación de uno de los actores destacados en la temática ambiental: los movimientos socioambientales que disputan el sentido vinculante de la política ambiental, y proponen e impulsan alternativas en la búsqueda por implementar un desarrollo armonioso con la naturaleza. Frente a la problemática ambiental, los gobiernos de Latinoamérica se concentraron en la implementación de cambios sociales, políticos e institucionales para introducir la dimensión ambiental en su estructura y en sus decisiones de gobierno. No obstante, en el contexto de un mundo dominado por la racionalidad económica, emergen los denominados "nuevos" movimientos sociales en nuestra región, que se integran con las viejas demandas por el territorio e intentan luchar contra la destrucción y expoliación de la naturaleza, la degradación del ambiente y por la calidad de vida de la población.Su lucha va más allá de una simple defensa de la naturaleza virgen y de lo ecológico, al buscar un proceso transformador que refleje las acciones colectivas de la sociedad para enfrentar los retos de interacción entre los ecosistemas natural y social que este momento histórico plantea. La temática abordada permite observar dos concepciones de la democracia: una formal que supone reglas de procedimiento que confieren legitimidad al modo de seleccionar a los gobernantes, y otra sustancial que busca garantizar un orden social justo, en términos de ejercicio efectivo de los derechos por parte de los ciudadanos. Dentro de esta transición, aparece la idea de la democracia participativa ambiental, la cual permite que los ciudadanos se conviertan en actores que inciden en la construcción de la política ambiental. ; The objective of this article is to analyze the importance and the role of citizen participation in environmental public policies, from a Latin American perspective and according to the central category of social conflict. In this context, we highlight the importance of addressing the participation of one of the main actors in environmental discussions: socio-environmental movements, which question the binding nature of environmental policy and propose and advocate alternatives in order to implement development in harmony with nature. Faced with environmental issues, Latin American governments focused on implementing social, political, and institutional changes in order to include the environmental dimension in their structure and political decisions. However, in the context of a world dominated by economic rationality, our region has seen the emergence of the so-called "new" social movements, which join forces with old struggles for land and attempt to combat the destruction and spoliation of nature and the degradation of the environment, while advocating the quality of life of the population.Their struggle goes beyond the mere defense of an unspoiled nature and of the ecological, since they promote a transformative process that reflects the collective actions of society to respond to the challenges posed by the interaction between the natural and the social ecosystems in this specific historical moment. The topic discussed here makes it possible to observe two conceptions of democracy: a formal one, based on rules of procedure that grant legitimacy to the manner in which rulers are selected, and a substantive one, which seeks to guarantee a just social order in terms of citizens' effective exercise of their rights. In between, we have the idea of an environmental participative democracy that allows citizens to become actors that influence the design of environmental policies. ; Este artigo propõe a analisar a importância e o papel da participação cidadã nas políticas públicas ambientais a partir de uma perspectiva latino-americana e sob a categoria central do conflito social. Nesse contexto, enfatiza na abordagem da participação de um dos atores destacados na temática ambiental: os movimentos socioambientais que disputam o sentido vinculante da política ambiental e propõem e promovem alternativas na busca por pôr em prática um desenvolvimento harmonioso com a natureza. Diante da problemática ambiental, os governos da América Latina se concentraram na implementação de mudanças sociais, políticas e institucionais para introduzir a dimensão ambiental na sua estrutura e suas decisões de governo. Contudo, no contexto de um mundo dominado pelo raciocínio econômico, emergem os denominados "novos" movimentos sociais em nossa região, que são integrados com as velhas demandas pelo território e tentam lutar contra a destruição e espoliação da natureza, contra a degradação do ambiente e pela qualidade de vida da população.Sua luta vai mais além de uma simples defesa da natureza virgem e do ecológico, ao buscar um processo transformador que reflita as ações coletivas da sociedade para enfrentar os desafios de interação entre os ecossistemas natural e social que este momento histórico apresenta. A temática tratada permite observar duas concepções da democracia: uma formal que supõe regras de procedimento que conferem legitimidade ao modo de selecionar os governantes, e outra substancial que procura garantir uma ordem social justa, em termos de exercício efetivo dos direitos por parte dos cidadãos. Dentro dessa transição, aparece a ideia da democracia participativa ambiental, que permite que os cidadãos se tornem atores que incidem na construção da política ambiental.
The transformation of economy and society of Ukraine especially in conditions of European integration makes goods and services consumption safety to become one of the prerequisites of state economic security. This is due to the intensification of intra-systemic threats from socio-economic and political crisis, the low purchasing power of the population, the saturation of the internal market with dangerous goods and services and their negative impact on the environment. In this case, the theoretical and methodological basis of consumption safety is imperfect. It is necessary to investigate the change of the essence of the concept of "consumption" in time and space and its relationship with safety category. The aim of research is to determine the features of ensuring safety of consumption as an object of study of various sciences. Methodology: theoretical and methodological basis of the study are the fundamental basics of security studies, economics, global science, philosophy, ecology, political science, consumption. To ensure the conceptual integrity of the study, the following methods have been used: theoretical generalization, comparison, dialectics, analysis and systematization; institutional analysis; brainstorming, office research. The scientific importance of the work is that the essential characteristics of the "consumption safety" category have been determined as: the structure, needs, nature of their satisfaction and interests, rationality and value orientation, connection with production and its purpose in economic terms; motivational factors, behavioral patterns, social conditions, mass culture and culture of consumption in sociological terms; features of consumer behavior, their individual selection criteria, form and models of consumption, methods of evaluation of goods in psychological terms; "green consumption", "balance between man and nature", "survival of man as a species" in ecological terms; the concept of "philosophy of security of consumption", the society of consumption and consumerism, as its extreme form, which opposes the society of development in philosophical terms; the need to improve the institutional framework in political and legal terms. The value of the research is that it is increasingly necessary to overcome the threats of consumption safety as for individuals, so for states in sustainable development terms. JEL Classification: A13, E21, H56. ; Трансформация экономики и общества Украины, особенно в условиях европейской интеграции, делает безопасность потребления товаров и услуг одной из предпосылок экономической безопасности государства. Это связано с усилением внутрисистемных угроз от социально-экономического и политического кризиса, низкой покупательной способностью населения, насыщенностью внутреннего рынка опасными товарами и услугами и их негативным влиянием на окружающую среду. В этом случае теоретико-методологическая основа безопасности потребления несовершенна. Необходимо исследовать изменение сущности понятия «потребление» во времени и пространстве и его связь с категорией безопасности. Целью исследования является определение особенностей обеспечения безопасности потребления в качестве объекта изучения различных наук. Методология: теоретико-методологической основой исследования являются фундаментальные основы исследования науки о безопасности, экономики, глобалистики, философии, экологии, политологии, потребления. Для обеспечения концептуальной целостности исследования были использованы следующие методы: теоретическое обобщение, сравнение, диалектика, анализ и систематизация; институциональный анализ; мозговой штурм, кабинетные исследования. Научное значение работы состоит в том, что сущностные характеристики категории «безопасность потребления» определяются как: структура, потребности и интересы, характер их удовлетворения, рациональность и ценностная ориентация, связь с производством и его назначением в экономическом плане; мотивационные факторы, поведенческие модели, социальные условия, массовая культура и культура потребления в социологическом отношении; особенности поведения потребителей, их индивидуальные критерии отбора, форма и модели потребления, методы оценки товаров в психологическом плане; «экологическое потребление», «баланс между человеком и природой», «выживание человека как вида» в экологическом отношении; концепции «философии безопасности потребления», общества потребления и потребления как ее крайней формы, противостоящей обществу развития в философском плане; необходимость совершенствования институциональной базы в политическом и правовом аспектах. Ценность исследования заключается в актуализации необходимости преодоления угроз безопасности потребления как для людей, так и для государств в условиях устойчивого развития. JEL Classification: A13, E21, H56. ; Трансформація економіки та суспільства України, особливо в умовах європейської інтеграції, робить безпеку споживання товарів і послуг однією з передумов економічної безпеки держави. Це пов'язано з посиленням внутрішньосистемних загроз від соціально-економічної та політичної кризи, низькою купівельною спроможністю населення, насиченістю внутрішнього ринку небезпечними товарами та послугами та їх негативним впливом на навколишнє середовище. У цьому випадку теоретико-методологічна основа безпеки споживання є недосконалою. Необхідно дослідити зміну сутності поняття «споживання» у часі та просторі та його зв'язок із категорією безпеки. Метою дослідження є визначення особливостей забезпечення безпеки споживання як об'єкта вивчення різних наук. Методологія: теоретико-методологічною основою дослідження є фундаментальні основи досліджень безпекознавства, економіки, глобалістики, філософії, екології, політології, споживання. Для забезпечення концептуальної цілісності дослідження були використані такі методи: теоретичне узагальнення, порівняння, діалектика, аналіз та систематизація; інституційний аналіз; мозковий штурм, кабінетні дослідження. Наукове значення роботи полягає в тому, що сутнісні характеристики категорії «безпека споживання» визначаються як: структура, потреби та інтереси, характер їх задоволення, раціональність та ціннісна орієнтація, зв'язок із виробництвом та його призначенням в економічному плані; мотиваційні фактори, поведінкові моделі, соціальні умови, масова культура та культура споживання в соціологічному відношенні; особливості поведінки споживачів, їх індивідуальні критерії відбору, форма та моделі споживання, методи оцінки товарів у психологічному плані; «екологічне споживання», «баланс між людиною та природою», «виживання людини як виду» в екологічному відношенні; концепції «філософії безпеки споживання», суспільства споживання та споживання як її крайньої форми, яка протистоїть суспільству розвитку у філософському плані; необхідність вдосконалення інституціональної бази в політичному та правовому аспектах. Цінність дослідження полягає в актуалізації необхідності подолання загроз безпеці споживання як для людей, так і для держав в умовах сталого розвитку. JEL Classification: A13, E21, H56.
Обоснованы факторы, стимулирующие разработку золо-шлаковых отвалов энергетических предприятий, в которых могут содержаться значительные запасы ценных цветных и редких металлов. Приведены формулы расчета экономического эффекта по подобным проектам, позволяющие оценить возможные объемы получения ценных металлов, а также величину выручки и прибыли по проекту. Обоснованы перспективы использования цветных и редких металлов для промышленности Сибирского региона. ; Advancing scientific and technical progress, and new scientific achievements in various industries (aerospace, etc.), have led to an increased demand for many non-ferrous and rare metals, especially in the steel industry, which produces about 70 various metals, as well as in the engineering industry. The planned increase in production in the Russian Federation confirms the severity and urgency of the problem of supplying the industry with scarce metals and suggests, in connection with a reduction in the quantity and quality of Proved Ore Reserves, an increase in activities for the integrated use of ores, as well as exploiting man-made deposits. It should also be taken into consideration that huge amounts of man-made waste have been accumulated. For example, more than 2 billion tons of ash and slag from thermal power stations and metallurgy enterprises have already been accumulated in the Russian Federation, and the Kemerovo region annually collects about 3 million tons of ash and slag waste (ASW). Currently, there exist about 100 million tons worth of ash dumps. At the same time, the reserves of a number of valuable, scarce metals (titanium, zirconium, strontium, vanadium) in these dumps could be thousands or tens of thousands of tons. Therefore, a basis for effective means of processing these waste reserves is an essential task. Prospects for the integrated use of valuable non-ferrous and rare metals from the ASW of the Kuznetsk Coal Basin should be based on the dynamics of metal consumption in the world and the Russian Federation, as well as by accounting for the influence of factors from the distribution of mining and metallurgical production. In addition, the prospects for socio-economic development of the region (Kemerovo region) that allow for the designation of specific directions for the usage of rare metals in competitive markets and the optimization of options for their extraction should be considered. The optimization of the integrated uses of precious metals presupposes: the exploration of man-made objects and the transfer of metals reserves to the "balanced" category; an increase in the profitability of scarce metal extraction projects from ASW; and a prognosis for metal consumption and perspectives for socio-economic development in the region. To make a decision about beginning to develop anthropogenic deposits, which result from the ASW of energy companies and contain precious metals, both external and internal factors, as well as the cumulative effect of the project's implementation must be taken into account. As a result, the optimal option for the extraction of metals from ASW can be selected. Additional considerations should be made for the rationality of the plan for metals extraction, allowing for the extraction of the maximum amount of metals from ash dumps and ash spillover into the concentrate, as well as the optimality of extraction method from the ash concentrate, preferably using the same technology in order to get the widest range of crude metals. In addition, a rational plan for ASW processing must coordinate the production of metallic and nonme-tallic products. However, a number of non-metallic products could significantly increase the profitability of man-made object processing projects, especially if one intends to manufacture only metal concentrates. In some cases, even the sale of ASW is possible if processing is unprofitable. In this case, the resulting social and environmental effect (ecological improvements, the reduction in the costs of storing man-made waste, improvements to the health of the population, a reduction in medical bills, etc.) could make such a decision sensible. One of the options for the development of small high-tech enterprises in the Kemerovo region is to create compact plants to process man-made waste and extract valuable metals. They could be created as part of mining companies on the basis of technological and economic cooperative ties between energy and coal mining companies. Small high-tech companies would receive financial support for the use of innovative methods to extract precious metals, as well as government support (e.g., tax exemptions, preferential energy tariffs, etc.). The diversification of production will increase their financial stability in an unstable field in difficult geological conditions. The competitiveness of production in the Kemerovo region is promising due to the influence of four parameters: the strategy of the regional development, the demand for non-ferrous and rare metals, production factors (technology, equipment, raw materials from the waste of mineral products), and related supporting industries (the mining and metallurgical complexes). In general, the results of the investigation into the problem of the economic evaluation of non-ferrous and rare metals contained in coal and ash slag waste have led to a conclusion about the prospects for the integrated use of a number of non-ferrous and rare metals in ash dumps at energy plants in the Kemerovo region. The reserves of a number of these scarce metals can be assessed as potentially economical. By implementing cost-effective techniques to extract metals from ash and slag dumps, it is possible to optimize the use of titanium and zirconium, and later the use of polymetals in a complex with strontium, gallium, germanium and other rare metals. By taking into consideration the original production volume, there could be a demanded for these metals in the metallurgical and machine-building enterprises in the Kemerovo region and Siberia. Thus, complex extraction of precious metals is one of the ways to create a coal cluster.
Moving back to the land is, from different perspectives, a fascinating topic that has been on stage since the sixties. Since then, new forms of rurality have become an upcoming phenomenon on the media, still today we often hear of unexpected success of rural entrepreneurs who reinvented their life, they represent their triumph as reaction to market failure and city-life depression. From a sociological point of view, it is an exciting counter-cultural subject. How to study neo-rurality nowadays? Speaking in contemporary terms, we can talk about changes in rurality, taking Rural Social Innovation as our approach. As we'll see, social innovation is as appropriate as ambiguous when it comes to the research implementation, lacking in the specificity of the definition. Therefore, I decided to integrate the conceptual framework with two more solid theoretical approaches: social capital and moral market, which may analytically help understand and investigate the topic. From that, a research question rises, followed by an intense fieldwork. Let's go step by step, starting by introducing the study. a) The topic: Neo-rurality In the first chapter I explain the topic. Rurality studies connect different disciplines: sociology (marginality, mobility, market dynamics); geography (distance and periphery); policies and normative discourse (inner areas and rurality). 'Back-to-the-land' generally refers to the adoption of agriculture as a full-time vocation by people who have come from non-agricultural lifestyles or education. Originated in the 1960s, it situates back-to-the-landers as part of broader counterculture practices (Belasco, 2006). The back-to-the-land movement of the 1960s and 70s is often framed in relation to general cultural currents that encouraged "dropping out" of mainstream society in search of alternatives. "Multiplying fivefold between 1965 and 1970" writes Belasco (1989: 76) of communal back-to-the-land projects, "3,500 or so country communes put the counterculture into group practice". During the 1970s, the "protestant neo-ruralism" (neoruralismo protestatario, Merlo, 2006) conceives rural areas as the place where an alternative way of life can be experienced through the creation of an alternative agricultural production process. That approach refuses completely the Green Revolution (GR) paradigm (Shiva, 2016). Later, the development of alternative agricultural production was embedded in the agro-ecological paradigm, then absorbed by the global industrial system through the creation of organic certifications. Such a process of integration has developed a new critical reflection on food production and market relations. Neo-rurality is the frame that collects different approaches which are changing rural areas on different levels. It calls for attention to the relation between environmental issues, rural crisis and territorial issues (Ferraresi, 2013). Neo-rural farmers try a new model that is economically, socially and environmentally sustainable, protects biodiversity and promotes local quality food. In fact, production of quality food is key for the activation of practices and community relationships within the horizon of agro-ecological values. In Italy, pioneers of the alternative movements came from different backgrounds: the radical left, the ecologist movement and the anti-conformist or alternative movements. Also, a pioneering phase was characterized by a multiplicity of regional-level and often unconnected initiatives (Fonte, Cucchi, 2015). Ferraresi (2013) describes 'Neo-rurality' as a new, social and complex economy. Born partly in response to expansion of industrial food and partly due to the survival of some systems that resisted to conversion, we see emerging new or resurgent forms of production, trade and consumption, latterly conceptualised by academics as 'Alternative Agro-Food Networks' (AAFNs) or 'Alternative Food Networks' (AFNs). Movements become key players in the definition of new market places (Friedmann, 2005). Food movements act as an engine of awareness in consumption, and address issues that are core for social and media consensus, for instance health, environment, quality of life (Goodman, 1999), and also social justice and fair trade (Elzen et al., 2010). A second important effect of AAFNs is the empowerment of consumers, a leverage on citizenship action for the transformation of consumption behaviours into political action (Goodman, DuPuis, 2002). Exponents of neo-rural economy, as part of AAFNs, have promoted participation in alternative infrastructures contrasting the conventional market system, developing specific organisational forms, negotiating new forms of collaborative economy (Kostakis, Bauwens, 2014). They thus blur the distinction between public sphere and private sphere (Tormey, 2007). The AAFNs, as shown in the article by Murano and Forno (2017), has three main drivers shaping the form of development of this type of collective action: 1. Greater citizen awareness around economic, social and environmental sustainability issues; 2. The loss of purchasing power within important portions of the middle class, due to the increasing unemployment rates following the recession which started in 2007-2008; 3. General loss of meaning, due to the consumerism and the depletion of social relations, along with the decoupling of GDP growth and happiness (as suggested by the paradox Easterlin, 1974), people's search for a meaning in their life (Castells, Caraça, Cardoso, 2012) which seems to have been lost in a consumer society threatened by an economic, environmental and social crisis (D'Alisa et al., 2015). Tradition of local governance studies focuses on central areas, hi-tech districts, city-regions, overlooking the role of less industrialized areas, that actually represent two thirds of Italy. Northern Italy has been considered as a cluster of industrial development. Given current globalization forces, taking for granted recent government interest in undeveloped areas, inner areas have a stake in getting involved in wider market dynamics and renewed resources. An important contribution to the EU debate on territorial marginalisation has been provided by the Italian government's innovative approach to 'Inner Areas' (DPS, 2014). The government mapped all municipalities and categorized them according to their degree of remoteness from services, consistently with criteria that the debate on Foundational Economy indicates as key factors of spatial (in)justice. The emerging picture offers a polycentric connotation of the Italian territory. The geography of the inner peripheries includes mountain and coastal areas, as well as hilly and lowland areas, but provides no conclusive evidence to establish correlations between morphological conditions and degree of remoteness. The second chapter is dedicated to theoretical approaches: Rural Social Innovation, Social Capital and Sociology of Markets. b) Rural Social Innovation The neo-rurality phenomenon is strictly connected to Rural Social Innovation. Social innovation is a term on everyone's lips, indicating change and development, including social effects. Social Innovation is not specifically mentioned in literature on regional development, but in the more nuanced models we find that most important features are trust among actors, informal ties and untraded interdependencies between actors, which are key factors determining positive differentials in economic performance. Rural Social Innovation is helpfully used in many studies (Bock, 2012). Still, even though it is currently a very relevant phenomenon, Social Innovation itself is a critic concept, it is both one of the most common and ant the most unclear concepts nowadays. Because of its credits to local development, social networks and economic outcomes, I decided to use two more analytical sociological concepts to understand the phenomenon: social capital and sociology of markets. c) Social Capital Individuals generally pursue major life events—marriage, occupational choice—as part of a social network or group. As an exemplum, engaging in the creation of a new firm is generally done in a network of social relationships (Aldrich, 2005; Reynolds, 1991; Thornton, 1999); in that sense entrepreneurship can be considered a social phenomenon, rather than solely one of individual career choice. Social capital is a conscious use of embeddedness, the use of relations and resources for a purpose. According to Coleman (1988), social capital is defined by its function. It is not a single entity but a variety of different entities, with two elements in common: they all consist of some aspects of social structures, and they facilitate certain actions of actors within the structure. Coleman refers to the social structure that enables access to resources. Additionally, we can also recall Bourdieu, who sees social capital as the aggregate of actual or potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance or recognition. And Putnam pointing at three components: moral obligation and norms; social values (trust); and social networks (voluntary association). d) Sociology of Markets The structure of markets can be reduced to its minimal components, that are a buyer and two sellers which compete according to some defined rules (Aspers, 2006b). Relations among actors can be of exchange, as between buyers and sellers, or of competition, as between producers. In the structure of markets, people also mobilize beliefs, ethics, values and views of the common good to talk about the effects of market processes (Boltanski, Thevenot, 2006). As pointed in the recent book published by Granovetter "Society and Economy" (2017:28) The fact that people seek simultaneously economic and non-economic goals is an unprecedented challenge for that economic analysis that focuses only on one of the two horns, as for sociology that focuses only on the other. Current theories of action in social sciences offer little knowledge of how individuals mix these goals. We can therefore recall Zelizer (2007) highlighting that economists and sociologists face a common presumption: the twinned stories of separate spheres and hostile worlds. Separate spheres indicate a distinction between two arenas, one for rational economic activity, a sphere of calculation and efficiency, and one for personal relations, a sphere of sentiment and solidarity. The companion doctrine of hostile worlds affirms that contact between the spheres generates contamination and disorder: economic rationality degrades intimacy, and close relationships obstruct efficiency. Moral economy is based on this attack on the common presumption. According to these considerations on ways that shape relationships and market, the main question that rises is: "Are values and social relationship separate from the market?". e) The Research During my PhD studies I worked on an answer to this question. In the third chapter I present the case of alternative agro-food movements and neo-rurality in urban and inner areas in the region of Campania (southern Italy). The study is based on qualitative research design, composed of fieldwork and interviews, undertaken in Campania during 2014-2016, where inner and central areas are the scenery of innovative development processes, founded on structural and territorial resources, as well as on individual and social capitals. Here I present you with a quote from an Italian journalist, Alessandro Leogrande, recalling the most important anthropologist of southern Italy, Ernesto Demartino: In a complex society, old elements and new elements continue to coexist, traits of modernity and traits of archaisms, pre-Christian segments and post-Christian segments, or entirely de-Christianised ones. It seems to me that the [Italian] South of these years, precisely in the light of a Demartino's analysis, fully returns the overlapping of these various layers. (Leogrande, 2016) I wish you a pleasant journey throughout my pages, at the discovery of neo-rural dynamics in southern Italy, a special place for meeting contradictions, traces of ancient and futuristic art, holy and desacralized behaviours, traditional and innovative practices.
L'ermeneutica filosofica di Hans-Georg Gadamer – indubbiamente uno dei capisaldi del pensiero novecentesco – rappresenta una filosofia molto composita, sfaccettata e articolata, per così dire formata da una molteplicità di dimensioni diverse che si intrecciano l'una con l'altra. Ciò risulta evidente già da un semplice sguardo alla composizione interna della sua opera principale, Wahrheit und Methode (1960), nella quale si presenta una teoria del comprendere che prende in esame tre differenti dimensioni dell'esperienza umana – arte, storia e linguaggio – ovviamente concepite come fondamentalmente correlate tra loro. Ma questo quadro d'insieme si complica notevolmente non appena si prendano in esame perlomeno alcuni dei numerosi contributi che Gadamer ha scritto e pubblicato prima e dopo il suo opus magnum: contributi che testimoniano l'importante presenza nel suo pensiero di altre tematiche. Di tale complessità, però, non sempre gli interpreti di Gadamer hanno tenuto pienamente conto, visto che una gran parte dei contributi esegetici sul suo pensiero risultano essenzialmente incentrati sul capolavoro del 1960 (ed in particolare sui problemi della legittimazione delle Geisteswissenschaften), dedicando invece minore attenzione agli altri percorsi che egli ha seguito e, in particolare, alla dimensione propriamente etica e politica della sua filosofia ermeneutica. Inoltre, mi sembra che non sempre si sia prestata la giusta attenzione alla fondamentale unitarietà – da non confondere con una presunta "sistematicità", da Gadamer esplicitamente respinta – che a dispetto dell'indubbia molteplicità ed eterogeneità del pensiero gadameriano comunque vige al suo interno. La mia tesi, dunque, è che estetica e scienze umane, filosofia del linguaggio e filosofia morale, dialogo con i Greci e confronto critico col pensiero moderno, considerazioni su problematiche antropologiche e riflessioni sulla nostra attualità sociopolitica e tecnoscientifica, rappresentino le diverse dimensioni di un solo pensiero, le quali in qualche modo vengono a convergere verso un unico centro. Un centro "unificante" che, a mio avviso, va individuato in quello che potremmo chiamare il disagio della modernità. In altre parole, mi sembra cioè che tutta la riflessione filosofica di Gadamer, in fondo, scaturisca dalla presa d'atto di una situazione di crisi o disagio nella quale si troverebbero oggi il nostro mondo e la nostra civiltà. Una crisi che, data la sua profondità e complessità, si è per così dire "ramificata" in molteplici direzioni, andando ad investire svariati ambiti dell'esistenza umana. Ambiti che pertanto vengono analizzati e indagati da Gadamer con occhio critico, cercando di far emergere i principali nodi problematici e, alla luce di ciò, di avanzare proposte alternative, rimedi, "correttivi" e possibili soluzioni. A partire da una tale comprensione di fondo, la mia ricerca si articola allora in tre grandi sezioni dedicate rispettivamente alla pars destruens dell'ermeneutica gadameriana (prima e seconda sezione) ed alla sua pars costruens (terza sezione). Nella prima sezione – intitolata Una fenomenologia della modernità: i molteplici sintomi della crisi – dopo aver evidenziato come buona parte della filosofia del Novecento sia stata dominata dall'idea di una crisi in cui verserebbe attualmente la civiltà occidentale, e come anche l'ermeneutica di Gadamer possa essere fatta rientrare in questo discorso filosofico di fondo, cerco di illustrare uno per volta quelli che, agli occhi del filosofo di Verità e metodo, rappresentano i principali sintomi della crisi attuale. Tali sintomi includono: le patologie socioeconomiche del nostro mondo "amministrato" e burocratizzato; l'indiscriminata espansione planetaria dello stile di vita occidentale a danno di altre culture; la crisi dei valori e delle certezze, con la concomitante diffusione di relativismo, scetticismo e nichilismo; la crescente incapacità a relazionarsi in maniera adeguata e significativa all'arte, alla poesia e alla cultura, sempre più degradate a mero entertainment; infine, le problematiche legate alla diffusione di armi di distruzione di massa, alla concreta possibilità di una catastrofe ecologica ed alle inquietanti prospettive dischiuse da alcune recenti scoperte scientifiche (soprattutto nell'ambito della genetica). Una volta delineato il profilo generale che Gadamer fornisce della nostra epoca, nella seconda sezione – intitolata Una diagnosi del disagio della modernità: il dilagare della razionalità strumentale tecnico-scientifica – cerco di mostrare come alla base di tutti questi fenomeni egli scorga fondamentalmente un'unica radice, coincidente peraltro a suo giudizio con l'origine stessa della modernità. Ossia, la nascita della scienza moderna ed il suo intrinseco legame con la tecnica e con una specifica forma di razionalità che Gadamer – facendo evidentemente riferimento a categorie interpretative elaborate da Max Weber, Martin Heidegger e dalla Scuola di Francoforte – definisce anche «razionalità strumentale» o «pensiero calcolante». A partire da una tale visione di fondo, cerco quindi di fornire un'analisi della concezione gadameriana della tecnoscienza, evidenziando al contempo alcuni aspetti, e cioè: primo, come l'ermeneutica filosofica di Gadamer non vada interpretata come una filosofia unilateralmente antiscientifica, bensì piuttosto come una filosofia antiscientista (il che naturalmente è qualcosa di ben diverso); secondo, come la sua ricostruzione della crisi della modernità non sfoci mai in una critica "totalizzante" della ragione, né in una filosofia della storia pessimistico-negativa incentrata sull'idea di un corso ineluttabile degli eventi guidato da una razionalità "irrazionale" e contaminata dalla brama di potere e di dominio; terzo, infine, come la filosofia di Gadamer – a dispetto delle inveterate interpretazioni che sono solite scorgervi un pensiero tradizionalista, autoritario e radicalmente anti-illuminista – non intenda affatto respingere l'illuminismo scientifico moderno tout court, né rinnegarne le più importanti conquiste, ma più semplicemente "correggerne" alcune tendenze e recuperare una nozione più ampia e comprensiva di ragione, in grado di render conto anche di quegli aspetti dell'esperienza umana che, agli occhi di una razionalità "limitata" come quella scientista, non possono che apparire come meri residui di irrazionalità. Dopo aver così esaminato nelle prime due sezioni quella che possiamo definire la pars destruens della filosofia di Gadamer, nella terza ed ultima sezione – intitolata Una terapia per la crisi della modernità: la riscoperta dell'esperienza e del sapere pratico – passo quindi ad esaminare la sua pars costruens, consistente a mio giudizio in un recupero critico di quello che egli chiama «un altro tipo di sapere». Ossia, in un tentativo di riabilitazione di tutte quelle forme pre- ed extra-scientifiche di sapere e di esperienza che Gadamer considera costitutive della «dimensione ermeneutica» dell'esistenza umana. La mia analisi della concezione gadameriana del Verstehen e dell'Erfahrung – in quanto forme di un «sapere pratico (praktisches Wissen)» differente in linea di principio da quello teorico e tecnico – conduce quindi ad un'interpretazione complessiva dell'ermeneutica filosofica come vera e propria filosofia pratica. Cioè, come uno sforzo di chiarificazione filosofica di quel sapere prescientifico, intersoggettivo e "di senso comune" effettivamente vigente nella sfera della nostra Lebenswelt e della nostra esistenza pratica. Ciò, infine, conduce anche inevitabilmente ad un'accentuazione dei risvolti etico-politici dell'ermeneutica di Gadamer. In particolare, cerco di esaminare la concezione gadameriana dell'etica – tenendo conto dei suoi rapporti con le dottrine morali di Platone, Aristotele, Kant e Hegel – e di delineare alla fine un profilo della sua ermeneutica filosofica come filosofia del dialogo, della solidarietà e della libertà. ; The philosophical hermeneutics of Hans-Georg Gadamer – one of the cornerstones in the 20th century philosophy – certainly represents a compound, prismatic and articulated thought, i.e. a philosophy made up of several different dimensions entwined with each other. A simple look at Gadamer's major work Wahrheit und Methode (1960) can already clarify this point, since the book displays a theory of understanding which takes account of three different dimensions of human experience – art, history and language – obviously conceived as mutually related. But this picture gets a lot more complicated if one takes into consideration the many books and articles Gadamer wrote before and after his magnum opus which testify the presence of other interests and topics in his thought. Nevertheless the complexity of Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics has not always been recognized by his interpreters, who often concentrated only upon Wahrheit und Methode (in particular upon the problems of the Geisteswissenschaften) and gave no attention to other subjects (in particular the ethical and political dimension of his hermeneutical philosophy). Moreover it seems to me that many interpreters didn't pay enough attention to the fundamental unity – which of course doesn't mean "sistematicity" – that reigns in Gadamer's philosophy despite its pluralist and heterogeneous character. My point is that the many dimensions of Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics – aesthetics and human sciences, language philosophy and moral philosophy, dialogue with the Greeks and critical confrontation with modern thought, reflections upon anthropological problems and observations concerning our actual sociopolitical, scientific and technological condition – actually represent the different sides of one thought centered on what we could define the malaise of modernity. In other words, it seems to me that the whole of Gadamer's philosophy originates from the consciousness raising of the critical situation in which our world finds itself today: a deep crisis which, according to Gadamer, branches out into manifold directions and various dimensions of human life. My interpretation tries then to give an account of both the pars destruens and pars costruens of Gadamer's philosophy, namely of his attempt to investigate and take a hard look at this critical dimensions of human existence in order to let out the point at issue and propose remedies, alternatives and possible solutions. In the first section – entitled Phenomenology of modernity: the various symptoms of the crisis – I explain how a great part of the 20th century philosophy has been concerned with the idea and the feeling of a crisis of our culture and our civilization. In my view Gadamer's hermeneutics too takes part in this global philosophical discourse. I try then to show and illustrate the various symptoms of this crisis analyzed by Gadamer, such as: socioeconomic pathologies of our bureaucratic societies; world-wide growth of the Western way of life to the detriment of other cultures; crisis of our values and beliefs (and consequent spread of relativism, skepticism and nihilism); growing inability to have meaningful relations with art, poetry and culture; finally, problems concerning the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the risk of an ecological crisis, and the disturbing, unpredictable consequences of some recent scientific discoveries (above all in the field of genetics). Once outlined Gadamer's critical view of our age, in the second section – entitled Diagnosis of the malaise of modernity: the spread of instrumental and techno-scientific reason – I try to show how, according to Gadamer, a common root lies at the base of the many symptoms of the crisis, namely the birth of modern science and its close, intrinsic relationship with technique and with a specific form of rationality that Gadamer – with reference to the analysis developed by such thinkers as Max Weber, Martin Heidegger and the so-called Frankfurt School – calls «instrumental reason» or «calculating thinking». I try then to give an account of the gadamerian conception of techno-science, meanwhile highlighting some aspects: first, how Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics should not be interpreted as an antiscientific thought but rather as an antiscientistic thought (which of course is something quite different); second, how Gadamer's reconstruction of the malaise of modernity never ends up in a "totalizing" critique of reason, nor in some sort of negativistic and pessimistic philosophy of history centered on the idea of an inescapable course of the events guided by a polluted, "irrational" rationality; third, how Gadamer – despite all the inveterate interpretations that read his philosophy as a form of authoritarian, traditionalist and antienlightenment thought – never aimed to reject the modern scientific Enlightenment tout court but rather to "correct" some of its tendencies and so to regain a wider and more comprehensive concept of reason. After having analyzed in the first two sections the pars destruens of Gadamer's philosophy, in the third and last section of my work – entitled Therapy of the crisis of modernity: the rediscovery of experience and practical knowledge – I take into consideration the pars costruens of his thought, which according to my interpretation consists of a rediscovery of what he calls «a different kind of knowledge», i.e. of a rehabilitation of the all those forms of pre- and extra-scientific experience that constitute the «hermeneutical dimension» of human life. My analysis of Gadamer's conception of understanding and experience – seen as forms of «practical knowledge» different in principle from theoretical and technical knowledge – leads then to a global interpretation of philosophical hermeneutics as practical philosophy, i.e. as a philosophical elucidation of the prescientific, intersubjective and "of commonsense" reasoning which characterizes our «life-world» and our practical life. But obviously this analysis also implies a special consideration of the ethical and political implications of Gadamer's thought. In particular, I try to examine Gadamer's conception of ethics – taking account of his relation with Plato's, Aristotle's, Kant's and Hegel's moral theories – and finally I sketch an outline of his philosophical hermeneutics as a philosophy of freedom, dialogue and solidarity.
