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Book Reviews in this Article New Developments in the Labor Market: Toward a New Institutional Paradigm. Capital in Economic Theory: Neo‐Classical, Cambridge and Chaos. Financial Markets and Macroeconomic Policy in the Flow‐of‐Funds Framework. External Constraints on Macroeconomic Policy: The European Experience. Free Market Environmentalism. Macroeconomic Policy in Britain 1974‐1987. Environment and Economy: Property Rights and Public Policy. Global Research Strategy and International Competitiveness. Comparative Economic Systems: Objectives, Decision Modes, and the Process of Choice. The Capitalist Economies: Prospects for the 1990s. Quantitative Economic History. Underemployment Equilibria: Essays in Theory, Econometrics and Policy. Developing Countries and the International Economy: Issues in Trade, Adjustment and Debt. The Rational Consumer: Theory and Evidence. Oil and the International Economy. Merger and Competition Policy in the European Community. Equilibrium and Evolution: An Exploration of Connecting Principles in Economics. Antiquity and Capitalism: Max Weber and the Sociological Foundations of Roman Civilization. A Modern Guide to Economic Thought: An Introduction to Comparative Schools of Thought in Economics. The Economics of the Single European Act. Financial Innovations and Market Volatility. The Supply Side Revolution in Britain. Natural Resource Economics: Conservation and Exploitation. Common Property Economics: A General Theory and Land Use Applications. Methodological Foundations of Macroeconomics: Keynes and Lucas.

The changing strategic climate in Europe has led to considerable speculation about major cuts in military spending. This paper examines the economic implications of such reductions in military spending for the UK. The international economic and strategic context is discussed and then a multi-sectoral macro-economic model is used to evaluate the impact of cutting UK defence spending. The simulation results show that a reduction in military expenditure to one-half of its 1992 level by the year 2000, with the released `peace dividend' allocated to other government current and capital expenditures, would lead to a reduction in unemployment of 0.52 million and an increase in output above base by 1.84%. While these results do hide potential problems at industry, company, region and local community levels, it is argued that these problems of transition are both smaller and less difficult to deal with than those experienced in the past. The restructuring of the arms industry is already taking place and the required local adjustments are no worse than those experienced by traditional manufacturing industry over the past decade and, with careful planning, could be made painless. Overall, it is clear that with sensible adjustment policies the reduction of military spending provides an opportunity for improved economic performance.

A series of policy initiatives have been put forward in Nigeria over the last two decades aimed at expanding its educational system. But while numbers enroled have increased, gender and class differentials persist. Females have always been represented in smaller numbers than have males and have tended to be disproportionately drawn from the more privileged elements of society. This has broadly accorded with ideologies justifying a primarily domestic role for women which, in the case of Katsina in northern Nigeria, have emanated both from the secular state and the religious authorities. Pittin examines the latest policy initiative, a directive that females at secondary level would be educated only in boarding schools. While suggesting that it is likely to perpetuate and even exacerbate the women's relatively disadvantaged position as regards education, she also argues that it offers certain benefits. Moreover, because promulgated as consistent with Islamic morality, precisely at a time when greater legitimacy is being accorded to women's education by elements of the Muslim community, and Islamic schools are themselves permitting some questioning of previously accepted notions of women's role, it may offer space for some improvement of women's situation.

Tengger Javanese are an ethnic Javanese people who live in the rugged uplands surrounding Mount Bromo in eastern Java. Tengger are unique among modern Javanese in that they alone trace their religious traditions back to a non-Islamic, Hindu-Javanese priesthood thought to date from the time of the last of Java's great Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms (the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries). Specialists of Java's ancient Hindu traditions, however, have generally concluded that liturgical manuscripts from the Tengger region can tell us little about Old Javanese religion. The eminent Dutch historian Th. G. Th. Pigeaud writes that the people who preserved the religious texts among the Tengger never belonged to the class of cultured ecclesiastics so prominent in Hindu-Javanese times. Many of the Tengger manuscripts in museum collections are written in a rustic and non-standard,budhascript, and do not contain any learned Sanskrit slokas or other easily identifiable references to classical Hindu-Javanese traditions. These facts led Pigeaud to speculate that the Tengger population had always formed a separate community, only superficially influenced by Hindu tradition, and primarily involved in the worship of Mount Bromo, the volcano located at the centre of the region.

Literature on power differentials within mediation sessions has indicated that when power imbalances are too great, mediation is not the proper venue for the resolution of these disputes. However, when there is not an incapacitating imbalance, it is possible that mediators can take steps to rectify this situation. A field study was conducted at two community dispute settlement centers in New York State, with the proceedings of 73 actual cases transcribed and then coded to: (1) determine the impact of unequal power on the outcome of interpersonal mediation; (2) examine how mediators deal with unequal power; (3) assess the impact of mediator efforts to balance power discrepancies, and (4) determine the impact of disputant characteristics on differences in power and outcome. It was found that the mediators in the present study did attempt to remedy power imbalances: by encouraging the more passive disputant to participate more in the hearing by criticizing aggressive disputants, and by asking embarrassing questions of more argumentative disputants and those taking a determined principled stance. However, contrary to expectations, it was found that mediator efforts to balance power discrepancies were not successful, power discrepancies did not lead to unequal agreements, and being a female or a minority did not lead to an unfair outcome.

SUMMARYSix years after the explosion of the LDCs' debt crisis, little has been achieved in trying to solve this problem. So far the international financial community and the indebted LDCs have managed to 'muddle through' by means of debt reschedulings, debt forgiveness, IMF‐sponsored adjustment programs, and the invention of new financial instruments. Among the latter, prominent relevance has been recently gained by debt‐equity swaps. This paper deals with what debt‐equity swaps are, how they work, the main participants in the market where debt‐equity swaps are carried out, and how the price for LDC debt is determined in this market. Our findings are that the price is indeed determined by market forces (and not by psychological factors, as it is often implied in the press), thus creating a new set of policy options to pursue the use of debt‐equity swaps for reducing the LDCs' external debt. Despite some drawbacks of this device, that are highlighted in the paper, our main conclusion is that debt‐equity swaps may represent a useful tool for "buying time" while waiting for both the LDCs and the developed countries to undertake policies aimed at the easing of the foreign debt burden in the LDCs.

Writing early in the 1988 election year, Haynes Johnson, the respected political writer for the Washington Post, reflected on the potential impact of Jesse Jackson and Pat Robertson. "These two political preachers are increasingly likely to have extraordinary, and perhaps decisive, influence over who will be the next U.S. president," Johnson predicted. "There is no precedent for such a prospect in U.S. political history." Johnson's prophecy was partly correct. As this presidential election year reaches its conclusion, looking back to the impact of both Jesse Jackson and Pat Robertson will enrich our understanding of the church and politics in contemporary America. The lessons gained will be instructive for the Reformed community in reconsidering its witness within American society and the world in the remainder of this century. Jackson and Robertson were alike. Their sharp ideological differences obscured their similarities. Both attempted to inject morality into politics. They spoke more of values than of programs. They reached for people's hearts as much as their heads. They offered a vision more than positions on issues. They each believed that religious faith and political action were intrinsically connected. They launched crusades instead of campaigns. And they were personally motivated by faith, intertwined with ideology.

It is often assumed that youth violence will wane if family-substitute networks are supported whose members are employed in neighborhood services. However, too narrow a focus on family, neighborhood, & jobs fails to address: (1) academic & employment skills as preconditions for employment, & (2) preconditions for well-run grass-roots organizations. High-risk youth often experience several problems concomitantly, including low self-esteem, poor school performance, drug & alcohol use, early sexual activity, teen pregnancy, & dropping out of school. The financial resources for an attack on these problems flow to the states, which are in poor positions to address these issues because state human service agencies often fail to coordinate their programs or monitor the outcomes of their grants. The Mott Foundation's experience over seven years of grant making in the field of teenage pregnancy service programs suggests that varied well-managed & well-monitored community-oriented programs can influence high-risk young clients positively. While the role of foundations is to support research & demonstration projects, a larger source of program support is the government, whose policymakers should be aware of all conditions necessary for programs that may favorably affect young lives. HA

One of the Most Notable Aspects of the Crisis in Central America has been the opportunity it has offered a number of actors, both within and without the region, to become involved in an area long considered a traditional reserve and zone of influence of the United States. Over the last decade, no European Socialist or Social Democratic party has been more important or influential with respect to Central American issues than the West German Social Democratic Party (SPD or Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands). Despite being in the opposition since 1982, the West German Social Democrats have retained their prominence on international issues—particularly on Central American ones—for a number of reasons, such as: (1) having a solid electoral base (37% of the votes in the 1987 Bundestag elections); (2) having leaders who are internationally prominent; (3) having a well-organized foreign policy apparatus at their disposal (the well-financed Friedrich Ebert Stiftung foundation); (4) having connections to a similarly endowed trade union movement, organized around the Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund(DGB); as well as (5) having persisted in their efforts to coordinate joint initiatives with other Socialist and Social Democratic parties, both within the European Economic Community (EEC) and through the Socialist International (SI).

This article explores the representation in performance and theatre of three contrasting approaches to our understanding of disease causality —explanations that invoke material and non‐material forces in a traditional cosmology where all phenomena are interrelated, contemporary biomedical explanations that situate causation in material forces alone and that isolate individual responsibility, and socialist explanations that seek underlying economic and political causes of community ill health. Written by an active performer, the article is based on her observation of workshops and performances, on interviews, published and unpublished reports, and an analysis of contemporary plays by Soyinka, Hussein and Muhando.
Different approaches to health, disease and cure are reflected in different infrastructures created to deal with them, which are informed by political, economic and social structures and attitudes. These attitudes and structures find expression within general culture and within specific cultural expressions such as theatre. This paper looks at attitudes towards health, disease and cure manifested in traditional and contemporary African performances. It is argued that traditional performances reveal attitudes that arise from an understanding of interrelationships among universal phenomena, whereas most contemporary theatre carries attitudes that have a limited socio‐political framework or that remain symbolic representations of interrelationships.

Protest by black school students at their inferior education system first erupted in Soweto in 1976. T. W. Kambule, for over 15 years Principal of Orlando High School, Soweto — a community-built school and for 25 years the only secondary school in Soweto — here explains why young Blacks have continued and increased their protests. A year ago he predicted further outbreaks, worse than 1976, if the signs of discontent continued to be brushed aside. In September 1984, Kambule told us: 'Just now at the time of writing, schools have been closed in and around Soweto for a radius of 50 miles. Things are bad, and the government as usual is using strong-arm tactics, and the situation is deteriorating by the day. And there is no visible attempt to address the problems. The authorities are fanning the flames which border on a revolution. Even now there is a massive stay away from work by all and sundry. We are worried and the rulers indifferent.' In 1977 Kambule resigned with 400 other Soweto teachers and is now Senior Lecturer at the Department of Mathematics at the University of Witwatersrand. The article first appeared in Indicator, Volume 1, No 3, published by the University of Natal.

Families in Disaster research has drawn heavily from the family stress and crises research paradigms and concepts advanced by Reuben Hill's ABC-X Model and by related research. This article attempts to broaden the perspective of family behavior in disaster situations by advancing additional concepts, definitions and propositions. Findings from longitudinal research on American families faced with the historically unique traumatic situation of having a husband/father held captive or unaccounted for in the Vietnam War were analyzed first in reference to the ABC-X Model, which suggested the need to expand this classic model. This article introduces the Double ABC-X Model in an effort to capture the dynamic nature of family response to stress over time. This expanded model includes: AA-the family's pile up of life events and stressors over time; BB-the family's resources which are strenghened or developed within and in transaction with the community and include coping and social support; CC-the family's perception of the stressor and related changes in the family; and XX-the additional end state of family adaptation following a crisis. This model merits careful consideration and additional testing in light of stress and disaster studies reviewed and propositions advanced during the past decade.

An emerging issue in medical research concerns the impact of psychosocial factors on sport and recreational involvement. To identify the values sport par ticipants place on their involvement largely answers the question of the expec tations they have of sport as a sociological institution - a vital issue in preser ving the health and fitness of the community. The present study (utilizing sur vey and interview procedures) was designed within this theme to identify the values adolescents (N=260) place on their involvement (or non-involvement) in sport and to determine the degree to which these values are transmitted from parents and the family's socio-economic background. Five central value clusters were identified (from statistical analysis of over 750 statements) which varies syste matically according to age, sex and social class background: expressive, affilia tive, moral, achievement and competence. The study identified clear but impor tant trends which explained adolescent values placed on the "affiliative" and "competence" components, but not the "achievement" component, the central va lue prevailing in contemporary sport. This conflict of values was interpreted as explaining current adolescent disinterest in sport involvement. Recommendations are suggested for enchancing the relevance of sport and physical activity for adolescents.

The effectiveness & the impact of governmental agencies in Mexico & in the US are compared: how successful are the agencies in achieving their goals & in integrating their clientele? The Mexican agencies (in Fuerte Valley, Sinaloa) deal with water resources, schools, banks, & economic development; those in the US (in the San Joaquin Valley, Calif) cover education, community action, legal assistance, & welfare. The goals of each agency are defined, & the extent to which these are being achieved. Data are included (from Mexico) on changes over a decade in Ru electrification, school enrollments, water supplies, & % of land that is irrigated. Calif data similarly deal with specific aspects of the 4 agencies, analyzing actions & operating policies. It is concluded that: (1) the Mexican agencies have been more successful (in effectiveness & in impact) than the Calif ones. (2) The major reason is the different types of dominant-subordinate cleavage in the 2 societies. (3) In bifurcated societies, subordinate clienteles have less access to & control over cultural skills, knowledge, & power, resources, because of their marginal status. (4) In such societies, governmental agencies readily adopt a caretaker ideology: in dualistic societies, agencies are more likely to reduce the marginal status of their clientele. & (5) The cross-cultural approach indicates its potential for other studies.

This inquiry dealt with opinion leadership & utilization of health services using a probability sample. Non-professional opinion leaders who influence middle-aged & older adults infrequently as compared to leaders who exercised influence often differed signif ly from each other. The primary source of counsel for lower-strata individuals are occasional opinion leaders, who prove not to be particularly knowledgeable or experienced with respect to health services. In fact, the knowledge & experience that such influentials have is approximately the same as that of the clients with whom they have contact. Moreover, relative to active advisers, they attend to the MM less often & have fewer interpersonal resources, both of which constitute potential sources of Med information. Also, such persons lack the self-concept & opinion leadership experience which provide psychic resources that can facilitate rendering counsel to clients facing a Med decision. Finally, occasional opinion leaders provide counsel to close kin & practically no one else. The fact that active influentials from blue-collar strata have somewhat more limited information resources & leadership skills than higher-strata active opinion leaders reduces even further the access of these segments of the community to health care advice. AA.