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The current global crisis and the acknowledgment that in coming decades the world population will be predominantly urban brings about new necessities and demands for innovative approaches to the planning of food systems. An urgent need arises to identify the most efficient and consistent ways of dealing with problems concerning economic and energy efficiency, environmental quality, food security, job creation, and urban development. In the past few years, international political and scientific agendas and strategies for food security in metropolitan areas highlight the need to relocalize production–consumption systems through shorter, more efficient supply chains, as a means of promoting sustainable urban development via place-based approaches. The provision of efficient responses to environmental, economic, and social concerns, emerging in a context of complex global change, needs to be tackled at a local and regional level. The study of urban food systems becomes fundamental for an integrated approach to these internationally set priorities. However, this issue has yet to enter on either of the Portuguese political or academic agendas. In Portugal, the structural changes that occurred in the food system in the last decades reflect an increased socioeconomic impoverishment of the countryside vis-à-vis urban areas. Consequently, there are deeper inequalities in terms of territorial cohesion. Moreover, in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA), where a third of the Portuguese population lives, utilized agricultural area represents 37 percent of the territory, a figure which by itself justifies the need to adopt a strategic vision for the LMA's food system planning. This paper will give insight into the conceptual definition of the functional region as the area where the LMA's food system might operate, providing orientation to land-use management and strategic planning that should be able to promote the re-localization of the food system in a sustainable way. The characterization of the current LMA food system is ...

International audience ; Introduction: Malaria has long been endemic in the Union of Comoros. Since 2007, the Comorian government has been conducting a national strategy for eradicating malaria by 2016. Between 2010 and 2014, the number of malaria cases has radically fallen by more than 90%. This study aims at describing the spatial patterns of the epidemiology of malaria and at identifying risk factors through a geographical approach. Method: Monthly cases, as reported by the "Programme National de lutte Contre le paludisme" (PNLP) from 2010 to 2014, were geo-referenced in the three islands (i.e. Grande Comore, Moheli and Anjouan) at two different scales: by sanitary district and by health center. In Grande Comore, malaria cases confirmed by microscopic exam during the active control from 2012 to 2014 were geo-localized at the village scale. Data on environmental factors, including meteorology and land use (analyzed by remote sensing of SPOT 5 satellite images) but also information on malaria control actions were integrated into a spatial database. We realized statistical and spatial analyses to show the relationships between this dataset and malaria information.Results: The mapping of malaria incidence reveals spatial and temporal variations between and within islands. In the 7 districts of Anjouan and in 2 of the 3 districts of Moheli, the incidence is less than 1 case per 100,000 inhabitants in 2014. In contrast, the incidence remains higher in every health district of Grande Comore with more than 4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2014. This is consistent with the reduction of prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum that decreased from 24% in 2012 to 2 in 2014 in Grande Comore. Also, Long before the two other islands, Moheli has benefited from a campaign of indoor insecticide spraying and a population mass treatment by Artequick and Primaquine between 2007 and 2009. In addition, we highlight spatial relationships between malaria incidences and environmental factors in Grande Comore.Conclusion: This study ...

This workshop was the result of many hours of planning and hard work by a committee consisting of Nora Casson, Diane Orihel, Gordon Goldsborough, Scott Forbes, Elise Watchorn, Scott Higgins and Pascal Badiou. The workshop was facilitated by Sheldon McLeod and the report writing was led by Marliese Peterson and Nora Casson. Marliese Peterson also coordinated the note taking during the workshop, and was assisted by Madeline Stanley, Chris Hope, Jill Watling, Alexandra Goodman, and Hailey Robichaud. ; Lake Manitoba is a large, shallow prairie lake located in central Manitoba. The lake and watershed are subject to numerous environmental pressures including climate change, land use change, and regulation of water levels, particularly during the operation of the Portage Diversion which diverts water from the Assiniboine River into Lake Manitoba. There are substantial gaps in our scientific knowledge about the ecology, limnology, and hydrology of Lake Manitoba, which limit our ability to make informed management decisions. A science workshop was convened at the University of Winnipeg in December 2015 to summarize the state of knowledge around water quality and ecosystem functioning in Lake Manitoba and its watershed, identify key knowledge gaps, and develop ways to address these gaps. The workshop was attended by 34 participants from universities, government agencies, and non- governmental organizations, all of whom had particular expertise in one of four theme areas: Water Levels & Regulation; Watershed Management & Landscape Processes; Water Quality; and Ecology & Wetlands. This report summarizes the findings and recommendations of the workshop, and can be used to help guide research priorities into the future. While specific, detailed recommendations were made in each theme area, two major recommendations emerged across all themes. The first recommendation is the existence of critical data gaps which must be filled before progress can be made on understanding ecosystem functioning. These gaps include ...

The changing nature of crisis and an increased expectancy of pandemics sets the stage for many challenging crisis' in the future. Modernization and inequalities of a divided world also play a big role in this future, while organizational factors often are the ones being solely blamed for inadequate crisis management. A knowledge gap in combining crisis management literature with pandemic and epidemic response further complicates the ability to plausible predict how health crisis unfold and should be managed. The main purpose of this thesis is to explore, illustrate and seek a deeper understanding of pandemics through the lenses of crisis management. These lenses will tell the story of modernization, interconnectedness, governance, inequity, health systems, pig, bats, crisis management and an international harvester of blood. The thesis has been carried out through a comparative case study of H1N1 influenza in Norway and the Ebola outbreak in Western Africa. Reports by the United Nations, the World Health Organization, external management assessors and some news sources have been analyzed though a theoretical framework on transboundary crisis. Main findings include heavy reliance on the health sector, the World Health Organization as custodians of a crisis, international travel, deforestation, migration, land use, poverty and poor health systems create and facilitate pandemics, and solving a pandemic is in reality the solving of an epidemic in the diseased country. Furthermore, mechanisms for disease propagation, such as "deliberate uncertainty-making", challenges in mobilizing people, money and goods, stigma associated with being the host country of a disease, lack of awareness of the different international frameworks between the health and humanitarian sectors and the failure to establish an authoritative narrative in communicating disease, have been identified. The fact that it only takes one infected child to almost force governments on their knees, launching national and international actions to combat an infectious disease, serves as a dire reminder of the importance in incorporating crisis management literature with pandemic and epidemic response.

[EN] The problematic of floods and its association to territorial transformation is undergoing a significant trend change, in terms of understanding the scope of the problem and dealing with it. The aim of this research, however, has been confined to the flooding from fluvial origin, in small basins, maximum 500 km2. Most of these basins have common diverse characteristics, among which were considered remarkable little or non-existent regulation, short reaction time by public population, activity or constriction channels due to inadequate locations of some buildings and the high generation torrential event which provoke considerable damages. The territories which present the described problems have been the subjects of research through its application on Girona pilot river basins and the ravine of Portelles, located in the north of the Alicante Province. The main objective was to study the preventive measures which have been developed in the pilot basins, from different regulatory framework, legislative and regulation, management plans and urban planning. It was found necessary to evaluate the input which contributes the prevention of floodplains regulation and alluvial fans as well as amending the insurance approach against extraordinary risks, improving its effectiveness in terms of prevention. To conclude, through nonstructural measures such as land use planning, the regulation of uses in floodplains and alluvial fans, and mandatory insurance policy in high risk flood zones, small basins, such as the present one, would be able to manage flood risk more efficiently than through diverse emergency works, which is currently happening. In order to make this approach operational, all social agents, administrations at all levels and individuals' involvement and participation are required. The management plans carried out, which have been subject of analysis in this investigation, are heading as planned, however, the coordination and cooperation still continues to be a pending issue. Possible approaches are put in on ...

This paper considers the potential for beekeepers' knowledges to be incorporated into participatory policy processes addressing current challenges to pollinator health. Pollinator decline is a serious issue for future food security and wider environmental resilience, with important implications for rural land use governance. The precipitous decline in global pollinator populations over recent years has resulted in a range of government initiatives to tackle the causes identified. In the UK this includes a National Pollinator Strategy in England and Pollinator Action Plan in Wales. These plans are notable for their introduction of a more participatory approach, incorporating 'lay-knowledge' and citizen science from beekeeping practitioners alongside scientific data. This paper presents evidence from interviews and participant observation with key stakeholders within the beekeeping community in the UK, alongside archival material from the Bee Farmers' Association, to assess the knowledge controversies arising from this strategy. Specifically, the paper considers the distinction of beekeepers' knowledges from typically acknowledged expert sources, whilst also reflecting upon aspects of plurality and tension within the beekeeping community. The paper concludes by outlining some areas of contestation between beekeepers and the wider policy and scientific community, which could impact on the future success of more participatory forums. This includes, firstly, evidence of hierarchies and exclusions in the forms of knowledge considered, when insights from professional scientists are privileged above those from beekeepers and when some beekeepers knowledges are given more credit than others. Secondly, we consider limitations resulting from policy makers' evidence requirements for peer-reviewed science, which can further exacerbate the exclusion of beekeepers' insights and lead to scenarios whereby policy only engages with a narrow set of criteria that may not be beneficial when advanced in isolation from the broader system changes. Finally, aspects of policy clash are outlined between pollinator conservation and wider agricultural strategies that seek to maintain a productivist agenda.

National audience ; Les modèles cellulaires multi-échelles (Cellular Automata Model-CAM) [9, 1, 3, 2] sont souvent utilisés pour déterminer les facteurs-clés qui influencent les variations spatio-temporelles et l'utilisation des sols sur un territoire, notamment leurs déclinaisons de type " syst emes multi-agents d'utilisation et de couverture des sols " (Multi-Agent System models of Land-Use/Cover Change-MAS/LUCC)[4, 5, 10]. Dans ce travail, nous envisageons de développer un CAM de type MAS/LUCC afin d'´ etudier par la simulation informatique la multifonctionnalité du foncier rural en Corse. Nous allons nous intéresser plusparticulì erement a l'approché economique décrivant des usages multiples, en conflit ou complémentaires : tourisme/agriculture, chasse/agriculture, agriculture/environnement, etc. Il s'agit ici de développer un mod ele capable d' expérimenter virtuellement des politiques de projet de territoire, afin que l'on puissé etudier l'impact de l'homme sur la ressourcefoncì ere. Il s'agit notamment de poursuivre les travaux de 2010, en nous inspirant des mod eles décisionnels que nous avons déj a développés dans [7, 6, 8]. Dans ce travail préparatoire , nous discutons précisément de l'opportunité d'initialiser le mod ele MAS/LUCC depuis des données expérimentales provenant d'un SIG 1. En effet, les données SIG ne pouvent pas etre intégrées en l'´ etat dans le mod ele. L'utilisation des données provenant du SIG nécessite un travail de " rasteurisation ". Celui-ci doit permettre de rendre les données digestes par le CAM. Nous pro-posons dans ce travail une méthode d' intégration fondée sur l'analysé econométrique. Pour cela, nous allons utiliser les sciences mathématiques et statistiques afin d'exprimercompì etement les données SIG dans le mod ele MAS/LUCC. Ce traitement d' intégration est illustré sur la figure 1. Nous exprimons rationnellement a l'aide des outils de la science Figure 1 – Traitement d' intégration des données expérimentales SIG.

International audience ; Introduction: Malaria has long been endemic in the Union of Comoros. Since 2007, the Comorian government has been conducting a national strategy for eradicating malaria by 2016. Between 2010 and 2014, the number of malaria cases has radically fallen by more than 90%. This study aims at describing the spatial patterns of the epidemiology of malaria and at identifying risk factors through a geographical approach. Method: Monthly cases, as reported by the "Programme National de lutte Contre le paludisme" (PNLP) from 2010 to 2014, were geo-referenced in the three islands (i.e. Grande Comore, Moheli and Anjouan) at two different scales: by sanitary district and by health center. In Grande Comore, malaria cases confirmed by microscopic exam during the active control from 2012 to 2014 were geo-localized at the village scale. Data on environmental factors, including meteorology and land use (analyzed by remote sensing of SPOT 5 satellite images) but also information on malaria control actions were integrated into a spatial database. We realized statistical and spatial analyses to show the relationships between this dataset and malaria information.Results: The mapping of malaria incidence reveals spatial and temporal variations between and within islands. In the 7 districts of Anjouan and in 2 of the 3 districts of Moheli, the incidence is less than 1 case per 100,000 inhabitants in 2014. In contrast, the incidence remains higher in every health district of Grande Comore with more than 4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2014. This is consistent with the reduction of prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum that decreased from 24% in 2012 to 2 in 2014 in Grande Comore. Also, Long before the two other islands, Moheli has benefited from a campaign of indoor insecticide spraying and a population mass treatment by Artequick and Primaquine between 2007 and 2009. In addition, we highlight spatial relationships between malaria incidences and environmental factors in Grande Comore.Conclusion: This study ...

To support food security for current and future generations, there is a need to understand the relation between sustainable diets and the health of a population. In recent years, a number of studies have investigated and compared different dietary patterns to better understand which foods and eating patterns have less of an environmental impact while meeting nutritional needs and promoting health. This systematic review (SR) of population-level dietary patterns and food sustainability extends and updates the SR that was conducted by the 2015 US Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, an expert committee commissioned by the federal government to inform dietary guidance as it relates to the committee's original conclusions. In the original SR, 15 studies met the criteria for inclusion; since then, an additional 8 studies have been identified and included. The relations between dietary intake patterns and both health and environmental outcomes were compared across studies, with methodologies that included modeling, life cycle assessment, and land use analysis. Across studies, consistent evidence indicated that a dietary pattern higher in plant-based foods (e.g., vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds, nuts, whole grains) and lower in animal-based foods (especially red meat), as well as lower in total energy, is both healthier and associated with a lesser impact on the environment. This dietary pattern differs from current average consumption patterns in the United States. Our updated SR confirms and strengthens the conclusions of the original US Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee SR, which found that adherence to several well-characterized dietary patterns, including vegetarian (with variations) diets, dietary guidelines–related diets, Mediterranean-style diets, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, and other sustainable diet scenarios, promotes greater health and has a less negative impact on the environment than current average dietary intakes.

International audience ; Introduction: Malaria has long been endemic in the Union of Comoros. Since 2007, the Comorian government has been conducting a national strategy for eradicating malaria by 2016. Between 2010 and 2014, the number of malaria cases has radically fallen by more than 90%. This study aims at describing the spatial patterns of the epidemiology of malaria and at identifying risk factors through a geographical approach. Method: Monthly cases, as reported by the "Programme National de lutte Contre le paludisme" (PNLP) from 2010 to 2014, were geo-referenced in the three islands (i.e. Grande Comore, Moheli and Anjouan) at two different scales: by sanitary district and by health center. In Grande Comore, malaria cases confirmed by microscopic exam during the active control from 2012 to 2014 were geo-localized at the village scale. Data on environmental factors, including meteorology and land use (analyzed by remote sensing of SPOT 5 satellite images) but also information on malaria control actions were integrated into a spatial database. We realized statistical and spatial analyses to show the relationships between this dataset and malaria information.Results: The mapping of malaria incidence reveals spatial and temporal variations between and within islands. In the 7 districts of Anjouan and in 2 of the 3 districts of Moheli, the incidence is less than 1 case per 100,000 inhabitants in 2014. In contrast, the incidence remains higher in every health district of Grande Comore with more than 4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2014. This is consistent with the reduction of prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum that decreased from 24% in 2012 to 2 in 2014 in Grande Comore. Also, Long before the two other islands, Moheli has benefited from a campaign of indoor insecticide spraying and a population mass treatment by Artequick and Primaquine between 2007 and 2009. In addition, we highlight spatial relationships between malaria incidences and environmental factors in Grande Comore.Conclusion: This study ...

International audience ; Introduction: Malaria has long been endemic in the Union of Comoros. Since 2007, the Comorian government has been conducting a national strategy for eradicating malaria by 2016. Between 2010 and 2014, the number of malaria cases has radically fallen by more than 90%. This study aims at describing the spatial patterns of the epidemiology of malaria and at identifying risk factors through a geographical approach. Method: Monthly cases, as reported by the "Programme National de lutte Contre le paludisme" (PNLP) from 2010 to 2014, were geo-referenced in the three islands (i.e. Grande Comore, Moheli and Anjouan) at two different scales: by sanitary district and by health center. In Grande Comore, malaria cases confirmed by microscopic exam during the active control from 2012 to 2014 were geo-localized at the village scale. Data on environmental factors, including meteorology and land use (analyzed by remote sensing of SPOT 5 satellite images) but also information on malaria control actions were integrated into a spatial database. We realized statistical and spatial analyses to show the relationships between this dataset and malaria information.Results: The mapping of malaria incidence reveals spatial and temporal variations between and within islands. In the 7 districts of Anjouan and in 2 of the 3 districts of Moheli, the incidence is less than 1 case per 100,000 inhabitants in 2014. In contrast, the incidence remains higher in every health district of Grande Comore with more than 4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2014. This is consistent with the reduction of prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum that decreased from 24% in 2012 to 2 in 2014 in Grande Comore. Also, Long before the two other islands, Moheli has benefited from a campaign of indoor insecticide spraying and a population mass treatment by Artequick and Primaquine between 2007 and 2009. In addition, we highlight spatial relationships between malaria incidences and environmental factors in Grande Comore.Conclusion: This study ...

Social and environmental conflicts related to land use are quite common nowadays, while the transforming space tends increasingly to be considered only in economic terms. At that stage, it is necessary to recognize the limitations of the standard instruments of urban planning. We often observe the dissociation between city building processes and desires of its inhabitants .The analysis of the city requires the consideration of the power of subjective views, made by users, and mechanisms to embrace the reaction to a certain way of doing city, to a programmed and external pattern. The discussion about the subjective city arises from a reflection of what remains, a priori, outside the institutional city building mechanisms . Emergent collective interests come into dialectic with the canonical city, and gets to question certain urban politics. The subjective city tends to be, because of that, a reply to the institutional city construction. Beginning with the interpretation of the subjective city concept that Felix Guattari deals with, its contextualization in the theory of contemporary architecture is performed.This research tackles an interpretative proposal of the subjective city in contemporary Valencia and its evolution in the dialectic of city ideas. The interpretation in processes and paradigmatic cases in the recent history of Valencia is applied.These are often produced in changing times, with political,economic, cultural or social conflicts . The ecosophical processes have special interest in defining this city in considered scenes. lt is a monitoring on the transformation, modification or institutionalization of this subjective city concept according to the circumstances and involved agents.These resistances and citizen movilizations become city generators.This citizens mobilizations in the Valencian transition to democracy represent the appearance of the first landscape and territory defense mechanisms. Both the defense of El Saler like the Turia riverbed are judged as paradigmatic cases. Two key concepts ...

Investigating the political ecologies of everyday engagements with environments—including material as well as policy and ideological interactions—requires consideration of the moral economy at play, as well as the political economy and social ecology. A.V. Chayanov (1966/1925), E.P. Thompson (1971, 1991), and Jim Scott (1976) have provided useful ways to think about moral economy. They framed moral economy as a way of enacting understandings of just commons, subsistence entitlements, and desirable economic relations based on social struggle. This framing can be particularly useful in combination with political ecology approaches to investigate 'moral ecologies.' These are society-environment assemblages that are often more aspirational than enacted, but toward which considerable effort is expended, and whose moral and ecological dynamics are functionally linked, perhaps as best illustrated in recent attention to agroecology as a powerful mechanism for ensuring rights to food (De Schutter 2011a, 2011b, 2012). Given political ecology's focus on power relations, moral ecologies that do not exercise considerable power are often overlooked by political ecologists. However, even if particular understandings may not be highly efficacious in exercising power, they may have considerable influence on relational conceptualizations. This mismatch between habitual inattention to moral ecologies and their potential importance contributes to tensions within contemporary society-environment scholarship between structuralist and poststructuralist modes of engagement. Given the value of both modes, particularly for understanding what Peet and Watts (1993) describe as liberation ecologies (and the regional discourse formations that shape them), I argue that political ecology provides useful frameworks for documenting and analyzing the socio-ecological experience of regions—in terms not only of the functions of society and environment, but also of the performance and curation of knowledge about those functions.Keywords: moral economy, food systems, curation, critical regional studies, land use planning, participatory action research, environmental justice, integrated natural resource management science

International audience ; Introduction: Malaria has long been endemic in the Union of Comoros. Since 2007, the Comorian government has been conducting a national strategy for eradicating malaria by 2016. Between 2010 and 2014, the number of malaria cases has radically fallen by more than 90%. This study aims at describing the spatial patterns of the epidemiology of malaria and at identifying risk factors through a geographical approach. Method: Monthly cases, as reported by the "Programme National de lutte Contre le paludisme" (PNLP) from 2010 to 2014, were geo-referenced in the three islands (i.e. Grande Comore, Moheli and Anjouan) at two different scales: by sanitary district and by health center. In Grande Comore, malaria cases confirmed by microscopic exam during the active control from 2012 to 2014 were geo-localized at the village scale. Data on environmental factors, including meteorology and land use (analyzed by remote sensing of SPOT 5 satellite images) but also information on malaria control actions were integrated into a spatial database. We realized statistical and spatial analyses to show the relationships between this dataset and malaria information.Results: The mapping of malaria incidence reveals spatial and temporal variations between and within islands. In the 7 districts of Anjouan and in 2 of the 3 districts of Moheli, the incidence is less than 1 case per 100,000 inhabitants in 2014. In contrast, the incidence remains higher in every health district of Grande Comore with more than 4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2014. This is consistent with the reduction of prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum that decreased from 24% in 2012 to 2 in 2014 in Grande Comore. Also, Long before the two other islands, Moheli has benefited from a campaign of indoor insecticide spraying and a population mass treatment by Artequick and Primaquine between 2007 and 2009. In addition, we highlight spatial relationships between malaria incidences and environmental factors in Grande Comore.Conclusion: This study ...

International audience ; Introduction: Malaria has long been endemic in the Union of Comoros. Since 2007, the Comorian government has been conducting a national strategy for eradicating malaria by 2016. Between 2010 and 2014, the number of malaria cases has radically fallen by more than 90%. This study aims at describing the spatial patterns of the epidemiology of malaria and at identifying risk factors through a geographical approach. Method: Monthly cases, as reported by the "Programme National de lutte Contre le paludisme" (PNLP) from 2010 to 2014, were geo-referenced in the three islands (i.e. Grande Comore, Moheli and Anjouan) at two different scales: by sanitary district and by health center. In Grande Comore, malaria cases confirmed by microscopic exam during the active control from 2012 to 2014 were geo-localized at the village scale. Data on environmental factors, including meteorology and land use (analyzed by remote sensing of SPOT 5 satellite images) but also information on malaria control actions were integrated into a spatial database. We realized statistical and spatial analyses to show the relationships between this dataset and malaria information.Results: The mapping of malaria incidence reveals spatial and temporal variations between and within islands. In the 7 districts of Anjouan and in 2 of the 3 districts of Moheli, the incidence is less than 1 case per 100,000 inhabitants in 2014. In contrast, the incidence remains higher in every health district of Grande Comore with more than 4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2014. This is consistent with the reduction of prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum that decreased from 24% in 2012 to 2 in 2014 in Grande Comore. Also, Long before the two other islands, Moheli has benefited from a campaign of indoor insecticide spraying and a population mass treatment by Artequick and Primaquine between 2007 and 2009. In addition, we highlight spatial relationships between malaria incidences and environmental factors in Grande Comore.Conclusion: This study ...