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Dalits of the Telugu-speaking region of Madras Presidency struggled for liberation from socio-economic and politico-cultural deprivation by mobilising themselves under the 'Adi-Andhra' identity. They worked for the eradication of untouchability, achieving education, land, jobs and political representation, using modern ideas of equality and empowerment and, thus, challenged the traditional caste hierarchy. The existing literature on the subject has largely tended to represent Dalit movements as either autonomous from or integral to Congress-dominated nationalism and Hinduism. However, I would argue that to accomplish their objectives, Dalits constantly interacted with Hindu nationalists and the colonial state between 1917 and 1930. However, on a number of occasions, they expressed their dissatisfaction with both Hindu nationalist reform and colonial policies and programmes for the emancipation of Dalits. It is, therefore, essential to recognise that Dalits were neither integrated with them, nor entirely estranged from them.

Emerging as a non-commercial, grassroots alternative to the state-controlled publishing businesses, online literature in China has formalised based on the freemium business model and with the influx of capital. However, little is known about the informality in the formal market and their mutually shaping relationship. This article approaches online literature production in China as case study of the interconnection and interactions between the formal and informal in the wider context of the creative labour debate. It begins with an analysis of the inception of online literature in the context of Chinese literary system before unpacking the formalisation process. It then examines precarity associated with the informal labour, particularly the augmented precarity under the sway of capital. Then, it focuses on surrogate writing as a new form of informality arising from the formalised market, reveals the formality therein and its economic and socio-cultural implications including its impact on the formal market.

En este artículo se estudia el discurso fúnebre de Marco Antonio en la obra de Shakespeare Julio César como ejemplo del poder de la palabra en la retórica clásica. Se resume la situación socio-cultural y política de la época de César con el fin de contextualizar la tragedia de Shakespeare. Al comparar los discursos de Bruto y Marco Antonio tras el asesinato de César, se evidencia el uso prodigioso de estrategias retóricas en el discurso de Marco Antonio y su argumento persuasivo. ; This paper analyses Marcus Antonius's funeral oration in Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar as an example of the power of words in classical rhetoric. Th e sociocultural and political situation of Caesar's time is revised in order to contextualise Shakespeare's tragedy. By comparing Brutus and Mark Antony's speeches after the assassination of Caesar, it is proved the prodigious use of rhetorical strategies in Mark Antony's oration and his persuasive argumentation.

The aim of the article is to examine the informal learning processes of migrants particularly in relation to their social engagements in associations, informal groups and transnational networks in the Estonia-Finland space. The theoretical framework relates to socio-cultural, situated learning tradition as well as transnational migration studies. In educational research, transnational perspectives are still relatively new and little explored. The research data (98 interviews) were analysed following theoryguided content analysis. Diverse learning trajectories in relation to the informants' associational engagement were identified. Engagement in various social groups in transnational environments had widened the informants' perspectives and understanding, enabling them to explore differences in societal conceptions and practices. Some of the informants had been acting as transnational brokers, conveying conceptions and practices between communities across national borders. There is a need to examine migrants' learning trajectories in relation to their social engagements not only in the country of settlement but also in transnational spaces. (DIPF/Orig.)

In the hilly tropics, although shifting cultivation is a widespread practice, government policies have attempted to replace it with other land uses. However, several factors determine whether farming communities can make the shift. We tried understanding the factors that facilitate or impede the shift to settled cultivation through interviews with the Adi tribe in north-east India. Although settled cultivation was initiated in the 60s, about 90 % of the families still practise shifting cultivation, observing 13 festivals associated with the annual agricultural calendar. Our results indicate that the economic status of a household determined whether a family undertook settled cultivation, while labour availability was important for shifting cultivation. Often, these nuances are ignored in the Government policies. We conclude that future policies should be mindful of cultural and socio-economic factors that affect the community and of the social-ecological resilience of the landscapes and not use a one-size-fits-all strategy.

Pacific Island communities may be vulnerable to negative impacts of economic development, which is often considered a strategy for reducing vulnerability to environmental change. Studies that evaluate potential impacts of economic development in isolated communities may be inaccurate to only focus on asking people to anticipate impacts of phenomena they have had minimal exposure to. We used an open-ended approach to evaluate how communities in the Solomon Islands perceived change, and used this information to anticipate potential impacts of the government's plans to develop tourism. Our results showed mostly negative expectations of change, particularly socio-cultural, which was perceived as being driven by diminishing social capital, foreign influence, and economic development. Despite minimal exposure, locals supported tourism and had more positive expectations of change associated with this activity. Our findings emphasize the need for locally appropriate planning to ensure intended positive impacts of tourism and other forms of economic development.

This research was emerged by Centra Java Government policy which placed tourism sector as the second key sectors beside agriculture and industries. A kind of tourism force is by ecotourism wich environmentally responsible travel and visits to relatively undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy and appreciate nature and any accompanying cultural features, both past and present, that promote conservation, has low visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socio-economic involvement of local population. Then, the strategic communication choose Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) to increase them. PRA is a participatory approach, new innovation method for improving efficacy and rapidity in data collection. Participatory method was interested the community in prepare the action program and developing the learning process forsolving the environment problems. Leading by Pamong Budaya as opinion leader, this strategic communication is a way tocreate an effective communication and automatically help rural community to increase their live by ecotourism.

Монгольские мигранты в Евросоюзе и США формируют сравнительно небольшие диаспоры. Однако для страны с населением чуть более 3 млн чел. зарубежные монголы представляют значительный экономический, политический и социокультурный ресурс. Помимо официально существующих в западных странах монгольских диаспор, презентующих себя через институциональные объединения, есть большое количество нелегальных мигрантов, образ которых формируется в неформальных дискурсах соцсетей. Образы монгольских нелегалов в целом соответствуют негативным образам нелегальных мигрантов других национальностей. ; Mongolian migrants in the EU and USA form comparatively small diasporas. However, foreign Mongols represent a significant economic, political and socio-cultural resource for a nation of little more than 3 million people. In addition to Mongolian diasporas officially existing in the West and presenting themselves via institutionalized entities, there is a large number of illegal migrants whose image is shaped in informal discourses of social networks. In general, images of Mongolian illegal migrants correspond to negative images of other illegal ethnic migrants.

The free port has played a primary role in the Modern Age Mediterranean economic policy. In order to give a boost to the local economy, favourable regulations to the arrival and rapid integration of foreigners within the pre-existing socio-economic environment were established. In the Mediterranean ports – namely Genoa, Leghorn, Marseille, Trieste and Fiume, Messina, Nice, etc. – a great number of ship owners, vendors, simple traders or salesmen, together with their relatives, house helpers and employees used therefore to arrive. They moved there whilst maintaining tight relations with their motherlands. The local élites, scared of losing their power, opposed these ventures. It is possible to pinpoint and single out a few common elements in the regulation of these ports, which appealed to the contemporaries, and thanks to which social, cultural, linguistic and political barriers were being shattered. What stands out from this analysis is an image of a dynamic and open-minded Mediterranean and Europe.

This article is devoted to the social and philosophical research of the features of institutional reforms as a factor in the functioning of society. It is shown that institutional changes are an important part of the process of socio-economic, political and cultural development of society and also the foundation for overcoming significant deformations inherent in the society under the conditions of transformation. The basic types of institutional transformations have been analyzed. ; Статья посвящена социально-философскому исследованию особенностей институциональных преобразований как фактора функционирования общества. Показано, что институциональные преобразования являются важной составляющей процесса социально-экономического, политического и культурного развития общества, а также основой преодоления существенных деформаций, свойственных обществу в условиях трансформации. Проанализировано основные типы институционных преобразований. ; Стаття присвячена соціально-філософському дослідженню особливостей інституційних перетворень як фактора функціонування суспільства. Показано, що інституційні перетворення є важливою складовою процесу соціально-економічного, політичного і культурного розвитку суспільства та основою подолання суттєвих деформацій, притаманних суспільству в умовах трансформації.

Cinema plays a major role in shaping the society. It is an important and popular medium through which the dominant classes negotiate consent for their ideological positions. Cinema is produced according to the popular demand. So, the representation is not very different from the lives of the people. Women's roles in cinema are restricted by the demand of patriarchal society. Though patriarchy has changed, the control over women, through various systems remains the same. Women's position is always dominated by the external factors like caste, class and patriarchal family system in cinema and it also varies accordingly. In case of Odia films the targeted audiences are the women. So, the representation in the films somehow takes the responsibility to change the gender role of the state. The effort is to understand the role of women in the changing socio-cultural and political settings, so the positive representation of the gender role can help in creating a non-stereotypical society.

Issue congruence between citizens and policy makers should be one of the central aspects of a democratic process. This study uses the 2009 European Election Study to compare the views of citizens and party elites on a diverse set of domestic policy issues and overall Left-Right identities. We find very high levels of congruence for Left-Right positions and socio-economic issues. Parties are less representative of their supporters on the newer cultural issues of immigration and authority, as well as gender issues. National political contexts have limited influence on congruence levels, although some party characteristics such as political extremism or party family are linked to citizen-voter agreement. On the whole, citizens and like-minded parties do connect through the electoral process to a high degree. However, the results also argue for a multidimensional approach to assessing representation to recognize where parties agree and deviate from their supporters.

AbstractCities around the world are developing new ways of governing risks and vulnerabilities. In the new flood-governance measures, technological risk-prevention is linked to programmes of social resilience and cultural adaptation. By focusing on the catastrophic floods in the city of Villahermosa, Mexico, this article argues that new flood-governance strategies rely on complicated forms of neoliberal governance, in which flood governance is turned into a matter of adaptation and self-responsibilisation, while scant attention is paid to the socio-spatial distribution of vulnerabilities. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in three socially differentiated neighbourhoods of Villahermosa, this article demonstrates how flood-governance strategies and the residents' responses to them vary across the city and how the production of flood risk is connected to the uneven production of urban space. The institutional acts of governing aim to render certain population groups governable, whilst being unable to eradicate dispersed contestation efforts.

The pressure on traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) to solve socio-economic issues globally begs the question: What is the state of TEK today, given the economic, social, and cultural ruptures it has endured during the past 200 years? The author traces how historical collaborative work between ethnographic pairings of "insiders" and "outsiders" created partnerships between some prominent anthropologists and local Indigenous research collaborators. Indeed, most of the ground-breaking anthropological work of Franz Boas and others concerning Canada's Pacific Northwest coast culture area depended on collaborations with George Hunt and other trained Indigenous field workers. Much of their long-standing fieldwork data collection and writings involved their female relatives and anonymous women's collaboration, lending an accumulated, but unacknowledged, thoroughness to present-day TEK. Future policy concerning collaboration between non-Indigenous academics and Indigenous communities should take into account the lessons to be learned from these historical practices.

The fact that there are few studies considering the organisation and working of the associations of African-origin foreigners in Spain has awoken our interest and has led us to analyse the internal and external structure and organisation of associations with this profile and to link these to their aims and the activities they carry out. Our starting point is the belief that there are different organisational and development structures, influenced by their surroundings and internal dynamics, which condition the goals and activities of the associations. Furthermore, by defining what they aim to achieve and what they actually achieve, we have discovered that this associationism is not very politically motivated and mainly focuses on socio-cultural aspects. This study presents the results of a survey carried out among 206 representatives of associations of African-origin immigrants in three regions or autonomous communities, namely, Catalonia, Valencia and Navarre.