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International audience ; Climatic variations since the end of the last ice age have been large enough to influence the fate of ancient civilizations, and deciphering the exact role of climate in the history of old societies is an active and challenging domain of research. This potential influence, which serves as the foundation of `climate determinism,' can be viewed as the response of natural-resource-dependent, agriculture-based communities to climatically driven environmental changes. In some cases, these could have provoked major damage in economic and social organization of the societies, thus paving the way for political disintegration.

Defence date: 2 July 2007 ; Examining board: Prof. Bo Stråth (EUI) ; Prof. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt (EUI) ; Prof. Annette Warring (Roskilde University) ; Prof. Øystein Sørensen (University of Oslo) ; PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses ; Since the 1970s numerous museums and exhibitions have been opened and new monuments erected in many European countries. This 'memory boom' came to a head in the middle of the 1990s with the arrangements for the half-centenary anniversary of the end of the Second World War. The last 15 years have seen a tremendous change in international politics.

In the first half of this century in many of today's developed countries, the proportion of voting age populations 65 years old or older will roughly double. As voting age populations age, the proportion of net contributors to national budgets (mainly through taxes) will fall and the proportion of net beneficiaries (mainly through public pension and health care benefits) will rise. By mid-century in many wealthy countries, a near majority of electorates will become net beneficiaries of government expenditures, producing unprecedented changes in their political landscapes. We analyze three aspects of this phenomenon in Germany, Japan, and the United States.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Canada studied the impact of its cabotage legislation thoroughly and opted to provide protection of the domestic shipping market with new legislation in 1992. This paper traces the decision-making process through this period, and the concurrent discussions within NAFTA under negotiations for liberalization of trade in services. Now that Canada has 13 years experience with the existing cabotage legislation, and has adopted a policy to promote the development of short sea shipping, this paper evaluates Canada's shipping policy options in order to identify if changes are required given the new policy environment.

International audience ; Climatic variations since the end of the last ice age have been large enough to influence the fate of ancient civilizations, and deciphering the exact role of climate in the history of old societies is an active and challenging domain of research. This potential influence, which serves as the foundation of `climate determinism,' can be viewed as the response of natural-resource-dependent, agriculture-based communities to climatically driven environmental changes. In some cases, these could have provoked major damage in economic and social organization of the societies, thus paving the way for political disintegration.

This article is dedicated to the Israeli-Kurdish relations within the framework ofpolitical processes in the Near and Middle East. The history and general dynamicsof these relations is shown with a special emphasis on the analysis of the latterafter the establishment of the State of Israel and the attempted utilization of theKurdish factor by Israel in its regional strategy against the Arab surroundings.Also, the large-scale political changes in the region after the operation conductedby the USA and its allies in Iraq, and the general impact thereof on the Israeli-Kurdish relations are examined.

Since the First World War the journal El Comercio, like others, starts an authoritarian right-wing drift that goes from reforming plans to the praise of the dictatorship. The fear of a revolution of the social sectors represented by the newspaper was the reason of this change. One of its consequences, the contribution to the polarization environment that became breeding ground for the civil conflict. The investigation of the fundamental landmarks of this particular evolution contributes to understand the role of the press at that time in Asturias and it is a reflection about its responsability in citizens' education.

T.A.T.u. is the most successful Russian pop band of all time. This success is no coincidence; it is based on the skillful adaptation of the band's lesbian image to different cultural environments. T.A.T.u. was conceived as a way to provoke Russian society; by kissing in public, the duo succeeded in being banned twice in Western Europe and the United States, which drew considerable publicity. The pop duo's history shows how structures of the Western consumer industry are applied to Russian conditions, undergo change there and then influence the West's perception of Russia. Adapted from the source document.

Critically examines the use of the precautionary principle in justifying US defense spending, arguing that it is wasteful & leaves the country less safe. It is contended that insights from debate on regulatory policy can inform national security policymaking. Attention is given to issues of risk & cost-benefit analysis, issues with basing defense policy on uncertainty, the relative safety of the US, & the threats of terrorism & failed states. Recommendations for change are offered, & skepticism regarding what the country is told to fear & how it should defended against is advocated. References.

В статье рассмотрены разработка русскими национал-патриотами вариантов построения Русского национального государства; проекты реставрации монархии, возрождения соборности, установления национальной диктатуры; изменение территориально-административного деления России в сторону ликвидации национально-территориальных автономий; отношение к политическим правам и свободам. ; Working out variants of the building the Russian national state by the Russian national patriots. Projects of the monarchy restoration, sobornost revival,establishment of the national dictatorship. The change of the regional administrative division of Russia towards the liquidation of the nation-territorial autonomies. Attitude to the political rights and freedoms.

This item shows the documentary use of the coin as a means of propaganda used by the last government of Ferdinand VII (1833), who, in the middle of a dynastic and political crisis close to the civil war, ordered a change in the types and legends of his main coin, the silver "duro", in order to make it more adequate to the new political situation that would take place after the king's death, i.e., the crowning of his daughter and the entrance of new liberal ministers in the government, that were meant to reinforce the starting Spanish constitutionalism.

Abstract: Concerned by illiberalism and conflict in new democracies, some analysts advocate democratic sequencing—putting off democracy until the rule of law and a well-functioning state are in place. Such a view overestimates the willingness and capability of autocrats to build a strong foundation for democracy and the ability of the United States to influence decisions by other societies about how to proceed with political change. Gradually introducing key components of political competition is a better alternative than putting off democracy altogether in countries where the underlying structural factors point to a difficult democratic path.

The past is the stage of a conflict precluded from the political debate. In Chile the conflict of the memory is a symptom the unrest present in the society, but it constitutes an important and strong vector that opens possibilities for a democratic change in the social, economic, and political system. ; El pasado es el escenario de un conflicto que no puede manifestarse en el debate político. En Chile el conflicto de la memoria es un síntoma de malestar de la sociedad pero constituye una fuerza importante para que se abran posibilidades de cambio democrático en el sistema político y socioeconómico.

The NATO of the future will have to take account of the demanding situations that it has lived through in recent years and that, despite its ongoing desire for change, have to some extent clouded its outlook. These challenges have been operational, organisational and political. There is nothing really new in this, but the current juxtaposition of these challenges threatens to weaken the Atlantic organisation that emerged from the Cold War, perhaps even calling into question its very foundations. It is also time for France to regularise its military position within the Alliance. Adapted from the source document.