Suchergebnisse

Biographisch

My reflections are at least partly those of the child of an emigré who grew up to beome an economist. Since my father was an engineer from Germany's Barmen-Elberfeld textile city—also the city of Friedrich Engels—he clearly is not among the first generation of German scholars who were deprived of their professional positions as the Hitler regime came into power. Indeed, somewhat like Joseph Schumpeter, he came to America to grasp an opportunity rather than to avoid a threat. Like many of educated men of his generation, he was fluent in five languages and an ardent student of philosophy, history, and political economy. His move to America, after three or four trial visits, preceded my birth, because in those days before international air travel the seven day ocean voyage between Bremerhaven and New York was so daunting for a woman approaching childbirth that I was close to a year old before our arrival in America. My early childhood was uneventful except for the arrival of two siblings, and the only negative I recall from those early days was that I hated my first name, Ingrid (so carefully chosen by my parents), and longed to be called Jane, Anne or anything other than Ingrid.

Les genres traditionnels de la communication scientifique écrite que sont l'article et la monographie reposent ordinairement sur une énonciation objectivisée: organisant l'effacement énonciatif du locuteur, se déployant sur un plan non embrayé, elle inscrit les énoncés dans une "perspective universalisante" qui leur confère une valeur véridictionnelle (Schwarze 2008, p. 6, citée par Grossmann 2017). Le discours scientifique n'en est pas moins traversé de stratégies rhétoriques par lesquelles cette absence du locuteur dans son discours sert la construction d'un ethos de chercheur fiable (Amossy 2010, 191‑92).Le contexte de la science ouverte, visant l'abolition des barrières d'accès ainsi qu'une plus large diffusion géographique et sociale des connaissances, amène l'investissement de nouveaux formats de communication des savoirs, au rang desquels le blog de recherche. Le discours scientifique qui s'y inscrit est marqué par de nouveaux enjeux de construction de l'ethos du chercheur, recourant par exemple à l'extimité comme « écriture publique de l'intime » (Couleau et Hellégouarc'h 2010, paragr. 4) afin d'établir discursivement sa légitimité. En effet, si la rhétorique aristotélicienne, à visée politique, repose sur les valeurs cardinales de bienveillance (eunoia), de prudence (phronèsis) et de vertu (arètè) (Amossy 2010, 20), l'ethos numérique ajuste désormais ces valeurs à celles du web :on pense ici à l'horizontalité (impliquant l'inscription dans une démarche collaborative) et l'actualité liée au renouvellement fréquent des contenus, mais également à la sincérité et à la transparence qui participent des idéaux enracinés dans les « mythes fondateurs d'Internet » (Couleau, Deseilligny, et Hellégouarc'h 2016, paragr. 24).Par ailleurs, si le recours au pathos semble a priori peu compatible avec le discours scientifique, la question du rôle des émotions dans la production et la transmission des savoirs a néanmoins été soulevée par les analystes, pour qui les émotions seraient de nature à faciliter les ...

In 1798/99 the Helvetic minister of education Stapfer interrogated all schools of the whole Helvetic Republic with a standardized questionnaire to get around 2400 answers. In my PhD thesis I focus on the financial issues of the schools with the Stapfer-inquiry as the main-source; in addition I use different sources of different regional archives. My central question is how the elementary school system was financed at the end of the early modern period (around 1800). This main question leads to five sub-questions. As already in small regional areas different currencies occurred, one has to be selected as key currency. In my thesis it's the Schaffhauser Batzen. Furthermore the teachers were paid in different wages of kind. All the miscellaneous fragments were standardized. Main results of my thesis are: the financing of schools were affected by the rural or urban areas the school or the teacher belonged to, the political background of the region, organizational structures of the school (like the election mode), economical issues (like the amount of the capital belonging to the school) and social structures. In some regions some factors were more dominant than in others. Additionally: the combination of different factors is varying and influences interact. The following factors were taken into account as well: the age of the teacher, the years of service and the range of subjects he taught. This second set of factors shaped the teachers income as well, but much less as the main parameters. Furthermore it can be demonstrated that the denominational affiliation had no influence to the salaries of the teachers if the main influences are taken into account.

The Clean Air Act (the Act) provides that in a suit for judicial review of an agency action under the Act, "the court may award costs of litigation (including reasonable attorney and expert witness fees) whenever it determines that such [an] award is appropriate." In Ruckelshaus v. Sierra Club, the United States Supreme Court held that this language permits an award of attorneys' fees only to parties who prevail on the merits. In a footnote, the Court extended its holding to sixteen other statutes with identical provisions. This Note will evaluate the soundness of the Supreme Court's holding in Ruckelshaus. Part I describes the fee awards provisions in the Clean Air Act and identifies the basic considerations behind fee awards. Part I then reviews the Supreme Court's analysis in Ruckelshaus v. Sierra Club of the validity of fee-shifting to nonprevailing parties. Part III presents an evaluation of the Court's decision. It examines the Court's use of the legislative history of the Clean Air Act, the general effectiveness of the Court's holding, and the soundness of its extension to other statutes. In Part IVA, a more effective standard for fee awards under section 307(f) is proposed and assessed in terms of the basic fee-shifting considerations. Finally, Part IVB applies this standard to Ruckelshaus, and concludes that there was a reasonable basis for fee awards to the Sierra Club and the EDF.

Le projet d'aménagement et de réhabilitation immobilière de la colline Saint-Charles à Marseille, conduit par l'établissement public Euroméditerranée, a donné lieu à une série de fouilles préventives menées par l'Inrap et la Ville de Marseille de 2002 à 2008. La colline est localisée dans un secteur potentiellement sensible du point de vue archéologique, en raison de sa proximité avec les portes principales de la cité antique et médiévale - ce qui laissait augurer des découvertes. Les fouilles ont livré les restes d'une manufacture royale des Poudres et Salpêtre, puis passée sous tutelle de l'État, édifiée au XVIIe siècle et en usage jusqu'au début du XXe siècle, les traces de vignobles grecs antiques, et les vestiges d'une occupation préhistorique courant du VIIIe millénaire au IVe millénaire av. J.-C