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Disasters triggered by natural hazards are increasingly causing damage to dwellings in low-income communities. Despite the significant value of hazard-resistant housing to reduce disaster risk, the use of hazard- resistant construction techniques remains insufficient. The goal of this study is to understand what could stimulate disaster affected populations to Build Back Safer housing. The approach is to explore in situ barriers, drivers and outcomes of decision-making prior to suggesting interventions aiming to build resilience and reduce disaster risk. Field research assesses disaster affected communities in low- income countries that received different intensities of humanitarian technical assistance to stimulate adoption of safer construction practices. This research is important because of three main reasons. First, theory about effective interventions that build resilience of disaster affected communities is sparse in literature. However, such insights are increasingly relevant for humanitarian and governmental agencies to reduce disaster risks. Second, there is little empirical evidence on what enables or inhibits households to apply hazard-resistant construction knowledge after disaster. Empirical evidence is needed to reflect upon the impact of humanitarian technical assistance on the housing safety. Limited empirical evidence presents how households reconstruct in the absence of outside influence from humanitarian organizations, which is the case for the majority of disaster affected households in developing countries. Understanding their decision-making can inform the development of affordable and effective interventions that enhance hazard resistance. This research seeks to answer the overarching research question, What factors and actors could increase the adoption of hazard-resistant construction techniques in post-disaster reconstruction processes with different intensities of humanitarian technical assistance? In response, the research adopts a mixed-method case-study approach to assess disaster affected communities in the Philippines and Nepal. The research begins with the development of a theoretical framework that is used to structure the empirical data. Based on the contextual understanding and multiple analyses, dynamics of knowledge adoption are discussed, and recommendations are given to increase building resilience. The research first develops a theoretical framework by assimilating insights from theory of knowledge uptake, knowledge transfer and knowledge exchange (Chapter 2). The model is constructed from identified factors and actors that potentially influence the adoption of hazard-resistant construction knowledge in post-disaster reconstruction. The framework includes knowledge exchange between users, construction professionals and technical experts, and stresses that adoption and understanding of knowledge is required from all actors involved in order for exchange to be effective. The study highlights the importance of mutual trust between actors and the knowledge they communicate. Further, the framework identified potential barriers in the communication, and motivation, ability and opportunity to adopt knowledge perceived by actors. Further, failure mechanisms were identified that can limit adoption in practice. Based on the theoretical framework, initial propositions were formulated to enhance adoption in practice, stressing the need to: adapt knowledge to local needs through exchange; adapt knowledge to local skills and cognitive levels via contextualization; adapt communication to local culture; adapt knowledge to financial possibilities and priorities of low-income groups; establish positively perceived consequences of knowledge adoption; provide and enhance trust in the knowledge sender; adapt knowledge to local building culture; and, apply a community learning strategy. Both in the Philippines and Nepal, remote rural communities are selected, living in great poverty, with limited access to electricity and education and vulnerable to recurring hazards. A pilot study in the Philippines examined knowledge adoption following typhoon Haiyan in 2013. The selected communities were left without humanitarian technical assistance, allowing for narrow, controlled cases of naturally occurring knowledge adoption processes. A pilot study employed a mixed-method approach that sought to gain insights from important classes of stakeholders. To gain insights into the communities affected, 220 household interviews and 13 carpenter interviews and focus group discussions were conducted in six communities. In addition, to gain insights from the institutional stakeholders, 20 interviews with government officials, builders, and humanitarian organizations were conducted over two years. Based on the pilot study and reflection upon the used research protocols, a larger focused study was employed in 25 communities in Nepal following the Gorkha earthquake of 2015. This study compared two disaster affected districts, of which one had received significantly more humanitarian technical shelter assistance than the other. Again, stakeholder perspectives were assessed using a total of 1453 household interviews, 1456 structural assessments of houses, 25 focus group discussions with community members, 61 key- stakeholder interviews. The dissertation reveals crucial aspects that determine the extent of adoption of hazard-resistant construction principles. Based on the findings, strategies to increase knowledge adoption are presented. This research (1) proposes a theoretical framework for knowledge adoption; (2) describes the knowledge need, awareness and networks, outside humanitarian technical assistance; (3) compares the physical adoption of hazard-resistant construction knowledge with different levels of humanitarian technical assistance; (4) compares and identifies perceptions of barriers and drivers of hazard-resistant reconstruction with different levels of assistance; (5) compares the knowledge need, awareness and networks with different levels of technical assistance; (6) identifies target groups for audience specific communication strategies. The results contribute to understanding of knowledge adoption influenced by communication and decision-making patterns during reconstruction, building theory of knowledge adoption pathways. Findings in the Philippines challenge long-held assumptions that state- of-the-art technical guidelines reach disaster affected communities in the absence of humanitarian assistance, at least to a certain extent (Chapter 3). However, findings in Nepal indicate the opposite. In Nepal, unexpected positive structural safety outcomes, in both districts, question the so often positively reported impact of humanitarian knowledge interventions by humanitarian organizations (Chapter 4). Differences in structural safety are remarkably small, showing positive earthquake resistant characteristics of reconstructed housing in both situations. The successful application of safety features can be linked to the guidance of governmental engineers (Chapter 5). Households appear to be highly motivated and to have significant ability to reconstruct hazard-resistant structures, but sometimes perceive a lack of opportunity to Build Back Safer (Chapter 6). Findings reveal both positive and negative impacts of humanitarian technical assistance on the perceptions of affected households. Practically, the findings can be used to inform the design of more effective humanitarian knowledge interventions to enhance safer post-disaster reconstruction targeted to the characteristics of affected households (Chapter 7). The study suggests that the theoretical framework is useful to understanding knowledge adoption in practice (Chapter 8). The findings provide a crucial contribution to the efficacy and use of disaster relief resources and sustainable housing solutions for disaster-affected populations. Findings call to facilitate decisions of disaster affected populations without enforcing standardization construction techniques. The study stresses to respect local priorities even if it does not lead to safer structures. Further, there is a need to adjust the time-framjavascript:void(0);e of aid to the construction process of affected communities and the combination cash knowledge for interventions. The communication of knowledge should be aligned to local habits.

A System-on-Chip (SoC) is a complete digital electronic system integrated on a single silicon chip called the hardware. This hardware is usually accompanied by dedicated software, the complexity and development time of which increases year by year. However, the highly competitive environment of SoC design imposes limited time-to-market. It is therefore necessary to develop hardware and software simultaneously in a process called "hardware-software codesign". Since hardware prototypes are initially unavailable, software developers rely on virtual prototypes of the targeted SoC. A virtual prototype is a simulator capable of running the software for the SoC being designed and executable on a conventional computer called the host. The SystemC/TLM-2.0 library is one of the most popular libraries for virtual prototyping of SoC. It allows hardware modeling and simulation using the principle of discrete event simulation (DES). This simulation technique sequentially executes the various processes representing the behavior of the modeled hardware according to the so-called coroutine semantics. This guarantees the reproducibility of the simulations while simplifying the writing of the models. However, DES also constrains the use of a single host core, greatly limiting simulation speed. This thesis proposes a parallelization technique for SystemC loosely timed TLM simulation that preserves coroutine semantics. SCale 2.0, the proposed parallel SystemC kernel, is based on the parallel evaluation of the processes of each evaluation phase as well as on the observation of their interactions, mainly via shared memory. Each shared resource is thus associated with a state machine designed to classify these resources and to define the access policy to them. Thus, each process can possibly be sequentialized before accessing a certain shared resource to prevent any interaction with other processes, which could violate the semantics of coroutines. In spite of this, dependencies can form between processes, for example when accessing the same memory address. In particular, in case of circular dependency between processes called conflict, the coroutine semantics is no longer respected and the simulation becomes invalid. All interactions are therefore controlled at the end of each evaluation phase to validate its evaluation. The storage of these dependencies also allows to replay a simulation identically. In the event of an error, a backtracking is performed using a CRIU-based Linux process backup and restore system to re-execute the simulation and avoid the error. However, the simulation of a complete operating system such as Linux generates a very high number of conflicts in this configuration, the cost of which cancels the benefits obtained by parallelization. As the conflicts are mostly caused by the operating system code itself, it was decided to detect the latter via the privilege level of the simulated processors and to force the sequential simulation of the operating system code. This method was evaluated on a variety of models composed of 1 to 32 simulated RISC-V cores, running benchmarks with and without Linux and simulated on a dual-processor machine with 36 cores. In the parallel simulation of 32 cores, the speedup against the reference SystemC Accellera kernel was up to x15 on the benchmarks without Linux with speeds between 800 and 2000 million simulated instructions per second. The speedup varies between x9 and x13 for Linux-based benchmarks and between x12 and x24 when replaying these simulations ; Un système sur puce (SoC) est un système électronique numérique complet intégré sur une unique puce de silicium appelée le matériel. Ce matériel est généralement assorti d'un logiciel dédié dont la complexité et le temps de développement augmentent d'année en année. Le contexte hautement concurrentiel de la conception de systèmes sur puce impose cependant des temps de mise sur le marché restreints. Il est de ce fait nécessaire de recourir au développement simultané du matériel et du logiciel au sein d'un processus dénommé "hardware-software codesign". Les prototypes matériels étant initialement indisponibles, les développeurs logiciel s'appuient sur des prototypes virtuels du SoC visé. Un prototype virtuel est un simulateur capable d'exécuter le logiciel destiné au SoC en cours de conception et exécutable sur un ordinateur conventionnel appelé l'hôte. La bibliothèque SystemC/TLM-2.0 est parmi les plus populaires pour le prototypage virtuel de SoC. Elle permet la modélisation du matériel ainsi que sa simulation suivant le principe de la simulation à événements discrets (DES). Cette technique de simulation exécute séquentiellement les divers processus représentant le comportement du matériel modélisé d'après la sémantique dite de coroutines. Cela garanti la reproductibilité des simulations tout en simplifiant l'écriture des modèles. Cependant, la DES contraint également à l'utilisation d'un unique cœur de l'hôte, limitant grandement la vitesse de simulation. Cette thèse propose une technique de parallélisation de simulation SystemC à temps dit relâché et qui préserve la sémantique de coroutine. SCale 2.0, le noyau SystemC parallèle proposé, repose sur l'évaluation parallèle des processus de chaque phase d'évaluation ainsi que sur l'observation de leurs interactions, principalement via mémoire partagée. Chaque ressource partagée est ainsi associée à une machine-à-états conçue afin de classifier ces ressources et de définir la politique d'accès à ces dernières. Ainsi, chaque processus peut éventuellement être séquentialité avant l'accès à une certaine ressource partagée afin d'empêcher toute interaction avec les autres processus, ce qui risquerait de violer la sémantique de coroutines. Malgré cela, des dépendances peuvent se former entre les processus, lors de l'accès à une même adresse mémoire par exemple. En particulier, en cas de dépendance circulaire entre processus appelée conflit, la sémantique de coroutine n'est plus respectée et la simulation devient invalide. L'intégralité des interactions est donc contrôlée à l'issue de chaque phase d'évaluation afin de valider son bon déroulement. Le stockage de ces dépendances permet aussi de rejouer une simulation à l'identique. En cas d'erreur, un retour en arrière est opéré à l'aide d'un système de sauvegarde et restauration de processus Linux basé sur CRIU afin de réexécuter la simulation en évitant l'erreur. La simulation d'un système d'exploitation complet tel que Linux engendre cependant dans cette configuration un nombre très important de conflits dont le coût annule les bénéfices obtenus par parallélisation. Les conflits étant très majoritairement causés par le code du système d'exploitation lui-même, il a été choisi de détecter ce dernier via le niveau de privilège des processeurs simulés et de forcer la simulation séquentielle du code du système d'exploitation. Cette méthode a été évaluée sur une variété de modèles composés de 1 à 32 cœurs RISC-V simulés, exécutant des benchmarks avec et sans Linux et simulés sur une machine biprocesseur comportant 36 cœurs. Lors de la simulation parallèle de 32 cœurs, les gains de performance (speedup) face au noyau SystemC de référence Accellera atteignent alors x15 sur les benchmarks sans Linux avec des vitesses entre 800 et 2000 millions d'instructions simulées par seconde. Le speedup varie entre x9 et x13 dans le cas des benchmarks s'appuyant sur Linux et entre x12 et x24 en rejouant ces simulations

La seguente tesi è frutto di una ricerca attraverso i manuali del diritto amministrativo e l'unione di testi specifici per ogni argomento trattato. Siamo di fronte ad una tesi di matrice compilativa e non sperimentale, questo perché non ritengo la necessità di dover apportare nuove scoperte o nuove analisi in aggiunta al materiale presente nel nostro diritto, dal momento che ritengo la nostra giurisprudenza dotata di grande vastità per quel che riguarda i contenuti e di una spiccata specificità per quanto riguarda l'ambito della normazione. In conseguenza a ciò, il mio fine, sarà quello di riuscire a creare un piccolo manuale che possa essere di aiuto a tutti coloro che per la prima volta si ritroveranno a confrontarsi con la tematica dei vari servizi pubblici, riuscendo così a creare un collegamento sul piano pratico tra le nozioni presenti nel seguente elaborato e i servizi pubblici. Nel particolare andremo a mettere in relazionare i servizi che riteniamo di maggiore utilizzabilità nella quotidianità con l'aspetto normativo. L'elaborato seguente si articola in cinque capitoli. Nel primo capitolo troveremo la matrice storica e il percorso susseguitosi per arrivare alla normazione attuale attraverso un percorso cronologico che porrà le proprie radici nel 900, fino ad arrivare agli inizi del ventesimo secolo, attraverso un processo di unificazione della normativa Nazionale a quella di matrice Europea. Verrà presa in analisi la parte del diritto pubblico attinente all'economia e analizzeremo le novità istituzionali che hanno permesso l'attuazione dei servizi pubblici locali. Il secondo capitolo metterà in collegamento la parte normativa dei servizi a quella operativa, introducendo i principi fondamentali e il processo attraverso il quale verrà assunta un'attività a regime di servizio pubblico; caratterizzata dalla gestione diretta e indiretta del servizio, utilizzando collegamenti temporali per riuscire a comprendere il risultato attualmente ottenuto. Il terzo capitolo verterà sui servizi con rilevanza economici, come abbiamo già detto abbiamo preso in considerazione servizi la cui osservabilità è vicina a tutti noi, ci riferiamo ancora una volta al primo paragrafo del seguente capitolo il quale esplicherà il settore dei trasporti attraverso esempi di natura pratica. Gli altri servizi che tratteremo sempre nel seguente capitolo riguarderanno il settore energetico e quello delle telecomunicazioni. Il quarto capitolo tratterà i servizi senza rilevanza economica, tre saranno le tipologie di servizio prese in considerazione, con una piccola parantesi, la quale andrà a contenere specificazioni per quel che riguarda il servizio sanitario in relazione agli articoli costituzionali e alla struttura/organizzazione stessa del servizio. Abbiamo ritenuto di fondamentale importanza accostarci accanto al settore sanitario il servizio scolastico e l'assistenza sociale. L'ultimo capitolo interesserà il regime delle autorizzazioni ovvero gli ultimi stadi processuali del servizio pubblico, i quali andranno a precedere la fruizione di esso da parte della collettività, nel particolare le fasi saranno attraversate da un'analisi di quei principi ritenuti fondamentali nel codice dei contratti pubblici fino ad arrivare all'esecuzione del contratto stesso. Il tutto cercherà di seguire un filo temporale per quel che sarà possibile, poiché apriremo dei piccoli collegamenti spazio/temporali che faranno capire al nostro lettore le modifiche susseguitesi negli anni. Il tutto sarà spesso analizzato attraverso la correlazione con la legge fondamentale dello Stato italiano, la quale occupa il vertice della gerarchia delle fonti nell'ordinamento giuridico della repubblica, ovvero la nostra Costituzione. The following thesis is the result of research through the manuals of administrative law and the combination of specific texts for each topic covered. We are faced with a compiling and not experimental thesis, this is because I do not consider the need to make new discoveries or new analyzes in addition to the material present in our law, since I consider our jurisprudence to be endowed with great breadth for what it concerns the contents and a marked specificity as regards the standardization field. As a consequence of this, my aim will be to be able to create a small manual that can be of help to all those who for the first time will find themselves confronted with the issue of various public services, thus managing to create a link on the practical plan between the concepts present in the following paper and public services. In particular, we will relate the services that we believe are most usable in everyday life with the regulatory aspect. The following paper is divided into five chapters. In the first chapter we will find the historical matrix and the subsequent path to arrive at the current standardization through a chronological path that will have its roots in the 900, up to the beginning of the twentieth century, through a process of unification of the national legislation to that of a European . The part of public law relating to the economy will be analyzed and we will analyze the institutional innovations that have allowed the implementation of local public services. The second chapter will link the regulatory part of the services to the operational one, introducing the fundamental principles and the process through which a public service activity will be assumed; characterized by the direct and indirect management of the service, using temporal links to be able to understand the result currently obtained. The third chapter will focus on services with economic relevance, as we have already said we have taken into consideration services whose observability is close to all of us, we refer once again to the first paragraph of the following chapter which will explain the transport sector through examples of nature practice. The other services that we will always deal with in the following chapter will concern the energy sector and the telecommunications sector. The fourth chapter will deal with services without economic relevance, three types of service will be taken into consideration, with a small paranthesis, which will contain specifications as regards the health service in relation to the constitutional articles and the structure / organization of the service. We considered it to be of fundamental importance to approach the school service and social assistance alongside the health sector. The last chapter will concern the authorization regime or the last procedural stages of the public service, which will precede the use of it by the community, in particular the phases will be crossed by an analysis of those principles considered fundamental in the code of public contracts up to the execution of the contract itself . Everything will try to follow a temporal thread for what will be possible, since we will open small space / time connections that will make our reader understand the changes that have taken place over the years. Everything will often be analyzed through the correlation with the fundamental law of the Italian state, which occupies the top of the hierarchy of sources in the legal system of the republic, that is our Constitution.

Effective map use in the field is based on orientation in two spaces: in a physical or geographical space and in a representational, graphic space. When using a map the wayfinding process includes the identification of the user's geographical position in the field (starting point), the identification of the target and planning the route's connecting the two points. However, the initial direction of the user is very rarely the orientation of the map, so the problem of navigation with maps is the translation of the representational space into the user's actual situation. In other words, the projected or actual movement path during navigation must be transformed from one reference frame to the other. Spatial reference frame is a key issue in cartography and geovisualization. The transformation of the human subjects' body-centred, egocentric reference system into an object-centred, allocentric reference system is a complex task. Maps are cognitive tools, traditionally representing large configurational spaces in visual, graphic form (Török 2019). They offer computational advantage over internal, human memory representation, organized into smaller spatial units. Apart from personal experience, learning from maps is a common practice (Meilinger et al. 2015). Supported by ubiquitous map services, prior to visiting unfamiliar places people consult maps to familiarize themselves, and this spatial learning results in memory structures with map-oriented reference frames. In modern societies the massive use of cartographic visualization in spatial thinking underlines the importance of modern cognitive cartographic research, resulting in new insights and consequences well beyond topographic map use (Zentai et al. 2006). Learning from maps influence the structure of the cognitive map. Increasing map use in modern information societies has strong effects on all spatial aspects of the human mind. Recent geo-visualizations, most importantly mobile navigational applications display maps with dynamic, head-up orientation and support the user by turn-by-turn voice navigation. Unfortunately, this practice does not support survey knowledge acquisition, cognitive map building and spatial memory training. The negative effect is decreasing navigational, or more generally spatial, ability of users of GPS navigational services. While the change of reference frame demands higher memory load for the human brain, the cost is compensated by the maintenance and development of human cognitive abilities. The North-is-up reference frame on cartographic maps is actually a rather modern cultural convention. However, we can trace its origin back to the astronomical-geometrical worldview of ancient Greek cosmology. The priority of north was adopted by Hellenic geography and became a classic tradition after the rediscovery of the 2nd c. work, a manual on making a map of the world by Ptolemy . He described the construction of the map in a geometric reference frame, in a north-oriented geographical coordinate system. Map making based on this new concept of geometric space had substantial influence on human spatial thinking from the Renaissance period on. Modern cartography is an Enlightenment project, and from the 19th century maps became common objects in European societies. In the 20th century cartographers and generations of map users were trained in geography with north-oriented maps, atlases – even globes were displayed with north on top. The representational history of cities in European cartography a case where cognitive cartographic issues strongly influenced cartographic practice and the importance of different reference frames is demonstrative. The modern city view as a new genre appears in the late 15th century and cities views were already popular at the time the Nuremberg Chronicle was printed with numerous illustrations (1493). However, how it is perhaps best exemplified by Sebastian Münster's German Cosmography (from 1544) while maps were oriented north or south, the cities were given in perspective . In the Chronicle Buda, the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary, is represented from the east, while Münster included another woodcut, a view of the city from the south. After the long period of the Turkish occupation new representations of the former Hungarian capital were constructed by military engineers in connection with the siege of Buda (1686), representing the campaign's target from military point of view. The cities Buda and Pest, stretching along the Danube, even in the 19th century they were represented with the river as a horizontal axis in landscape format views and maps. The significant change of the orientation of the city maps is the late 19th century, more specifically the period when topographic maps of the third military survey of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy became available. From this time on the historic material demonstrates that maps of Budapest (from 1872) are almost exclusively north-oriented. As a result of this process, generations learned geography from north oriented maps and school atlases. After our virtual reality experiments exploring spatial learning and navigation (Török et al. 2018), in the present field experiment we tested the interaction of local and global reference frames, the sense of geographical North in a sample of young adults. We created an ecologically valid experimental setting by selecting a special location at ELTE university campus in Budapest. In an enclosed vista space , positioned near the river Danube and heading an easterly direction, our participants were asked first to point to North. With good visibility of the river, a major, structural landmark in the configuration of the city we were interested how the misleading direction of the Danube influenced their directional sense. While the general course of the river is north-south, at the site of the experiment the river course changes to northwest-southeast, with a deviation of 30–40° from true north. We expected that the direction of the only visible global landmark, and, of course all the local landmarks, would result in similar pointing errors. In the first test series they were asked to point/draw toward salient urban landmarks in the city, that is in environmental space . In the second test series they pointed towards important cities in a large, geographical space. Finally, they once again indicated the direction of true North in the same geographic space. Our results are consistent with previous research (Frankenstein et al. 2012) that the participants had a clear sense of geographical North learned from maps, moreover, contradicting our expectations, the misleading course of the Danube and local geometry had little effect on the overall high accuracy of pointing to North. However, a few result deviated from the average and suggested high individual differences, presumably due to different spatial thinking strategies of participants. Test subjects living longer in Budapest had a much better sense of North, supporting the importance of learned components in this directional knowledge. Our experiment in the physical world resulted in supporting evidence that North is present in human cognitive map as the cardinal direction for orientation. The implications of the results of our experiment should be considered relevant when designing new maps and user interfaces. Another important result, our experiment suggest that local and global reference frames are not separate systems, but structured hierarchically and integrated in spatial orientation tasks. Although egocentric view may support direct scene recognition and object identification cartographers should construct navigational maps with geographic reference frame as well, especially in the case of extensive and complex environmental/geographical spaces, because these are still learned first from north oriented maps . The long tradition of paper maps, the history of cartography has a lasting effect of human understanding of the physical and virtual worlds.

Meine Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit den institutionellen Aspekten staatlicher Zahlungen für Ökosystemleistungen (Payments for Ecosystem Services "PES") in China. Marktbasierte Ansätze zur Steuerung von Ökosystemleistungen, insbesondere von PES, wurden in den letzten Jahrzehnten als neue und innovative Politikinstrumente angesehen. Entsprechend diesem internationalen Trend sind PES auch in China populär, werden jedoch meist mit dem inländischen Begriff der Ökokompensation beschrieben. Einen wirtschaftlichen Anreiz für Verhaltensänderungen zu schaffen, wenn das Ökokompensations-Programm nur ein Ausgleich für gesetzliche Einschränkungen ist, kann eine Herausforderung darstellen. Die Merkmale der Ökokompensation unterscheiden sich von anderen nationalen PES-Programmen, da sich das Governance-Modell, die Eigentumsrechte und die gesellschaftlichen Strukturen in China stark von anderen Staaten unterscheiden. Die Ökokompensation steht vor vielen institutionellen Herausforderungen, wenn es darum geht, ökonomische Anreize für Verhaltensänderungen zu schaffen. Zahlungen für Ökosystemleistungen, die Elemente sowohl eines freiwilligen, marktbasierten als auch eines hierarchischen Systems kombinieren, um mit den besonderen institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen umzugehen, wurden bisher noch nicht ausreichend untersucht. Eine Wissenslücke besteht insbesondere hinsichtlich der Anpassung des Designs von PES an die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen in China. Die Mechanismen von Zahlungen für Ökosystemleistungen in China unterscheiden sich in wichtigen Punkten von den aus der westlichen Erfahrung bekannten Mechanismen. Die vorliegende Dissertation zielt darauf ab, die Diskrepanz zwischen der allgemein gültigen Rahmung von Zahlungen von Ökosystemleistungen und der Realität ihrer Praxis zu verringern, indem sie eine institutionelle Analyse des chinesischen staatlichen PES-Programms vornimmt. Das Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) gilt als eines der weltweit größten PES-Programme und ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Ökokompensation. Das erste Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, anhand des SLCP als empirische Fallstudie zu verstehen, wie das institutionelle Design des staatlichen PES in China verbessert werden kann. Das zweite Ziel ist in einem breiteren internationalen Kontext zu sehen und zielt darauf ab, einen methodischen Beitrag zur Analyse der Governance von Ökosystemleistungen zu leisten. Die Dissertation folgt einer kumulativen Struktur, die aus einem Rahmentext besteht, in den fünf, von Experten begutachtete, Artikel aus internationalen Fachzeitschriften integriert sind. Kapitel 1 ist eine Einführung, in der die Forschungslücken und die Forschungsziele im Hinblick auf staatliche PES beschrieben werden. Kapitel 2 liefert die theoretische Grundlage der institutionellen Ökonomie und zeigt die Bedeutung der Governance von Naturressourcen in China auf. Darauf aufbauend konkretisiert Kapitel 3 das Forschungsdesign, indem es die Forschungsziele in verschiedene Forschungsfragen untergliedert. Kapitel 4 beinhaltet den Ergebnisteil, der fünf Zeitschriftenartikel umfasst. Der erste Artikel liefert die konzeptionelle Grundlage für alle nachfolgenden Untersuchungen, die in dieser Dissertation vorgestellt werden, und gibt einen Überblick über die Wirksamkeit und die institutionellen Herausforderungen des chinesischen SLCP. Sowohl der zweite als auch der dritte Artikel sind empirische Untersuchungen. Der zweite Artikel untersucht, wie die sozioökonomischen und institutionellen Bedingungen Anreize für Haushalte in ländlichen Gebieten schaffen, um die primären Umweltziele des SLCP zu erreichen. Der dritte Artikel zeigt, wie lokale Dynamiken die Umsetzung des SLCP beeinflusst und geprägt haben. Der vierte Artikel veranschaulicht und diskutiert die im zweiten Artikel angewandte Methode im Vergleich zu einer weiteren Fallstudie in Deutschland. Der fünfte Artikel schließlich stellt die Stärken und Schwächen der im dritten Artikel angewandten Methode den Erfahrungen ähnlicher Studien in vier weiteren Ländern gegenüber. Zusammen liefern diese Artikel wichtige Beiträge für die beiden Ziele der Dissertation. Kapitel 5 beinhaltet die Synthese und Diskussion der Ergebnisse und Kapitel 6 schließt die Dissertation ab. Das wichtigste Ergebnis dieser Dissertation ist, dass die Wirksamkeit des staatlichen PES in China das Ergebnis der Interaktion der treibenden sozialen Kräfte ist, während institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen und lokale Dynamiken eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Ausgestaltung der Programmumsetzung spielen. Das SLCP hätte unter bestimmten institutionellen Bedingungen ein großes Potenzial für die Schaffung signifikanter Skaleneffekte und für die Verbesserung der Umwelteffektivität. Allerdings weicht die derzeitige Umsetzung des SLCP wegen der besonderen institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen erheblich von dem von der Politik geförderten Marktansatz ab. Zwar haben die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen die breite Akzeptanz und schnelle Entwicklung des SLCP in der Anfangsphase nicht behindert, doch gibt es keine Möglichkeit, einen langfristigen Erfolg im Hinblick auf die Umwelteffektivität zu erreichen, wenn die wichtigsten PES-Elemente fehlen. Der überwiegend von oben nach unten gerichtete Ansatz des Programms und das Fehlen von echter Freiwilligkeit, Konditionalität und Eigentumsrechten werden zusammen als kritische Faktoren verstanden, die mögliche Misserfolge langfristig erklären. Ein weiterer Beitrag der Dissertation sind die methodischen Ansätze, die zum besseren Verständnis der Governance von Ökosystemleistungen beitragen. Diese Dissertation zeigt, dass Ansätze, die qualitative und quantitative Methoden kombinieren, wie z.B. Qualitative Vergleichende Analyse (Qualitative Comparative Analysis "QCA") und Soziale Netzwerkanalyse (SNA), ein großes Potenzial für die institutionelle Analyse und partizipative Forschung von PES haben. Bei beiden Methoden wurde besonderes Augenmerk auf die detaillierte Beschreibung ihrer Anwendung sowie die damit verbundenen Vor- und Nachteile gelegt. ; My dissertation focuses on institutional aspects of governmental payments for ecosystem services (PES) in China. Market-based approaches for ecosystem service governance, particular the PES, have been considered new and innovative policy instruments over the past decades. Corresponding to this international trend, PES schemes in China are mostly described by the domestic term eco-compensation. However, the characteristics of eco-compensation are distinct from other national PES programs, as governance model, property rights and societal structures in China are different to the PES theory. Eco-compensation faces many institutional challenges in creating economic incentives for behavioral change. However, PES that combines elements of both a voluntary market and hierarchy-based system in dealing with incomplete institutional settings has not yet been sufficiently addressed. In particular, there is a knowledge gap regarding fitting the design of PES and institutional settings in China together. The mechanisms of PES in China differ in important ways from mechanisms familiar from the western experience. This dissertation aims to reduce the divergence between the common framing of PES and the reality of its practice by presenting the institutional analysis of China's governmental PES program. As a major component of eco-compensation, the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) is considered one of the world's largest PES programmes. By taking SLCP as an empirical case, the first objective of this dissertation is to understand how to improve the institutional design of governmental PES. The second lies in a broad international context, aiming at methodologically contributing to the analysis of ecosystem services governance. This dissertation follows a cumulative structure, integrating the framework text and five papers. Chapter 1 is an introduction, outlining the research gaps and objectives of governmental PES. Chapter 2 provides a theoretical foundation to the institutional economic schools, their respective theories and the relevance of nature resource governance in China. Based on this, Chapter 3 confirms the research design by deconstructing the research objectives into different research questions. Chapter 4 is the results section, which comprises five papers. The first paper provides the conceptual basis for all subsequent studies presented in this dissertation, as it is an overview of the effectiveness and institutional challenges of China's Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP). Both the second and third papers are empirical works. The second paper explores how socioeconomic and institutional conditions encourage rural households to reach the primary environmental goals of SLCP. The third paper shows how local dynamics derived and shaped the SLCP's implementation. The fourth paper illustrates and discusses the method used in paper 2, comparing it with another case study in Germany. Finally, the fifth paper present the strengths and weaknesses of the method used in paper 3 based on the experiences of four different countries. Together, these papers deliver important contributions to both objectives. Chapter 5 is the synthesis and discussion, and Chapter 6 concludes the dissertation. The key finding of this dissertation is that the effectiveness of governmental PES is a result of interacting driving forces, whereas institutional settings and local dynamics play key roles in shaping program implementation. The SLCP could achieve its potential in creating significant economies of scale and environmental effectiveness under certain institutional conditions. However, against incomplete institutional settings, the current implementation of SLCP has deviated substantially from the market approach promoted by policy makers. While the incomplete institutional settings did not prevent SLCP's wide acceptance and fast development in its first phases, there is no by-pass to reach the long term success in terms of environmental effectiveness in the absence of key PES elements. The program's predominantly top-down approach and lack of genuinely voluntary characteristics, conditionality and property rights are jointly understood to be critical factors that explain possible failures in the long-term. Another contribution which this dissertation makes is in methodological approaches of ecosystem service governance. This dissertation has shown that mixed approaches combining qualitative and quantitative methods, such as Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and social network analysis (SNA), could have great potential for institutional analysis and participatory research for PES. The two methods were given particular emphasis in the detailed description of application, as well as in the inherent merits and limitations.

Problem setting. Modern science of public administration forms a theoretical basis for the study of national development and state-building processes. The urgency of the search for theoretical and methodological foundations of state linguistic policy in Ukraine is caused by unstable state linguistic policy both during the whole period of independence and in the historical perspective, by the unacceptable part of Ukrainian society of Ukrainian as a single state, by the non-formation of Ukrainian national identity for the use of language. society, in the hybrid war against Ukraine, which is no longer a potential but a real threat to Ukraine's existence as a state.In the normative legal acts of Ukraine, in particular in the Constitution of Ukraine, such a term as "Ukrainian nation" is not defined, although it is used together with the term "Ukrainian people", within which "citizens of Ukraine of all nationalities" are united. The researcher notes that at the time the Basic Law was enacted, the term "nation" contained mostly ethnic content (at least such a stereotype prevailed and, apparently, prevails in the mass consciousness), the concept of "nation" did not relate to the concept of citizenship. In this sense, the "Ukrainian nation" is primarily an ethno-cultural, linguistic community.Recent research and publications analysis. In scientific discourse, the nation in various contexts has been the subject of attention of researchers in various fields of science, including public administration, namely: B. Anderson, H. Yevsyeieva, V. Karlova, G. Kasianov, M. Kozlovets, I. Kresina, Yu. Kuts, I. Lopushinsky, L. Nagornaya, S. Rymarenko, O. Ryabchenko, V. Sychova, V. Starosolsky, M. Stepykо and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Despite the available research on theories of the nation, as well as the role of the linguistic factor of national genesis, there has been no study of the science of public administration of theories of the nation as a methodological basis of state language policy in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to hypothesize that the theoretical foundations of nation-building are the methodological basis of the state language policy of Ukraine at the present stage of state formation, since language is one of the defining features of Ukrainian national identity and factors of creation of the Ukrainian nation under conditions of multiethnic society and external threats to the nation.Paper main body. There is neither a universal definition of a nation nor a stable set of features.Having analyzed the various theories of the nation, we conclude that such a set may consist of linguistic, cultural, territorial, economic, social, psychological and political characteristics, and none of them can be dominant in this list.Three constituents of the nation, which stand out in the theories of the nation and are decisive for the Ukrainian nation, are considered in the context of the chosen direction of research: the national linguistic picture of the world, national identity, national identity.Noteworthy is the scientific approach whereby language is recognized as a feature of the nation based on the study of the linguistic picture of the world as a sociocultural phenomenon that reflects a conceptual picture of the world.Each language reflects a particular way of perceiving and conceptualizing the world. The values reflected in it create a coherent system of views, a kind of collective outlook that becomes mandatory for all native speakers.The next constituent of the nation, we define the national consciousness. national consciousness means the collective or individual perception of the national identity of a person or community, the specific traits of one's own nation, national values, a shared historical past and a shared historical future.National consciousness is historically formed in the process of nationalization, through awareness of the ethnicity of its origin and organic connection with its cultural roots, recognition of the original character of the native culture, language, national peculiarities, mentality and sense of national solidarity.The next constituent of the nation that underlies its formation is national identity. We can give the following definition of national identity: it is the identification of oneself with a certain nation by the set of certain characteristics of a nation, the realization of oneself as part of the national community.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. In spite of the methodological pluralism of the theories of the nation, the ambiguous interpretation of the concept of the nation and the instability of its features in many theories, language is regarded as a marker of national identity, a "symbol of social solidarity" (E. Sapir), a means of "transforming disparate individuals into a coherent, organized" Sorokin), "an external criterion by which one can know the existence of a nation" (V. Starosolsky), and others.Although language itself does not play a decisive role in the formation of a nation and national identity, it becomes meaningful when it is transformed into symbolic value and fulfills an integrative role.As constituents of the nation, the article deals with the national-linguistic picture of the world, national consciousness, national identity.The conducted research proves that belonging to a certain nation (national identity) is manifested in the national consciousness, which is formed, including through thinking and language, and is reflected in the national-linguistic picture of the world. In turn, the national-linguistic picture of the world reflects the peculiarities of the conceptual picture of the world of a social community united by certain factors (eg, territory, economy, history and/or modernity, language or metam, etc.).We believe that the process of forming the Ukrainian nation in the modern era was interrupted by a policy of "Sovietization", the creation of a new community, the "Soviet people", linguistic assimilation, and the simultaneous destruction in the 1930s of the Ukrainian intelligentsia and the Ukrainian peasantry as carriers of Ukrainian identity. The consequences of these political actions are still felt by Ukraine today, and it is too early to speak about the established national identity in Ukraine.Researchers agree that the core of the Ukrainian political nation is the ethnic core, whose constituent is language, and Ukraine bears the name of its titular nation and the largest of its indigenous ethnic groups – Ukrainian. This fact should be the starting point of nation-building and state-building and, accordingly, of state language policy, which is based on the model of "state Ukrainian language – languages of national minorities and indigenous peoples", which is in accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine. ; Досліджено теорії нації та виділено ті теорії, які можуть бути визначені як методологічна засада формування державної мовної політики в Україні. Для розгляду обрано такі конституєнти нації, як національномовна картина світу, національна свідомість, національна ідентичність. З'ясовано, що основою української політичної нації є етнічне ядро, складовою якого є мова, а Україна носить ім'я своєї титульної нації й найчисленнішого зі своїх корінних етносів – українського. Зазначено, що цей факт повинен бути основою державної мовної політики в Україні.

This has been an unusually tough year. The SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, emerged in January 2020. The World Health Organization announced "covid-19" as the name of this new disease on 11 February 2020 while the world kept looking to China. Within weeks, the virus managed to circumvent the globe and engulfed the world into a pandemic unlike any seen for generations (Platto et al. 2020). To date, more than 73 million people have been infected and some 1.6 million people have died according to the World Health Organization (WHO 2020).Science has been issuing warnings of looming pandemics for decades. "The single biggest threat to man's continued dominance on the planet is the virus." A punching quote from the Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg in the 1990s. Previous epidemics and outbreaks like SARS in 2003, bird flu H5N1 in 2005, and Ebola (2014–2016), were alarm bells (Servigne et al. 2020). Yet, we went about our business ignoring those early warning signs. It seems that our immediate priorities are more pressing, our collective memory short and the Spanish flu—the last global pandemic caused by the HiN1 influenza that killed more than 50 million people or more than 2.5% of the World population, within the span of 2 years—too distant in time to create concern.The global society came to a quasi-standstill. Travelling dropped to almost zero during the first wave experienced in March and April this year. The skies were almost free of airplanes. Oceans free of boats. Streets almost empty. Many national borders closed. People forced to stay in their houses. Only Nature took a moment to breathe (Corlette et al. 2020). This situation of reduced human activities, coined "anthropause" by some scientists (Rutz et al. 2020, Stockstad 2020), led to dramatic drops in air pollution, and for example whales being seen in waters that usually are noisy and full of boats.Impacts of this ongoing pandemic are devastating on several levels. The tragic loss of so many human lives due to this new disease risks leading us forgetting about HIV, Malaria, Tuberculosis, and other diseases, causing annually millions of casualties. The Pandemic has battered the economy, disrupted supply chains and slowed international trade. It has disrupted the livelihoods of most of humanity. Many governments are struggling with the devastating economic costs. Already unlikely to be reached by 2030 before the pandemic, the Sustainable Development Goals now need to be carefully reassessed, as the pandemic's impacts likely further threaten many of the 169 SDGs targets (Naidoo and Fisher 2020).So far, Africa remains one of the least affected regions worldwide by the virus despite an announced disaster (Nordling 2020). In Madagascar, a scientific study carried out over nine months by the Institute Pasteur and the Ministry of Health suggests a covid-19 prevalence level of close to 40% (Tétaud and Spiegel 2020). This means considerable spreading of the virus within the population, which is trending towards a level experts would label as herd immunity (but see Fontanet and Cauchemez 2020). Madagascar has officially accounted for less than 300 deaths. Taking this number with a grain of salt, the reason may be found in its demographic profile: some 60% of 27 million inhabitants are of age 25 or younger, while the higher covid-19 risk groups (>55 years) comprise less than 10% of the population. Science still needs to find the answer to this question and many more (e.g., Nordling 2020, Zeberg and Pääbo 2020).A rare positive note emerging from this pandemic: Science emerges as a winner. Never in human history was the development of vaccines—a global race leading to some +150 candidates, some with >90% effectiveness—so fast and efficient. It took science less than 11 months from the discovery of this new virus to the distribution of the vaccines. This is truly remarkable and a result of international collaborations. Now that first candidates are already on the market, it remains to be seen how distribution of these vaccines will play out. How collaborative will human society actually be? Who will get a shot first? Who will have to pay for it and how much? More importantly, who will likely never get a chance to be vaccinated against covid-19? We refrain from conspiracies, but politics has shown in this spectral year of 2020, that, if anything, it can be extremely disruptive and divisive—take the USA as a sully example. To date, 7.48 billion vaccine doses have been pre-purchased. Some 40% may go to middle- and low-income countries that account for some 85% of the world population (So and Woo 2020). Nine out of 10 people from 67 low- and middle-income countries are set to miss out on the covid-19 vaccination in 2021. Madagascar is one of those (Oxfam 2020). Sadly, maybe herd immunity—through exposure to the virus, not vaccination—might be a more realistic strategy after all for some countries.A number of factors can come into play and potentially pave the way for the emergence of infectious diseases like covid-19. (1) The globe has become a village. Increased mobility allowed more than 4.5 billion passengers to fly in 2019. Within a day, one can hop around half the globe, and so can a virus. (2) Over half of the human population lives in urban areas. Increasingly high-density cities are an ideal habitat for a virus to jump from host to host. (3) Climate defines the biophysical boundaries that allow species or populations to thrive. Climate change—leading to increased temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, increased frequency of extreme weather events—are shifting these boundaries (Ceballos et al. 2020, Watsa et al. 2020) and laying grounds for vectors—insects, bats, people—and their diseases to spread and establish. (4) Digging deeper into natural habitats by ways of agricultural expansion, infrastructure, and wood extraction—to mention the most salient direct drivers of deforestation—are increasingly exposing humans to zoonotic diseases. Wildlife trade is yet another means to bring humans directly in contact with animals—while calls for bans only risk undermining their purpose (Roe et al. 2020)—potentially further opening the doors to viruses spreading (McCleery et al. 2020).A tough year to say the least. The years to come, however, will only become more challenging. While we will eventually overcome this pandemic, the virus will likely remain amongst us, similarly to the flu viruses. A global economic depression is looming and recovering from this will be a gargantuan task, while the pandemic may have revealed that our economic system is sick and not adapted to the survival of our species. The biggest threat to all life on Earth is already underway and will only grow in severity—the climate crisis. All in all, the perfect storm.

Цель: исследовать морфологические и морфометрические изменения миокарда на фоне клеточной кардиомиопластики при экспериментальном инфаркте миокарда.Материалы и методы: Эксперимент выполнялся на 142 крысах линии Вистар-Кайота, весом 200-220 г, которые содержались в условиях вивария отдела экспериментальной хирургии ГУ «Институт неотложной и восстановительной хирургии им. В.К. Гусака НАМН Украины» в период с 2012 по 2013 гг. Породу Вистар-Кайота использовали потому, что она является инбредной, что минимизирует реакцию отторжения, благодаря её генетической однородности. Животные содержались в виварии в условиях 12-часового светового дня, комнатной температуры и доступа к воде и пище at libitum при температуре воздуха +20 - + 22 ° С, влажности не более 50 %, в световом режиме - день-ночь. Использование животных в эксперименте проводилось в соответствии с правилами, регламентированными «Европейской конвенцией по надзору и защите позвоночных животных, используемых в экспериментальных и других научных целях» (Страсбург, 1986), Директивы Совета Европейского Союза от 24.11.86 г. и распоряжения МОЗ Украины № 32 от 22.02.88 г. Индукцию инфаркта миокарда (ИМ) осуществляли по разработанной нами методике в условиях общего обезболивания. Отдельную группу составляли 20 самцов, которых мы использовали в качестве доноров мезенхимальных стволовых клеток (МСК) для дальнейшего исследования по Y-хромосоме хоуминга клеток в организме. Культивирования МСК проводили в смеси питательных сред DMEM / F12, 1:1, (Sigma, США). Материалом для морфологических исследований были участки миокарда лабораторных животных. Для оценки морфометрических показателей выполняли гистохимические методики по прописям, которые приведены в указаниях по гистохимии. Иммуногистохимическое исследование проводили на парафиновых срезах толщиной 5-6 мкм непрямым методом Кунса по методике Brosman (1979 г.).Результаты. Было установлено, что клеточная кардиомиопластика значительно улучшает структуру постинфарктного сердца, проявляется в уменьшении зоны рубца и соединительной ткани соответственно, увеличении количества сосудов и процента сохранившихся мышечных волокон. Наилучшие результаты были достигнуты при интрамиокардиальном введении, что требует подтверждения данного факта при клиническом исследовании.Выводы. Клеточная кардиомиопластика при любом способе введения клеточного трансплантата положительно влияет как на морфологический субстрат сердца в виде уменьшения размеров рубца при постинфарктном ремоделировании, увеличение количества новообразованных сосудов и увеличение процента сохранившихся кардиомиоцитов. Это происходит за счет хоуминга МСК в зону ишемии и общности двух механизмах – непосредственного дифференцирования в клетки эндотелия сосудов сердца, а также за счет паракринного эффекта ; Мета: дослідити морфологічні і морфометричні зміни міокарда на тлі клітинної кардіоміопластики при експериментальному інфаркті міокарда.Матеріали та методи: Експеримент виконувався на 142 щурах лінії Вістар-Кайота, вагою 200-220 г, які містилися в умовах віварію відділу експериментальної хірургії ДУ «Інститут невідкладної і відновної хірургії ім. В.К. Гусака НАМН України» в період з 2012 по 2013 рр. Породу Вістар-Кайота використовували тому, що вона є інбредною, що мінімізує реакцію відторгнення, завдяки її генетичної однорідності. Тварини утримувались у віварії в умовах 12-годинного світлового дня, кімнатної температури і доступу до води та їжі at libitum при температурі повітря +20 - +22°С, вологості не більше 50 %, в світловому режимі – день-нічь. Використання тварин в експерименті проводилось відповідно з правилами, регламентованими «Європейською конвенцією по нагляду і захисту хребетних тварин, які використовуються в експериментальних та інших наукових цілях» (Страсбург, 1986), Директиви Ради Європейської Співдружності від 24.11.86 г. та розпорядження МОЗ України №32 від 22.02.88 р. Індукцію інфаркту міокарда (ІМ) здійснювали за розробленою нами методикою в умовах загального знеболення. Окрему групу становили 20 самців, яких ми використовували в якості донорів мезенхімальних стовбурових клітин (МСК) задля подальшого дослідження по Y-хромосомі хоумінга клітин в організмі. Культивування МСК проводили в суміші живильних середовищ DMEM / F12, 1:1, (Sigma, США). Матеріалом для морфологічних досліджень були ділянки міокарда лабораторних тварин. Для оцінки морфометричних показників виконували гістохімічні методики за прописами, які наведені у вказівках з гістохімії. Імуногістохімічне дослідження проводили на парафінових зрізах, товщиною 5–6 мкм непрямим методом Кунса за методикою Brosman (1979 р.).Результати. Було встановлено, що клітинна кардіоміопластіка значно покращує структуру постінфарктного серця, що проявляється в зменшенні зони рубця і сполучної тканини відповідно, збільшенні кількості судин і відсотка збережених м'язових волокон. Найкращі результати були досягнуті при інтраміокардіальному введенні, що вимагає підтвердження даного факту при клінічному дослідженні.Висновки. Клітинна кардіоміопластіка при будь-якому способі введення клітинного трансплантата позитивно впливає як на морфологічний субстрат серця у вигляді зменшення розмірів рубця при постінфарктному ремоделюванні, збільшення кількості новостворених судин і збільшення відсотка збережених кардіоміоцитів. Це відбувається за рахунок хоумінга МСК в зону ішемії та спільності двох механізмах - безпосереднього диференціювання в клітини ендотелію судин серця, а також за рахунок паракринного ефекту ; The aim: to study the morphological and morphometric changes in the myocardium against the background of cellular cardiomyoplasty in experimental myocardial infarction.Materials and methods: the experiment was carried out on 142 Wistar-Kyoto rats weighing 200-220 g, which were kept in the vivarium of the Department of Experimental Surgery of the State Institution "Institute of Emergency and Reconstructive Surgery named after V. K. Gusak of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine" in the period from 2012 to 2013. The Wistar-Kyoto breed was used because it is inbred, which minimizes the rejection reaction, due to its genetic homogeneity. The animals were kept in a vivarium under conditions of 12-hour daylight hours, room temperature and access to water and food at libitum at an air temperature of +20 – + 22 °C, humidity no more than 50 %, in a light mode - day-night. The use of animals in the experiment was carried out in accordance with the rules regulated by the "European Convention for the Supervision and Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes" (Strasbourg, 1986), Directives of the Council of the European Union of November 24, 1986 and the order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 32 dated 02.22.88. The induction of myocardial infarction (MI) was carried out according to the technique developed by us under general anesthesia. A separate group consisted of 20 males, whom we used as donors of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for further research on the Y chromosome of cell homing in the body. Cultivation of MSCs was carried out in a mixture of nutrient media DMEM / F12, 1:1, (Sigma, USA). The material for morphological studies was the sections of the myocardium of laboratory animals. To assess the morphometric parameters, histochemical methods were performed according to the recipes, which are given in the instructions for histochemistry. Immunohistochemical study was performed on paraffin sections with a thickness of 5-6 μm by the indirect Koons method according to the Brosman method (1979).Results: it was found that cellular cardiomyoplasty significantly improves the structure of the postinfarction heart, manifests itself in a decrease in the scar area and connective tissue, respectively, in an increase in the number of vessels and the percentage of preserved muscle fibers. The best results were achieved with intramyocardial injection, which requires confirmation of this fact in a clinical study.Conclusions: cellular cardiomyoplasty with any method of introducing a cell graft has a positive effect both on the morphological substrate of the heart in the form of a decrease in the size of the scar during postinfarction remodeling, an increase in the number of newly formed vessels and an increase in the percentage of preserved cardiomyocytes. This occurs due to the homing of MSCs into the ischemic zone and the commonality of two mechanisms – direct differentiation into endothelial cells of the heart vessels, as well as due to the paracrine effect

Effective map use in the field is based on orientation in two spaces: in a physical or geographical space and in a representational, graphic space. When using a map the wayfinding process includes the identification of the user's geographical position in the field (starting point), the identification of the target and planning the route's connecting the two points. However, the initial direction of the user is very rarely the orientation of the map, so the problem of navigation with maps is the translation of the representational space into the user's actual situation. In other words, the projected or actual movement path during navigation must be transformed from one reference frame to the other. Spatial reference frame is a key issue in cartography and geovisualization. The transformation of the human subjects' body-centred, egocentric reference system into an object-centred, allocentric reference system is a complex task. Maps are cognitive tools, traditionally representing large configurational spaces in visual, graphic form (Török 2019). They offer computational advantage over internal, human memory representation, organized into smaller spatial units. Apart from personal experience, learning from maps is a common practice (Meilinger et al. 2015). Supported by ubiquitous map services, prior to visiting unfamiliar places people consult maps to familiarize themselves, and this spatial learning results in memory structures with map-oriented reference frames. In modern societies the massive use of cartographic visualization in spatial thinking underlines the importance of modern cognitive cartographic research, resulting in new insights and consequences well beyond topographic map use (Zentai et al. 2006). Learning from maps influence the structure of the cognitive map. Increasing map use in modern information societies has strong effects on all spatial aspects of the human mind. Recent geo-visualizations, most importantly mobile navigational applications display maps with dynamic, head-up orientation and support the user by turn-by-turn voice navigation. Unfortunately, this practice does not support survey knowledge acquisition, cognitive map building and spatial memory training. The negative effect is decreasing navigational, or more generally spatial, ability of users of GPS navigational services. While the change of reference frame demands higher memory load for the human brain, the cost is compensated by the maintenance and development of human cognitive abilities. The North-is-up reference frame on cartographic maps is actually a rather modern cultural convention. However, we can trace its origin back to the astronomical-geometrical worldview of ancient Greek cosmology. The priority of north was adopted by Hellenic geography and became a classic tradition after the rediscovery of the 2nd c. work, a manual on making a map of the world by Ptolemy. He described the construction of the map in a geometric reference frame, in a north-oriented geographical coordinate system. Map making based on this new concept of geometric space had substantial influence on human spatial thinking from the Renaissance period on. Modern cartography is an Enlightenment project, and from the 19th century maps became common objects in European societies. In the 20th century cartographers and generations of map users were trained in geography with north-oriented maps, atlases – even globes were displayed with north on top. The representational history of cities in European cartography a case where cognitive cartographic issues strongly influenced cartographic practice and the importance of different reference frames is demonstrative. The modern city view as a new genre appears in the late 15th century and cities views were already popular at the time the Nuremberg Chronicle was printed with numerous illustrations (1493). However, how it is perhaps best exemplified by Sebastian Münster's German Cosmography (from 1544) while maps were oriented north or south, the cities were given in perspective. In the Chronicle Buda, the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary, is represented from the east, while Münster included another woodcut, a view of the city from the south. After the long period of the Turkish occupation new representations of the former Hungarian capital were constructed by military engineers in connection with the siege of Buda (1686), representing the campaign's target from military point of view. The cities Buda and Pest, stretching along the Danube, even in the 19th century they were represented with the river as a horizontal axis in landscape format views and maps. The significant change of the orientation of the city maps is the late 19th century, more specifically the period when topographic maps of the third military survey of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy became available. From this time on the historic material demonstrates that maps of Budapest (from 1872) are almost exclusively north-oriented. As a result of this process, generations learned geography from north oriented maps and school atlases. After our virtual reality experiments exploring spatial learning and navigation (Török et al. 2018), in the present field experiment we tested the interaction of local and global reference frames, the sense of geographical North in a sample of young adults. We created an ecologically valid experimental setting by selecting a special location at ELTE university campus in Budapest. In an enclosed vista space, positioned near the river Danube and heading an easterly direction, our participants were asked first to point to North. With good visibility of the river, a major, structural landmark in the configuration of the city we were interested how the misleading direction of the Danube influenced their directional sense. While the general course of the river is north-south, at the site of the experiment the river course changes to northwest-southeast, with a deviation of 30–40° from true north. We expected that the direction of the only visible global landmark, and, of course all the local landmarks, would result in similar pointing errors. In the first test series they were asked to point/draw toward salient urban landmarks in the city, that is in environmental space. In the second test series they pointed towards important cities in a large, geographical space. Finally, they once again indicated the direction of true North in the same geographic space. Our results are consistent with previous research (Frankenstein et al. 2012) that the participants had a clear sense of geographical North learned from maps, moreover, contradicting our expectations, the misleading course of the Danube and local geometry had little effect on the overall high accuracy of pointing to North. However, a few result deviated from the average and suggested high individual differences, presumably due to different spatial thinking strategies of participants. Test subjects living longer in Budapest had a much better sense of North, supporting the importance of learned components in this directional knowledge. Our experiment in the physical world resulted in supporting evidence that North is present in human cognitive map as the cardinal direction for orientation. The implications of the results of our experiment should be considered relevant when designing new maps and user interfaces. Another important result, our experiment suggest that local and global reference frames are not separate systems, but structured hierarchically and integrated in spatial orientation tasks. Although egocentric view may support direct scene recognition and object identification cartographers should construct navigational maps with geographic reference frame as well, especially in the case of extensive and complex environmental/geographical spaces, because these are still learned first from north oriented maps. The long tradition of paper maps, the history of cartography has a lasting effect of human understanding of the physical and virtual worlds.

Given the forecast of world population growth and the consequent increase in nutritional needs for both humans and animals, animal production will increase dramatically by 2050. For this reason, alternative farming methods are sought to improve sustainability, reduce the environmental impact, in order to guarantee a production consistent with the growth forecasts. Improving welfare is one of the factors that can enhance the sustainability of a farm. Healthy animals with competent immune defences are animals from which originates a final product of better quality and on which less pharmacological aids will be used. To this purpose we decided to test honey bee pollen in two species of marine fish, to verify its antioxidant effect and the its capacity to enhance both the innate and the adaptive immune response. Honey bee pollen is gaining attention as a health-promoter in fish and polyphenols are considered the principal biomarkers of quality for commercially distributed pollen preparations. The aim of the first trial was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of honey bee pollen (HBP) in meagre (Argyrosoumus regius) juveniles diets on growth performance, diet digestibility, intestinal morphology and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, stress-related molecular markers and biochemical blood profile of fish were assessed, together with mineral trace and toxic elements concentration in pollen and diets. Trial was conducted at the Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC) of the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (Crete, Greece). Specimens of meagre (360) of 3.34±0.14 g initial body weight, were randomly allocated in twelve 500 l circular tanks (30 fish per tank). Four diets were formulated: a control diet and three experimental diets with 1%, 2.5% and 4% of HBP inclusion as fed basis. All the growth parameters and crude protein and ether extract digestibility coefficients were negatively linearly affected by increased HBP inclusion (p < 0.0001). Histology of medium intestine showed slight signs of alterations in group HPB1 and HPB2.5 compared to control. Fish from HBP4 group showed severe alterations at the intestinal mucosa level. Immunohistochemical detection of tumour necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) in the medium intestine showed the presence of TNF-α+ cells in the lamina propria, that resulted in accordance with the increased level of the TNF-α protein detected by immunoblotting in the liver. This stress situation was confirmed by the increased hepatic level of Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) (p < 0.05) in fish fed the HBP4 diet and by the linear decrease of total serum protein levels in HBP containing diets (p < 0.0001). These negative effects can be related to the ultrastructure of the bee pollen grains walls that make the bioactive substances unavailable and can irritate the intestine of a carnivorous fish such as meagre. In view of these results, in the second study, carried out on gilthead sea bream, we wanted to verify whether these negative effects could be overcome by the inclusion in the feed of the bioactive fractions previously extracted from pollen, using advanced techniques such as SFE, which does not involve the use of solvents.This method is considered "green" and it conjugates, to the extraction power, the avoidance of solvents. The immune-stimulatory effect of two levels of honey bee pollen (5% and 10%) and its supercritical fluid extract (0.5% and 1%) included in the diet for Sparus aurata was tested. The preliminary evaluation of the antioxidant properties of the pollen extracts, obtained by chemical and supercritical fluids extractions, attested that the supercritical fluid extract showed the best antioxidants performances. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the diets supplemented with pollen extract had a stimulatory effect on serum immunity, respect to the inclusion of raw pollen. More specifically, serum peroxidase, protease, antiprotease, lysozyme activities, as well as the bactericidal activity (against Vibrio anguillarium and Vibrio harveyii) were significantly increased in fish fed the diets supplemented with supercritical fluid extract, respect to the fish fed on control and on diets supplemented with 5% and 10% of raw pollen, suggesting to consider this natural resources as supplement in aquaculture. Another aspect that we have considered is the use of innovative protein as feed. Insect meals could be an alternative protein source for livestock, and they would also be able to reduce the environmental problems related to intensive animal production systems. European legislation currently authorizes the use of seven insect species in aquaculture, however, there is still no legislation that regulates the use in the poultry sector. The aim of the third study was to evaluate productive performance, blood analysis, nutrient digestibility, and changes in the internal organs of laying hens fed Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HI) at two different substitution levels (25 or 50%) of soybean meal (SBM). A total of 162 Hy-line Brown hens (sixteen weeks old) were equally divided into three experimental groups and fed isoprotein and isoenergetic diets. Egg weight, feed intake, and feed conversion rate were not affected by the soybean meal substitution at both inclusion levels of insect meal. Egg mass was positively affected by the insect meal diets, as was the lay percentage, although only at the lowest inclusion level. Dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein digestibility coefficients were lower for the diet with 50% of sostitution, probably due to the negative effect of chitin. A reduction in serum cholesterol and triglycerides was observed in both insect-meal fed groups, while serum globulin level increased only at the highest level of insect meal inclusion, and, consequently, the albumin to globulin ratio decreased. Overall, a protein replacement of 25% with an insect meal from Hermetia illucens larvae in the diet of laying hens seems to be more suitable and closer to the optimal level. The fourth and last trial was subsequent of the third one. In this case was evaluated the effects of feeding a Hermetia illucens larvae meal on the different intestinal traits of hens, and to determine the toxic elements' concentration in the insect meal and diets, 162 hens were randomly allotted to three groups. The control received a corn-soybean meal-based diet; the HI25 and HI50 groups received two diets in which the 25% and 50% of the dietary protein were replaced by the HI protein, respectively. The duodenal and jejunal villi height and villi/crypt were higher (p < 0.01) in the SBM than in the HI groups. The ileal villi height was higher (p < 0.05) in the SBM and HI25 groups than the HI50. The HI50 group exhibited a lower duodenal maltase activity. The intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity linearly decreased in the duodenum and jejunum as the dietary insect meal inclusion increased. The HI50 group had a higher acetate and butyrate level than the SBM. The levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) lower than the maximum values established by the EU Commission. The 25% soybean protein replacement with Hermetia illucens larvae meal in the diet of laying hens was more suitable and closer to the optimal level than 50%.

Mycotoxins contaminants, one of the most serious global challenges, have been attracted more and more attention from International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization (WHO) and scientists in food safety sciences. Many countries and organizations have established the maximum contamination level of the main mycotoxins at very low values. Traditional analytic strategies are mainly based on instrumental quantitative method and immunoassays approaches. Aptamer, a novel molecules recognition element like or even superior to antibodies, has attracted more and more attentions for scientists. Therefore, specific aptamers could be employed to construct biosensors for the detection of mycotoxins. The objective of this thesis is to develop novel aptamer-based biosensors for sensitive determination of trace levels of mycotoxins and to provide a promising application of these aptasensors for more hazard factors in food safety sciences. The main contents and results are as follows: (1) Aptamer-based biosensor for detection of mycotoxins Mycotoxins are a large types of secondary metabolites appeared by fungi, they pose a great hazard and toxic reactions to human and animals. A majority of countries and regulators, such as European Union, have established series of requirements and set the maximum tolerated levels. The development of high sensitive and specific analytical platform for mycotoxins is much in demand to address new challenges for food safety in worldwide. Due to the superiority of simple, rapid, and low-cost characteristics, aptamer-based biosensors are successfully developed for the detection of various mycotoxins with high sensitivity and selectivity compared with traditional instrumental methods and immunological approaches. In this article, we discuss and analyze the development of aptasensors for mycotoxins determination in food and agricultural products during the last eleven years and cover the literatures from the first report in 2008 until today. In addition, challenges and future trends for the selection of aptamers towards various mycotoxins and aptasensors for multi-mycotoxins analysis are summarized. Given the promising development and potential application of aptasensors, the future researches will witness the great practicability of aptamer-based biosensor for food safety field. (2) A qPCR aptasensor for sensitive detection of aflatoxin M1 Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), one of the most toxic mycotoxins, imposes serious health hazards. AFM1 had previously been classified as a group 2B carcinogen (IARC, 1993) and has been classified as a group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization (WHO) (IARC, 2002). Determination of AFM1 thus plays an important role for quality control of food safety. In this work, a sensitive and reliable aptasensor was developed for the detection of AFM1. The immobilization of aptamer through a strong interaction with biotin–streptavidin was used as a molecular recognition element, and its complementary ssDNA was employed as the template for a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) amplification. Under optimized assay conditions, a linear relationship (ranging from 1.0×10-4 to 1.0 µg L-1) was achieved with a limit of detection (LOD) down to 0.03 ng L-1. In addition, the aptasensor developed here exhibits high selectivity for AFM1 over other mycotoxins and small effects from cross-reaction with structural analogs. The method proposed here has been successfully applied to quantitative determination of AFM1 in infant rice cereal and infant milk powder samples. Results demonstrated that the current approach is potentially useful for food safety analysis, and it could be extended to a large number of targets. (3) A novel graphene oxide-based aptasensor for amplified fluorescent detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk powder In this paper, a rapid and sensitive fluorescent aptasensor for the detection of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk powder has been developed. Graphene oxide (GO) was employed to quench the fluorescence of carboxyfluorescein-labelled aptamer and protect the aptamer from nuclease cleavage. Upon the addition of AFM1, a formation of AFM1/aptamer complex resulted in the aptamer detached from the surface of GO, then the aptamer was cleaved by DNase I and the target AFM1 was released for a new cycle, which led to a great signal amplification and high sensitivity. Under optimized conditions, the GO-based detection of the aptasensor exhibited a linear response to AFM1 in a dynamic range from 0.2 to 10 μg/kg, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.05 μg/kg. Moreover, the developed aptasensor showed a high specificity towards AFM1 without interference from other mycotoxins. In addition, the technique has been successfully applied for detection of AFM1 in infant milk powder samples. This aptasensor proposed here offers a promising technology for food safety and can be extended to various targets. (4) Graphene oxide driven fluorescent aptasensor for the detection of fumonisin B1 Fumonisin B1 (FB1), one of the most toxic mycotoxins, has been designated as possible 2B group carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2002. Therefore, simple, sensitive and specific approaches for the detection of FB1 are much in demand. In this study, a novel aptasensor was introduced for FB1 analysis based on graphene oxide (GO) and DNase I signal amplification. GO was adopted as a fluorescence quencher against ROX-modified aptamer and a protectant for the aptamer from cleavaging by DNase I for subsequent target cycling and signal amplification detection. This proposed sensing strategy exhibited a good linearity for FB1 determination in the dynamic range from 0.5 to 20 ng mL-1 with a good correlation of R2 = 0.995. Its detection of limit was established at 0.15 ng mL-1 (S/N = 3). The specific analysis indicated that this aptasensor was selective for FB1 other than other mycotoxins. In addition, the practical application in real samples of this aptasensor for the detection of FB1 was investigated. The sensing platform proposed here was useful for a potential application in the field of food safety for mycotoxins analysis. (5) Articles highlights and future perspective By using the novel aptamer-based biosensors, we developed several approaches for the detection of the most toxic mycotoxins for food safety. In addition, these sensing strategies could be applied for more hazard factors determination by simple replacement of the specific aptamers. More importantly, though the practical applicability, feasibility, and accuracy of these proposed aptasensors were investigated and evaluated through the analysis of the spiked samples experiments, the future's researches were needed for a validation of these aptasensors with real contaminated samples to determine the performances such as limit of detection and quantification, precision, trueness, accuracy, etc. Through the method validation, these aptasensors will be widely used for the detection of mycotoxins. In addition, future direction will focus on the simplification of analytic principle and devices and the combination of novel aptamers with new materials and techniques to improve the analytical performance and market practicality of aptasensors.

Historically important urban areas are practically a significant entity, a rich reservoir of social and economic milieu and cultural inheritance. Though, it faces many problems due to the rapid growth of population and the steady increase in the new requirements. In addition, developing countries are commonly characterized by the highest density of inhabitants, agglomeration of industrial assets and production, social and technological infrastructure; dynamic informal economic sector under the shadow of its formal concentration. There seems to be immense similarities in the nature of the problems of the commercially important urban areas in general and of South Asian Cities in particular. Therefore, the study depends, to a large extent on accrued knowledge (theoretical) and experience (practical) gamed over the passage of time. Although like its neighboring countries, Bangladesh has witnessed an extraordinary social and economic development after its independents. This was mainly due to balanced socioeconomic development dependent on different sectors and the government has continuously strives to draw a balance between several social-economic and environmental factors and the development program which indicates an early courtesy towards sustainability and environmental protection. The pressure towards massive investment in development and economic progress was however higher and determined to a large extent its success in maintaining this equilibrium. As such, one has to address this important issue within the framework of urban sustainability. The essence of this study contribution to knowledge lies around the dissection of the decision making process around urban planning and development in Khulna city and proposed Boro Bazaar area (through problem and process analysis) and how it may be directed towards a more sustainable urban future with proposed urban revitalization planning proposals. Khulna city was developed as an average level industrial city since 1950s for its suitable location and the availability of raw materials. Between 1950s and 1960s, the city got importance as an industrial hub with many industries. In that period Khulna was the backbone of the East Pakistan's main foreign currency by these industries which were established besides river and developed it as a linear city along two big rivers - Rupsha and Bhairab. Previously Khulna was converted to a municipality beginning a formal township in 1884 during British regime and subsequently city was depending highly on river based trade market. Then city and trade market was developed around the river port locally named "Boro Bazaar" which means large market where trade activities were mostly distinguished by wholesale and retail shops. Still now as a city center and main financial hub the trade divisions in Boro Bazaar handle a huge amount of financial flow and provide both direct and indirect employment for the urbanites and generates revenue for the local government through income taxes and land taxes and leases the river port areas to export and import goods within the country and to the neighboring India (S.M. Reazul Ahsan, 2011). In addition, the international highway between India and Bangladesh, the divisional highways, railways, inter district water ways crossing over this area and their trade links make it highly potential and important for both national and international trade and commerce. However, because of these financial importance's, different redevelopment actions have been taking place to make it more efficient. But throughout the history this area has been developing in an unplanned way. Owing to its advantageous location, it eventually became the most congested sector in the city and almost impossible to provide better urban services for the existing community. Therefore, this study is basically concerned with the question of sustainability and revitalization of mixed use commercial environment in order to accommodate the present and future needs of its inhabitants and to preserve and conserve its traditional fabric with its different values. Consequently, different information's and approaches, from international, national and local levels, have been recognized are evaluated as well. Because both the urban sustainability and revitalization approaches have not been properly deployed or experienced in this area before, the study endeavors to develop understanding of urban sustainability and revitalization concepts and emphasizing not only on the development, but contemplates creative use and reuse of this mixed use commercial area and illustrates how these ideas are to accommodate the requirement and need of the contemporary society. For a comprehensive consideration this present study has progressed a suitable model for integrating and projecting the different factors which playing significant role in the process of sustainable urban revitalization planning, i.e. physical, economics, social, environment, culture and overall networks within the study area. Based on the theories, principles, strategies and the different approaches, which have been employed for the overall city the critical recommendations at policy level, have been listed out, in a comprehensive and a systematic manner, to guide the sustainable urban revitalization planning of the proposed Boro Bazaar area, that broadly focus on the following – Physical: Emphasis on conserving the symbolic values of existing built form and market areas, river side areas and activities and to recapture its historical and cultural importance even when they are adapted to new use. In addition, physical revitalization also concerns on those services and necessities that create pollution and emphasis of green and open spaces as well. Again focus on those services and requirements that will enhance the quality of life for all and also the provision of the features and amenities that would add the desirability for residential and commercial area. Economics: The economic viability and vitality are important factors in sustainable urban revitalization. This involves the exploration of the economic related opportunities from the existing commercial activities as resource for economic growth which will improve the overall income of inhabitants and facilitate the continuation of the process of revitalization. Social: Emphasis on the adjustment of the current priorities and requirements of the inhabitants in order to comply with future requirements and to involve the society in the process of sustainable urban revitalization planning agenda. Based on these recommendations and to illustrate its vitality, the study concludes with sustainable urban revitalization plans for stimulating economic and commercial positions, physical infrastructures, and social services and recreational activates. All these (principles, strategies, specific recommendations and revitalization plans) would be a ready reference to guide the sustainable urban revitalization planning for Khulna city in general and proposed Boro Bazaar area in particular. Finally, the study has progressed in a sequence of phases: identifying the main proportions of urban sustainability and revitalization planning that are relevant for this study. Then the study sequentially explained drawing out the history of urban development planning, including its main visions, objectives, policies, urban development targets, problems and challenges; carrying out the research using a triangulated methodology approach that consists of:chronological study of four tiers (urban strategy, structure plan, master plan and detail area plan) of city planning systems in Khulna city. These approaches were carried out by semi structured interviews of expert participants and the assessment of behavior and attitudes of the general public towards sustainability and revitalization planning through the use of questionnaires. Consequently, the problem analysis phase produced a list of problems, challenges, difficulties and present situations regarding study area and the process analysis phase produced a sustainable urban revitalization model that can be utilized in addressing the progress of urban development process and how it may be enhanced in the future within these areas.

Problem setting. Modern science of public administration forms a theoretical basis for the study of national development and state-building processes. The urgency of the search for theoretical and methodological foundations of state linguistic policy in Ukraine is caused by unstable state linguistic policy both during the whole period of independence and in the historical perspective, by the unacceptable part of Ukrainian society of Ukrainian as a single state, by the non-formation of Ukrainian national identity for the use of language. society, in the hybrid war against Ukraine, which is no longer a potential but a real threat to Ukraine's existence as a state.In the normative legal acts of Ukraine, in particular in the Constitution of Ukraine, such a term as "Ukrainian nation" is not defined, although it is used together with the term "Ukrainian people", within which "citizens of Ukraine of all nationalities" are united. The researcher notes that at the time the Basic Law was enacted, the term "nation" contained mostly ethnic content (at least such a stereotype prevailed and, apparently, prevails in the mass consciousness), the concept of "nation" did not relate to the concept of citizenship. In this sense, the "Ukrainian nation" is primarily an ethno-cultural, linguistic community.Recent research and publications analysis. In scientific discourse, the nation in various contexts has been the subject of attention of researchers in various fields of science, including public administration, namely: B. Anderson, H. Yevsyeieva, V. Karlova, G. Kasianov, M. Kozlovets, I. Kresina, Yu. Kuts, I. Lopushinsky, L. Nagornaya, S. Rymarenko, O. Ryabchenko, V. Sychova, V. Starosolsky, M. Stepykо and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Despite the available research on theories of the nation, as well as the role of the linguistic factor of national genesis, there has been no study of the science of public administration of theories of the nation as a methodological basis of state language policy in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to hypothesize that the theoretical foundations of nation-building are the methodological basis of the state language policy of Ukraine at the present stage of state formation, since language is one of the defining features of Ukrainian national identity and factors of creation of the Ukrainian nation under conditions of multiethnic society and external threats to the nation.Paper main body. There is neither a universal definition of a nation nor a stable set of features.Having analyzed the various theories of the nation, we conclude that such a set may consist of linguistic, cultural, territorial, economic, social, psychological and political characteristics, and none of them can be dominant in this list.Three constituents of the nation, which stand out in the theories of the nation and are decisive for the Ukrainian nation, are considered in the context of the chosen direction of research: the national linguistic picture of the world, national identity, national identity.Noteworthy is the scientific approach whereby language is recognized as a feature of the nation based on the study of the linguistic picture of the world as a sociocultural phenomenon that reflects a conceptual picture of the world.Each language reflects a particular way of perceiving and conceptualizing the world. The values reflected in it create a coherent system of views, a kind of collective outlook that becomes mandatory for all native speakers.The next constituent of the nation, we define the national consciousness. national consciousness means the collective or individual perception of the national identity of a person or community, the specific traits of one's own nation, national values, a shared historical past and a shared historical future.National consciousness is historically formed in the process of nationalization, through awareness of the ethnicity of its origin and organic connection with its cultural roots, recognition of the original character of the native culture, language, national peculiarities, mentality and sense of national solidarity.The next constituent of the nation that underlies its formation is national identity. We can give the following definition of national identity: it is the identification of oneself with a certain nation by the set of certain characteristics of a nation, the realization of oneself as part of the national community.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. In spite of the methodological pluralism of the theories of the nation, the ambiguous interpretation of the concept of the nation and the instability of its features in many theories, language is regarded as a marker of national identity, a "symbol of social solidarity" (E. Sapir), a means of "transforming disparate individuals into a coherent, organized" Sorokin), "an external criterion by which one can know the existence of a nation" (V. Starosolsky), and others.Although language itself does not play a decisive role in the formation of a nation and national identity, it becomes meaningful when it is transformed into symbolic value and fulfills an integrative role.As constituents of the nation, the article deals with the national-linguistic picture of the world, national consciousness, national identity.The conducted research proves that belonging to a certain nation (national identity) is manifested in the national consciousness, which is formed, including through thinking and language, and is reflected in the national-linguistic picture of the world. In turn, the national-linguistic picture of the world reflects the peculiarities of the conceptual picture of the world of a social community united by certain factors (eg, territory, economy, history and/or modernity, language or metam, etc.).We believe that the process of forming the Ukrainian nation in the modern era was interrupted by a policy of "Sovietization", the creation of a new community, the "Soviet people", linguistic assimilation, and the simultaneous destruction in the 1930s of the Ukrainian intelligentsia and the Ukrainian peasantry as carriers of Ukrainian identity. The consequences of these political actions are still felt by Ukraine today, and it is too early to speak about the established national identity in Ukraine.Researchers agree that the core of the Ukrainian political nation is the ethnic core, whose constituent is language, and Ukraine bears the name of its titular nation and the largest of its indigenous ethnic groups – Ukrainian. This fact should be the starting point of nation-building and state-building and, accordingly, of state language policy, which is based on the model of "state Ukrainian language – languages of national minorities and indigenous peoples", which is in accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine. ; Досліджено теорії нації та виділено ті теорії, які можуть бути визначені як методологічна засада формування державної мовної політики в Україні. Для розгляду обрано такі конституєнти нації, як національномовна картина світу, національна свідомість, національна ідентичність. З'ясовано, що основою української політичної нації є етнічне ядро, складовою якого є мова, а Україна носить ім'я своєї титульної нації й найчисленнішого зі своїх корінних етносів – українського. Зазначено, що цей факт повинен бути основою державної мовної політики в Україні.

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :사회과학대학 경제학부,2020. 2. 김병연. ; 본 논문은 국제정치적 갈등의 경제적 영향에 대해 남북한의 사례를 중심으로 살펴본다. 특히 북한 관련 리스크가 남한의 주식 시장에 미치는 영향과 경제 제재가 북한의 무역에 미치는 영향에 주목하였다. 전체 논문은 개별적인 소주제를 다루는 세 편의 실증 연구로 구성된다. 첫 번째 장에서는 남한의 기업 주가 수익률이 북한 리스크에 어떻게 반응하는지 분석한다. 이를 위해 남한 언론의 북한 관련 보도 자료를 사용하여 월별 '북한 리스크 지수'를 작성하였다. 이 지수는 남북 관계의 긴장이 확대되거나 완화되는 경우 언론보도에 등장할 것으로 기대되는 키워드를 포함한 기사의 빈도수를 바탕으로 산출된다. 1999~2018년의 언론 보도자료를 분석한 결과, 북한 발 리스크는 핵/미사일 실험, 군사도발 등 이벤트 시점에 급증하며, 반대로 정상회담, 6자 회담 등 대화의 시기에는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 기업 주가 수익률을 종속변수로 한 회귀 분석에서는 국내 투자자의 주식 보유 비율이 높은 기업일수록, 자산 규모가 크고 고정자산의 비중이 높은 기업일수록, 남북경협에 관여한 경험이 있는 기업일수록 북한 관련 리스크에 민감하게 반응하는 것으로 나타났다. 두 번째 장에서는 북한에 부과된 주요 경제 제재가 무역에 준 영향을 무역의 질적 측면을 중심으로 분석한다. 우선 1998~2018년의 북한-중국 간 무역을 외연적 확장 수준(extensive margin), 상대 가격(relative unit price), 물량(quantity)으로 분해하고, 이 중 무역의 질적 측면으로 볼 수 있는 외연적 확장 수준과 상대 가격 지수의 변화에 주목하였다. 이를 통해, 북한의 대중 수출이 지난 20년간 양적으로 성장하였을 뿐 질적으로는 정체되어 있거나 오히려 후퇴했다는 사실을 확인하였다. 회귀분석에서는 북한의 무역을 직접적으로 타격하고자 한 한국과 일본의 독자 제재 및 2017년 UN안보리에서 결의된 다자 제재를 핵심 설명 변수로 설정하였고, 분석 방법으로는 전기 종속 변수가 포함된 동적 패널 모형(dynamic panel model)을 사용하였다. 추정 결과, 2017년 UN의 제재가 북한의 대중 수출에서 품목의 외연적 확장 수준을 축소 시킨 것으로 나타났다. 또한 2003년 일본의 제재는 중국 수입 시장에서 북한 생산품의 상대 가격을 유의하게 하락시킨 것으로 추정되었다. 추가적인 회귀분석에 따르면, 이러한 상대 가격 하락은 북-중 간 가격 협상력의 차이에서 기인한다. 이 연구 결과는 북한에 대한 무역 제재가 다른 주요 교역국과의 거래 관계를 차단하고 중국에 대한 의존도를 지나치게 높이면서 암묵적 비용을 발생시키고 있음을 시사한다. 마지막 장에서는 남한의 5.24 조치를 회피하기 위한 북-중 간의 우회무역 규모를 추정하였다. 이 연구는 중국의 기업-품목 단위의 자료를 사용하여 현재까지 북-중 무역에 대한 연구 중 가장 미시적 수준의 실증분석 결과를 제시한다. 분석 방법은 이중 차분법(difference-in-difference estimation)을 사용하였으며, 대 남한 수출과 대 북한 수입이 동시에 발생한 기업-품목들을 처치그룹으로 설정하여 2010년 전후의 변화를 추정하였다. 분석 결과, 북한의 중국을 경유한 남한으로의 간접 수출은 2010년 5.24 조치 이후 유의하게 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 산업별로 나누어 보면, 이러한 우회 무역은 주로 의류 임가공 부문에 집중되어 있으며 그 규모는 제재 이후 북한의 대남 직접 수출 감소분의 25%에 달하는 것으로 추정되었다. ; This dissertation investigates the economic impacts of international conflict, focusing on the cases of the two Koreas. Specifically, it examines the effects of North Korea-related risks on the South Korean stock market and economic sanctions on North Korea's foreign trade. It consists of three empirical studies covering subtopics. The first chapter analyzes how South Korean stock returns respond to North Korea-related risk. To do this, a monthly index for 'geopolitical risk from North Korea' is constructed using South Korean media coverage database. The index is based on the frequency of articles containing keywords that are likely to appear in the media when inter-Korean tensions escalate or ease. Analysis of the media coverage from 1999 to 2018 show that the geopolitical risk index sharply increases in the occurrences of nuclear tests, missile launches, and military confrontations, while decreases significantly at around the times of summit meetings and multilateral talks. In the regression analysis, it is found that geopolitical risk related to North Korea has more negative effects on stock returns of firms with a higher share of domestic investors, larger assets and a higher proportion of fixed assets. It is also found that stock prices of companies involved in inter-Korean economic cooperation exhibit a more sensitive response to the North Korea risk. Chapter Ⅱ explores the impact of economic sanctions on North Korea's foreign trade, focusing on the quality of trade. It decomposes the trade between North Korea and China into the extensive margin, relative unit price and quantity, over the periods 1998-2018. Then it estimates sanction-induced changes in the former two elements of North Korea's export to China. The decomposition results show that the growth of North Korea's export to China is mostly attributed to the growth in quantity rather than quality. In the regression analysis, sanctions imposed by South Korea, Japan and the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) are used as key treatments. It is found that the UN sanctions in 2017 reduce the extensive margin in North Korean exports, and Japanese sanctions in 2003 have lowered the relative prices of North Korean products in the Chinese import market. The price impacts of sanctions are found to be associated with the bargaining power of China over North Korea. The findings suggest that trade sanctions against North Korea have created implicit costs by preventing North Korea from trading with alternative partners and increasing reliance on China. The last chapter estimates the size of the transit trade between North Korea and China to circumvent the sanctions imposed by South Korea. It exploits firm-product level variations in Chinese trade data to present micro evidence of the sanction-bypassing trade. Specifically, the transit trade is identified only when a firm import a product from North Korea and export the same product to South Korea in the same period. The difference-in-difference estimation results show that indirect exports from North Korea to South Korea via China are increased significantly by the "5.24 measures" in 2010. The increase in North Korea's indirect export of apparels, in particular, accounts for a 25% of the decrease in North Korea's direct exports to South Korea. ; Introduction 1 Chapter Ⅰ. Geopolitical Risk from North Korea and Stock Market Reaction 4 1. Introduction 4 2. Related Literature 6 2.1. News-based Uncertainty Index 6 2.2. The Effects of Geopolitical Risk from North Korea 7 3. Measuring Geopolitical Risk from North Korea 7 3.1. Definition and Scope of Geopolitical Risk 7 3.2. Data and Methodology 9 3.3. Evaluating the GPRNK Index 12 4. Geopolitical Risk and Firm-level Stock Returns 20 4.1. Empirical Framework 20 4.2. Data and Descriptive Statistics 23 4.3. Baseline Results 26 4.4. Robustness Check 32 5. Conclusion 40 Chapter Ⅱ. Decomposing North Koreas Trade with China and Revisiting Sanction Effects 41 1. Introduction 41 2. Decomposing North Koreas Trade with China 46 2.1. Data 47 2.2. Methodology 50 2.3. Decomposition Results 52 3. Panel Regression Analysis 59 3.1. Empirical Framework 59 3.2. Baseline Results 63 3.3. Possible Channels 66 3.4. Robustness Check 71 4. Conclusion 73 Chapter Ⅲ. The Role of Chinese firms in Bypassing Sanctions on North Korea 75 1. Introduction 75 2. Data 78 2.1. Chinese Custom Trade Data 78 2.2. Stylized Facts 81 3. Empirical Strategy 83 4. Regression Results 86 4.1. North Koreas Indirect Exports via China 86 4.2. The Effects of Sanctions on the Indirect Exports 90 5. Conclusion 93 Concluding Remarks 95 References 98 Appendices 107 A1. Supplementary Materials for Chapter 1 107 A2. Supplementary Materials for Chapter Ⅱ 117 A3. Supplementary Materials for Chapter Ⅲ 121 ; Doctor

The military conflict resulting from the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which began on February 27, 2014 (the seizure of Crimea) and continues to the present day in the East of Ukraine, requires solving many problems related to the socio-economic and legal protection of such a category of society as : servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine; other military units and law enforcement agencies formed in accordance with the laws of Ukraine; persons who, as a part of voluntary formations formed or self-organized to protect the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, directly participated in the anti-terrorist operation, ensuring its conduct, staying directly in the areas of the anti-terrorist operation during its period, during Subsequently, such volunteer units were included in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, the National Guard of Ukraine and other entities established in accordance with the law. Ukraine in military units and law enforcement agencies; the victims of the Dignity Revolution, members of veterans' families, and persons covered by the Law of Ukraine "On the Status of War Veterans, Guarantees of their Social Protection".This article summarizes the current regulations governing social relations in the field of social protection for combatants and war veterans. The main issues that require further legislative regulation of the social protection of participants of the ATO (OOS) and other category of persons who have received the status of war veteran-participant of the war are defined: creation of a unified register of participants ATO; а "one-stop shop" for obtaining the social guarantees provided by the legislation of Ukraine, which will allow to provide them and their families with an adequate level of social protection; creation of an effective mechanism for providing housing; increasing the effectiveness of the existing benefits and compensationsystem for combatants and their families; creation of a system of psychological and physiological rehabilitation; provision of spa treatment; health care and prosthetics.Due to the lack of funds and the lack of infrastructure to provide declared social guarantees for war veterans, it is believed that the state is doing little for its veterans.The readiness of the state to change policies, budget programs and rules of law on a regular basis is all that characterizes modern successful models of support for participants of war and war veterans. In each of these models, society and local governments play an active role.The state support system for veterans in Ukraine needs immediate revision and reformatting. An in-depth understanding of the specifics of the functioning of the imperfect system of state support for war veterans makes it possible to rethink the needs and, accordingly, to review the forms of support for war veterans – participants in hostilities. ; Військовий конфлікт внаслідок збройної агресії Російської Федерації проти України, який роз-почався з 27 лютого 2014 р. (захоплення Криму) і триває по сьогоднішній день на Сході України, потребує вирішення багатьох проблем, пов'язаних із соціально-економічним та правовим захистом такої категорії суспільства, як військовослужбовці Збройних Сил України; інші утворені відповідно до законів України військових формувань та правоохоронних органів; осіб, які у складі добровольчих формувань, що були утворені або самоорганізувалися для захисту незалежності, суверенітету та тери-торіальної цілісності України, брали безпосередню участь в антитерористичній операції, забезпеченні її проведення, перебуваючи безпосередньо в районах антитерористичної операції у період її проведен-ня, за умови, що в подальшому такі добровольчі формування були включені до складу Збройних Сил України, Міністерства внутрішніх справ України, Національної гвардії України та інших утворених відповідно до законів України військових формувань та правоохоронних органів; постраждалих учас-ників Революції Гідності, членів сімей ветеранів та осіб, на яких поширюється чинність Закону Укра-їни «Про статус ветеранів війни, гарантії їх соціального захисту». У статті узагальнено чинні нормативно-правові акти, що регулюють суспільні відносини у сфері соціального захисту учасників бойових дій та ветеранів війни. Визначено основне коло питань, які по-требують подальшого законодавчого регулювання соціального захисту учасників АТО (ООС) та іншої категорії осіб, які отримали статус ветерана війни-учасника бойових дій: створення єдиного реєстру учасників АТО (ООС); «єдиного вікна» для отримання соціальних гарантій, передбачених законодав-ством України, що дозволить забезпечити їм та їхнім сім'ям належний рівень соціального захисту; створення дієвого механізму забезпечення житлом; підвищення ефективності існуючої системи пільг та компенсацій для учасників бойових дій і членів їхніх сімей; створення системи психологічної та фі-зіологічної реабілітації; забезпечення санаторно-курортним лікуванням; медичним обслуговуванням та протезуванням.Через брак коштів та недосконалість інфраструктури для забезпечення задекларованих соціаль-них гарантій у ветеранів війни панує думка, що держава робить недостатньо для своїх ветеранів.Готовність держави регулярно змінювати політику, бюджетні програми та норми законів – це все те, що характеризує сучасні успішні моделі підтримки учасників бойових дій та ветеранів війни. У кожній із цих моделей активну роль відіграє суспільство і органи місцевого самоврядування.Система державної підтримки ветеранів в Україні потребує негайного перегляду і переформату-вання. Поглиблене розуміння специфіки проблем функціонування недосконалої системи державної підтримки ветеранів війни дає можливість переосмислити потреби, а відповідно, і переглянути форми підтримки ветеранів війни – учасників бойових дій. ; Військовий конфлікт внаслідок збройної агресії Російської Федерації проти України, який роз-почався з 27 лютого 2014 р. (захоплення Криму) і триває по сьогоднішній день на Сході України, потребує вирішення багатьох проблем, пов'язаних із соціально-економічним та правовим захистом такої категорії суспільства, як військовослужбовці Збройних Сил України; інші утворені відповідно до законів України військових формувань та правоохоронних органів; осіб, які у складі добровольчих формувань, що були утворені або самоорганізувалися для захисту незалежності, суверенітету та тери-торіальної цілісності України, брали безпосередню участь в антитерористичній операції, забезпеченні її проведення, перебуваючи безпосередньо в районах антитерористичної операції у період її проведен-ня, за умови, що в подальшому такі добровольчі формування були включені до складу Збройних Сил України, Міністерства внутрішніх справ України, Національної гвардії України та інших утворених відповідно до законів України військових формувань та правоохоронних органів; постраждалих учас-ників Революції Гідності, членів сімей ветеранів та осіб, на яких поширюється чинність Закону Укра-їни «Про статус ветеранів війни, гарантії їх соціального захисту». У статті узагальнено чинні нормативно-правові акти, що регулюють суспільні відносини у сфері соціального захисту учасників бойових дій та ветеранів війни. Визначено основне коло питань, які по-требують подальшого законодавчого регулювання соціального захисту учасників АТО (ООС) та іншої категорії осіб, які отримали статус ветерана війни-учасника бойових дій: створення єдиного реєстру учасників АТО (ООС); «єдиного вікна» для отримання соціальних гарантій, передбачених законодав-ством України, що дозволить забезпечити їм та їхнім сім'ям належний рівень соціального захисту; створення дієвого механізму забезпечення житлом; підвищення ефективності існуючої системи пільг та компенсацій для учасників бойових дій і членів їхніх сімей; створення системи психологічної та фі-зіологічної реабілітації; забезпечення санаторно-курортним лікуванням; медичним обслуговуванням та протезуванням.Через брак коштів та недосконалість інфраструктури для забезпечення задекларованих соціаль-них гарантій у ветеранів війни панує думка, що держава робить недостатньо для своїх ветеранів.Готовність держави регулярно змінювати політику, бюджетні програми та норми законів – це все те, що характеризує сучасні успішні моделі підтримки учасників бойових дій та ветеранів війни. У кожній із цих моделей активну роль відіграє суспільство і органи місцевого самоврядування.Система державної підтримки ветеранів в Україні потребує негайного перегляду і переформату-вання. Поглиблене розуміння специфіки проблем функціонування недосконалої системи державної підтримки ветеранів війни дає можливість переосмислити потреби, а відповідно, і переглянути форми підтримки ветеранів війни – учасників бойових дій.