Suchergebnisse

Cemeteries are an ancient reality, and while their basic function has not changed, their physical layout as well as the symbolic and emotional role within our societies has undergone profound transformations over time. The Oxford dictionary literally defines cemetery as "A large burial ground". The meaning in the American heritage dictionary is similar: "A place for burying the dead." The definitions of cemetery in both dictionaries significantly mentions the dead and dark side of these spaces. Not only these definitions but also modern zoning legislation on cemeteries deny their role as urban open public green spaces and their potential to contribute to human well-being. Decisions about cemeteries segregation follow two-dimensional land-use urban planning, without considering their relationships with other urban spaces and without a real understanding of human behavior. The usual process of urban development treats cemeteries as isolated singular function urban spaces, not as part of larger urban fabrics. This vision leads to the appearance of urban spaces without any urban design qualities. This research was conceived to investigate the main process of urban cemeteries integration with cities and human daily life by biophilic approaches (based on Iran as a case study). It has the potential to make an important contribution to both academic research and planning decisions on the roles of urban cemeteries in cities and their response to human well-being. The thesis is based on two literature review parts concerning urban design assessment and biophilic applied methods. It highlights the necessity of intervention at different scales (urban planning, urban design, architecture, and landscape design) in order to develop an integration process of cemeteries. The case study of Tehran and references to international cases lead to address the general strategies and guides of this process in detail. ; Los cementerios son una realidad antigua, y aunque su función básica no ha cambiado, su configuración física, así como ...

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Time -- 1.1 Human Evolution and Time -- 1.2 Physical, Psychological, and Biological Time -- 1.3 Operative Social Time -- 1.4 Intertemporal Choices -- 1.5 The Increase in Rate of Time Preference -- 1.6 Social Discounting of Future Time in Economics -- 1.7 Intergenerational Justice and Long-Term Economic Intertemporal Choices -- 1.8 The Evolution of Operative Social Time and Operative Time Structures -- 1.9 Time Cycles and Elements of Operative Social Time -- 1.10 Operative Time of a Social Generation -- 1.11 The Cyclical Nature of Generational Time and the Uniqueness of a Lifetime -- 1.12 Multigenerational Operative Social Times and Memory of the Past -- 1.13 Historical Time -- 1.14 Horizons of Expectation Beyond the Operative Social Time … -- 1.15 Homo sapiens' Time -- 1.16 The First Human Records of the Cycles of the Sun and the Moon -- 1.17 The Influence of External Cycles in the Egyptian Civilisation -- 1.18 Cyclical Time in the Maya Civilisation -- 1.19 The Measurement of Physical Time -- 1.20 Physical Time in the Theory of Relativity -- 1.21 What Is the Relevance of Relativistic Physical Time in Our Day-to-Day Lives? -- 1.22 Physical Time in Quantum Mechanics -- 1.23 The Beginning and Likely End of Physical Time -- 2 Human Life and Immortality -- 2.1 The Origins of Awareness of Death and the Notion of Life After Death -- 2.2 Human Life, Time, and Immortality in Mythology and Religion -- 2.3 Immortality and Mortality in Evolutionary Biology -- 2.4 Survival and Life Extension Strategies -- 2.5 Human Life and Immortality -- 2.6 The End of Life -- 3 The Initial Part of Homo Sapiens' Time -- 3.1 Flowering Trees and the Evolution That Led to Humans -- 3.2 The Influence of Climate Change on the Emergence and Evolution of the Homo Genus.