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This essay argues that while the complete lack of liquidity characterizing the most severe phase of the financial crisis unleashed in September 2008 is now a thing of the past, lending and production activity in the industrialized countries are both contracting rapidly and the financial system is still undercapitalized. Of all the external channels through which the crisis has been transmitted to Latin America, the dropin remittances is the least important. The most widespread negative effects will come from the decline in the volume of international trade and the sharp deterioration in the terms of trade for commodities. In addition, a period of very restricted external private-sector financing lies ahead. The region's economies have entered this crisis in a stronger position than in the past, mainly because public debt is lower and international reserves are large, but this will only partially mitigate the repercussions of the worst global economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. (CEPAL Rev/GIGA)

La Orientación en América Latina, como campo de formación profesional y en comparación con Europa y Estados Unidos, es una actividad de reciente aceptación en los medios académicos. La misma se ha caracterizado por una constante evolución en su afán de adaptarse a los nuevos cambios y transformaciones sociales, políticas y económicas que se suceden en el continente latinoamericano. En esta ponencia se presenta un panorama general acerca de la Orientación en América Latina. Las principales consideraciones formuladas se relacionan con cuatro dimensiones: a) la dimensión política pública, donde se presentan la situación actual y las propuestas al respecto; b) la dimensión contextual que hace referencia a la formación del orientador y los diferentes escenarios de acción; c) la dimensión organizacional que se relaciona con la provisión de este servicio, y d) la dimensión metodológica donde se desarrollan los principales aspectos relacionados con la práctica de la Orientación. ; Guidance in Latin America as a field of professional training, in comparison with Europe and United States , is an activity of recent acceptance in academic scene. The same has been characterized by a constant evolution in its eagerness to adapt to the new changes and social, political and economical transformations that occur in the Latin American continent. In this communication a general view appears about Guidance in this continent. The main considerations formulated are related to four dimensions: a) public policy dimension where the present situation and the proposals appear on the matter; b) the contextual dimension that makes reference to the counselor training and the different action settings; c) the organizational dimension that is related to the provision of this service, and d) the methodological dimension, where the main aspects related to the Guidance practice are developed.

La Orientación en América Latina, como campo de formación profesional y en comparación con Europa y Estados Unidos, es una actividad de reciente aceptación en los medios académicos. La misma se ha caracterizado por una constante evolución en su afán de adaptarse a los nuevos cambios y transformaciones sociales, políticas y económicas que se suceden en el continente latinoamericano. En esta ponencia se presenta un panorama general acerca de la Orientación en América Latina. Las principales consideraciones formuladas se relacionan con cuatro dimensiones: a) la dimensión política pública, donde se presentan la situación actual y las propuestas al respecto; b) la dimensión contextual que hace referencia a la formación del orientador y los diferentes escenarios de acción; c) la dimensión organizacional que se relaciona con la provisión de este servicio, y d) la dimensión metodológica donde se desarrollan los principales aspectos relacionados con la práctica de la Orientación. ; Guidance in Latin America as a field of professional training, in comparison with Europe and United States , is an activity of recent acceptance in academic scene. The same has been characterized by a constant evolution in its eagerness to adapt to the new changes and social, political and economical transformations that occur in the Latin American continent. In this communication a general view appears about Guidance in this continent. The main considerations formulated are related to four dimensions: a) public policy dimension where the present situation and the proposals appear on the matter; b) the contextual dimension that makes reference to the counselor training and the different action settings; c) the organizational dimension that is related to the provision of this service, and d) the methodological dimension, where the main aspects related to the Guidance practice are developed.

This article explores some of the causes that explain the growing disillusionment that is taking place in Latin America in recent years regarding liberal democracy -as well as the parallel rise of populism and indigenism. The author argues that, in order to avoid this disillusionment, an objective reason needs to be reassessed. And not just an instrumental reason but one that considers non-quantifying objectives such as common good, the long term conservation of ecosystems, social morality or public aesthetics. ; Este artículo explora algunas de las causas que en los últimos años explican el desencanto creciente que tiene lugar en América Latina con respecto a la democracia liberal, así como el paralelo ascenso del populismo e indigenismo. El autor sostiene que para evitar este desencanto es necesario revalorizar una razón objetiva, y no meramente instrumental, que se preocupe por objetivos no cuantificables como el bien común, la conservación a largo plazo de los ecosistemas, la moralidad social o la estética pública.

14 p. ; Reducing transaction costs and the need for international reserves is a primary objective to the establishment of regional payment agreements. Another objective, especially in the case of Latin America where the Ecuadorian promoters of the Bank of the South and the New Architecture are planning the implement of a regional clearing system, is to reduce member countries dependence on the US dollar as an international standard and reserve currency. To help improving the design of such agreements this paper refers to the plan Keynes designed for the Bretton Woods Conference. First, it observes that cases were made against this plan from which useful lessons may still be drawn. Second, it shows that Keynes defined a system for exchanging domestic currencies for each other that can be improved and help design currency unions in accordance with their promoters'objectives.

16 p. ; Section 1 will present, as a starting point, the regional payments and unit of accounts agreements in Latin America: the Reciprocal Payments and Credits Agreement of the Latin American Integration Association or ALADI, the 'Peso Andino" set up by the Latin American Reserve Fund (FLAR) and the Payment System on Local Currency agreement (SML) recently launched by Brazil and Argentina. Section 2 will examine the objections arisen against Keynes's plan. It will also emphasise their relevance to the Sucre plan or to any similar plan. Section 3 will focus on the exchange scheme drafted by Keynes and on how to supplement it in order to get over the objections under examination.

La Orientación en América Latina, como campo de formación profesional y en comparación con Europa y Estados Unidos, es una actividad de reciente aceptación en los medios académicos. La misma se ha caracterizado por una constante evolución en su afán de adaptarse a los nuevos cambios y transformaciones sociales, políticas y económicas que se suceden en el continente latinoamericano. En esta ponencia se presenta un panorama general acerca de la Orientación en América Latina. Las principales consideraciones formuladas se relacionan con cuatro dimensiones: a) la dimensión política pública, donde se presentan la situación actual y las propuestas al respecto; b) la dimensión contextual que hace referencia a la formación del orientador y los diferentes escenarios de acción; c) la dimensión organizacional que se relaciona con la provisión de este servicio, y d) la dimensión metodológica donde se desarrollan los principales aspectos relacionados con la práctica de la Orientación. ; Guidance in Latin America as a field of professional training, in comparison with Europe and United States , is an activity of recent acceptance in academic scene. The same has been characterized by a constant evolution in its eagerness to adapt to the new changes and social, political and economical transformations that occur in the Latin American continent. In this communication a general view appears about Guidance in this continent. The main considerations formulated are related to four dimensions: a) public policy dimension where the present situation and the proposals appear on the matter; b) the contextual dimension that makes reference to the counselor training and the different action settings; c) the organizational dimension that is related to the provision of this service, and d) the methodological dimension, where the main aspects related to the Guidance practice are developed.

La Orientación en América Latina, como campo de formación profesional y en comparación con Europa y Estados Unidos, es una actividad de reciente aceptación en los medios académicos. La misma se ha caracterizado por una constante evolución en su afán de adaptarse a los nuevos cambios y transformaciones sociales, políticas y económicas que se suceden en el continente latinoamericano. En esta ponencia se presenta un panorama general acerca de la Orientación en América Latina. Las principales consideraciones formuladas se relacionan con cuatro dimensiones: a) la dimensión política pública, donde se presentan la situación actual y las propuestas al respecto; b) la dimensión contextual que hace referencia a la formación del orientador y los diferentes escenarios de acción; c) la dimensión organizacional que se relaciona con la provisión de este servicio, y d) la dimensión metodológica donde se desarrollan los principales aspectos relacionados con la práctica de la Orientación. ; Guidance in Latin America as a field of professional training, in comparison with Europe and United States , is an activity of recent acceptance in academic scene. The same has been characterized by a constant evolution in its eagerness to adapt to the new changes and social, political and economical transformations that occur in the Latin American continent. In this communication a general view appears about Guidance in this continent. The main considerations formulated are related to four dimensions: a) public policy dimension where the present situation and the proposals appear on the matter; b) the contextual dimension that makes reference to the counselor training and the different action settings; c) the organizational dimension that is related to the provision of this service, and d) the methodological dimension, where the main aspects related to the Guidance practice are developed.

La Orientación en América Latina, como campo de formación profesional y en comparación con Europa y Estados Unidos, es una actividad de reciente aceptación en los medios académicos. La misma se ha caracterizado por una constante evolución en su afán de adaptarse a los nuevos cambios y transformaciones sociales, políticas y económicas que se suceden en el continente latinoamericano. En esta ponencia se presenta un panorama general acerca de la Orientación en América Latina. Las principales consideraciones formuladas se relacionan con cuatro dimensiones: a) la dimensión política pública, donde se presentan la situación actual y las propuestas al respecto; b) la dimensión contextual que hace referencia a la formación del orientador y los diferentes escenarios de acción; c) la dimensión organizacional que se relaciona con la provisión de este servicio, y d) la dimensión metodológica donde se desarrollan los principales aspectos relacionados con la práctica de la Orientación. ; Guidance in Latin America as a field of professional training, in comparison with Europe and United States , is an activity of recent acceptance in academic scene. The same has been characterized by a constant evolution in its eagerness to adapt to the new changes and social, political and economical transformations that occur in the Latin American continent. In this communication a general view appears about Guidance in this continent. The main considerations formulated are related to four dimensions: a) public policy dimension where the present situation and the proposals appear on the matter; b) the contextual dimension that makes reference to the counselor training and the different action settings; c) the organizational dimension that is related to the provision of this service, and d) the methodological dimension, where the main aspects related to the Guidance practice are developed.

La Orientación en América Latina, como campo de formación profesional y en comparación con Europa y Estados Unidos, es una actividad de reciente aceptación en los medios académicos. La misma se ha caracterizado por una constante evolución en su afán de adaptarse a los nuevos cambios y transformaciones sociales, políticas y económicas que se suceden en el continente latinoamericano. En esta ponencia se presenta un panorama general acerca de la Orientación en América Latina. Las principales consideraciones formuladas se relacionan con cuatro dimensiones: a) la dimensión política pública, donde se presentan la situación actual y las propuestas al respecto; b) la dimensión contextual que hace referencia a la formación del orientador y los diferentes escenarios de acción; c) la dimensión organizacional que se relaciona con la provisión de este servicio, y d) la dimensión metodológica donde se desarrollan los principales aspectos relacionados con la práctica de la Orientación. ; Guidance in Latin America as a field of professional training, in comparison with Europe and United States , is an activity of recent acceptance in academic scene. The same has been characterized by a constant evolution in its eagerness to adapt to the new changes and social, political and economical transformations that occur in the Latin American continent. In this communication a general view appears about Guidance in this continent. The main considerations formulated are related to four dimensions: a) public policy dimension where the present situation and the proposals appear on the matter; b) the contextual dimension that makes reference to the counselor training and the different action settings; c) the organizational dimension that is related to the provision of this service, and d) the methodological dimension, where the main aspects related to the Guidance practice are developed.

The article discusses the U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America during the twentieth century, with special emphasis on the period during the Cold War. Through a comparative analysis of the U.S. policies toward Guatemala, Chile and Nicaragua, as well as instruments that are used for their implementation author shows that the interventionism is one of the main characteristic of American foreign policy in Latin America. ; Tekst se bavi analizom spoljne politike SAD prema Latinskoj Americi tokom XX veka sa posebnim osvrtom na period tokom Hladnog rata. Kroz komparativnu analizu politika SAD prema Gvatemali, Čileu i Nikaragvi, kao i instrumenata koji su korišćeni za njihovo sprovođenje autor pokazuje da je intervencionizam jedna od glavnih determinanti američkog spoljnopolitičkog delovanja prema latinoameričkom kontinentu.

We define in section 1 our notion of land reform, on section 2, the most important social and political movements of land reform in Latin America are presented. On section 3 we use a theoretical model in the context of economic growth with human capital learning-by-doing to evaluate land reforms. Section 4, discusses the results. Section 5 presents some economic efficiency estimates for the "Cédula" project of 2000 in NE Brazil - a market led land bill project, sponsored by the World Bank (WB) and the Ministry of Agricultural Development (MDA). Finally, section 6 concludes, and section 7 presents the references.

Los estudios empíricos sobre donación de embriones realizados en países desarrollados indican que lo más probable sería el descarte de los embriones, y en caso de donarlos sería mayormente con fines de investigación, y eventualmente con fines asistenciales. En Hispanoamérica, prácticamente no existen estudios sobre las opiniones de los participantes en técnicas de reproducción humana asistida (TRHA) complejas, respecto de las posibilidades de la disposición de los embriones sobrantes en dichas técnicas. Además, tampoco hay marcos legislativos contra los cuales se pueda contrastar opiniones o preferencias de los pacientes. Trabajos realizados en Ecuador, Chile y Perú son antecedentes directos y base para la realización de un estudio latinoamericano. Existe una necesidad de llevar a cabo un estudio descriptivo acerca de si las parejas latinoamericanas donarían sus embriones o no, que beneficiaria a varias áreas (práctica clínica, investigación, bioética, bioderecho, etc.). ; Empirical studies regarding embryo donation in developed countries show that the most probable action would be to discard surplus embryos and, if they would donate them, the preferred option would be for research, and eventually to other couples. There are not enough studies in Hispanic America about the opinions of those who have participated in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) regarding embryo disposition of surplus embryos. Moreover, there are scarce specific laws regulating ART in order to contrast people's opinion. Works performed in Ecuador, Chile and Peru are also preceding works and basis to design a Latin American Study on embryo donation. It is necessary to perform a descriptive study on Latin American couples opinions regarding embryo donation, which would benefit several areas (clinical practice, research, bioethics, biolaw, etc.).

9 p. ; This paper aims at drawing lessons from Keynes's plan presented at the Bretton Woods conference, in order to help improving current regional monetary agreements in Latin America. Some promoters of the Bank of the South and the New Financial Architecture in Latin America are proposing to implement a regional clearing system designed to allow a multilateral offsetting of the liabilities and assets generated in the reciprocal transactions of member countries in words that the British economist certainly would not have denied. This system would be very different from current regional payments aggreements that maintain an implicit reference to the US dollar as reserve or payment currency.

This study tests two theories of legislative leadership by comparing the power of majority-party leaders in states where the Republican Party adopted a state-level version of 'The Contract with America' in 1994, with that of leaders in states where no contract was adopted. Using a nationwide survey of legislators to rank power, the study finds that the lower house leaders in contract states were stronger in 1995, as were those from states in which the public was ideologically polarized along partisan lines. The results provide support for conditional party government theory while expanding our knowledge of state legislative politics. Adapted from the source document.