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Peer reviewed ; Governments continue to play a central role in the way research is conducted and organized by defining new models for research centers. How do existing research centers adapt to changes in their environment? Institutional theory suggests that organizations pursue efficiency and legitimacy by conforming to isomorphic pressures in their organizational field, which will eventually lead to a reduction of diversity in organizational practices and strategies. Resource-dependence theory assumes a more active agency and calls attention to the diverse strategic responses of organizations to institutional processes. Based on funding microdata and qualitative information at center level, this study undertakes to analyze changes in two populations of Spanish research centers (government laboratories and technology centers) in a time of evolving policy paradigms, emergence of new models for research centers, and increasing competition in the field of R&D. We find that a large share of the existing government laboratories and technology centers have progressively conformed to a funding strategy based on diversifying sources and increasing competitive public funding, although both populations are still characterized by some degree of internal diversity regarding funding portfolios. Structural heterogeneity also remains as regards management practices such as research planning and agenda setting.

[EN] The following Expert Court Report is based on the experience of research of the signatories in relation to the exhumations of mass graves of the Civil War (1936-1939) and the postwar period, in the context of the "movement for the recovery of historical memory" that is taking place in Spain since 2000. This movement has focused its demands on the search of the missing persons and has launched a cycle of exhumations of mass graves derived from the Civil War and the Dictatorship. In this Report, the exhumations of the 21st century are used as indicators of the persistence over time of the politics and cultures of fear installed in Spanish society, beyond the deep political and institutional transformations that occurred in the country after the death of Francisco Franco. It was presented as part of the documentation of Fausto Canales' Laws uit against Spain on September 15th, 2012 in the European Court of Human Rights. ; [ES] El siguiente informe pericial se basa en la experiencia de investigación de los firmantes en exhumaciones de fosas comunes de la Guerra Civil (1936-1939) y la postguerra, en el contexto del "movimiento para la recuperación de la memoria histórica" que está teniendo lugar en España desde el año 2000. Este movimiento ciudadano ha centrado sus demandas en la búsqueda de desaparecidos y ha puesto en marcha un ciclo de exhumaciones de fosas comunes producidas en el contexto bélico y en la dictadura franquista. En este peritaje se utilizan las exhumaciones del siglo XXI como indicadores de la persistencia en el tiempo de las políticas y culturas del miedo instaladas en la sociedad española, más allá de las profundas transformaciones políticas e institucionales acaecidas en el país tras la muerte de Francisco Franco. Fue presentado como parte de la documentación de la demanda de Fausto Canales contra España el 15 de septiembre de 2012 en el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos.

Abstract: As a social phenomenon, war affects soldiers and civilians, men and women. The present contribution aims to examine various conceptions of masculinities in a military context during the Bizantine Environment. The identity of the Byzantine soldier is closely linked to a specific type of masculinity derived from the Roman past and Christian religion. The evolution of the military system during the middle era creates new types of soldiers who are called upon to oppose the powerful enemies of the empire. Victorious commitments generally result in moral principles which contrast with those found to be defeat. This study will therefore pay particular attention to the identity and behaviour of soldiers during their captivity. It is interesting to explore how this transition situation affects the characteristics of Medium Byzantine masculinity. ; Abstract: Como fenómeno social, la guerra afecta a soldados y civiles, hombres y mujeres. La presente contribución tiene como objetivo examinar varias concepciones de las masculinidades dentro de un contexto militar durante la Época Medio Bizantina. La identidad del soldado bizantino está estrechamente relacionada con un tipo específico de masculinidad que se deriva del pasado romano y la religión cristiana. La evolución del sistema militar durante la época media crea nuevos tipos de soldados que están llamados a oponerse a los poderosos enemigos del imperio. Los compromisos victoriosos, por lo general, resultan en principios morales que contrastan con los encontrados en la condición de derrota. Por tanto, en este estudio se prestará especial atención a la identidad y el comportamiento de los soldados durante su cautiverio. Es interesante explorar cómo esa situación de transición afecta las características de la masculinidad combatiente bizantina media.

Marine and coastal activities are closely interrelated, and conflicts among different sectors can undermine management and conservation objectives. Governance systems for fisheries, power generation, irrigation, aquaculture, marine biodiversity conservation, and other coastal and maritime activities are typically organized to manage conflicts within sectors, rather than across them. Based on the discussions around eight case studies presented at a workshop held in Brest in June 2019, this paper explores institutional approaches to move beyond managing conflicts within a sector. We primarily focus on cases where the groups and sectors involved are heterogeneous in terms of: the jurisdiction they fall under; their objectives; and the way they value ecosystem services. The paper first presents a synthesis of frameworks for understanding and managing cross-sectoral governance conflicts, drawing from social and natural sciences. We highlight commonalities but also conceptual differences across disciplines to address these issues. We then propose a novel analytical framework which we used to evaluate the eight case studies. Based on the main lessons learned from case studies, we then discuss the feasibility and key determinants of stakeholder collaboration as well as compensation and incentive schemes. The discussion concludes with future research needs to support policy development and inform integrated institutional regimes that consider the diversity of stakeholder interests and the potential benefits of cross-sectoral coordination. ; National audience

The increase in the income of a member of the household may lead to changes in his decision-making power within the household and, as a result, results in effects on some specific dimensions. This work estimates the effects of a policy of income transfers to low-income households in Uruguay (panes) on the likelihood of separation, changes in household structure, distribution of household tasks and the likelihood of women being female heads of household. To this end, the discontinuity in the allocation to the programme resulting from the eligibility indicator (CCI) is exploited. The results indicate that social assistance increased the likelihood of maintaining the marital status of the baseline and introduced stability in the number of household members. In addition, these results show some persistence over time once they stop receiving the benefit, at least in the very short term. The recipient of the transfer was not found to change his status with regard to performing household tasks when considering the total number of beneficiaries, but heterogeneous effects were observed depending on the gender of the recipient. Finally, there were no changes in the likelihood of women, who are the main recipients of care, being heads of household. Centre for Distributive, Labour and Social Studies ; El aumento del ingreso de un miembro del hogar puede conducir a cambios en su poder de decisión al interior del mismo y, como consecuencia, traducirse en efectos sobre algunas dimensiones específicas. En este trabajo se estiman los efectos de una política de transferencias de ingresos a hogares de bajos recursos en Uruguay (PANES) sobre la probabilidad de separación, cambios en la estructura de los hogares, distribución de las tareas domésticas y la probabilidad de que las mujeres sean jefas de hogar. Para ello, se explota la discontinuidad en la asignación al programa resultado del indicador de elegibilidad (ICC). Los resultados indican que la asistencia social aumentó la probabilidad de mantener el estatus marital de la ...

Summary External Relations play a key role in the development of a country's economy. The aim of this study was to apply the Elcano index of strategic opportunities and risks for the Spanish economy in the Colombian context. This index is presented as a radar of the strategic opportunities and risks faced by an economy in terms of its internationalisation process. For this study, the same model used in the analysis of Spain was adapted in order to identify the interdependence of Colombia. It was concluded that Colombia has not undergone major changes in international trade and investment relations over the last 12 years, considering the countries analysed, with the exception of Ecuador and Venezuela. Jel classification: F41; 019. ; Resumen Las relaciones exteriores cumplen un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de la economía de un país. El objetivo de este estudio fue aplicar el índice Elcano de oportunidades y riesgos estratégicos para la economía española en el contexto colombiano. Este índice se presenta como un radar de las oportunidades y riesgos estratégicos a los que se enfrenta una economía en cuanto a su proceso de internacionalización. Para este estudio se adaptó el mismo modelo utilizado en el análisis de España, con el fin de identificar la interdependencia de Colombia. Se concluyó que, en las relaciones de comercio e inversión internacionales, Colombia no ha tenido grandes cambios en los últimos doce años, considerando los países analizados, con excepción de Ecuador y Venezuela. Clasificación JEL: F41; 019.

From the US to Italy, from Brazil to Japan, cities from all over the world are increasingly vocal on migration issues. Advocating for alternative approach to immigrants' welcome, their stand and policies may at times be in blunt contradiction with national approaches. This paper gives an overview of this new form of urban militancy, its recent evolution, its forms, its networks. Drawing on case studies in France, Spain and Italy, it seeks to explain why the Mediterranean has been an important setting for the politicisation of municipal involvement. The recent Palermo Platform Process shows how the combination of the support civil society organisations and the driving force of influential mayors has allowed the upscaling of such commitment at a European scale.

International audience Most integrated models of the Covid pandemic have been developedunder the assumption that the policy-sensitive reproduction number iscertain. The decision to exit from the lockdown has been made in mostcountries without knowing the reproduction number that would prevailafter the deconfinement. In this paper, I explore the role of uncertaintyand learning on the optimal dynamic lockdown policy. I limit the analysisto suppression strategies. In the absence of uncertainty, the optimalconfinement policy is to impose a constant rate of lockdown until thesuppression of the virus in the population. I show that introducinguncertainty about the reproduction number of deconfined people reducesthe optimal initial rate of confinement.

Summary: This article reports a study on the practical training of history teachers, in order to analyse the approaches to history teaching implemented by teachers in training in the context of their professional practice and to project the relationships that could be established with different conceptions of citizenship. Specifically, a multiple case study was developed on the basis of the application of different types of interviews associated with class observations, which allowed for an intensive approximation to the subject matter of the study. For the analysis of information, some principles of a well-founded Theory were combined with guidance from a Densa Description. The results convey the historical and disciplinary approaches that predominate in teaching the history of teachers in training, and which are rather traditional, which could project a partnership with also traditional citizenship conceptions from a thematic perspective, as some possibilities are opened from a procedural logic. ; Resumen: Este artículo da cuenta de un estudio sobre la formación práctica de profesores de historia, con el fin de analizar los enfoques de enseñanza de la Historia implementados por los docentes en formación en el contexto de su práctica profesional y proyectar las relaciones que sería posible establecer con diferentes concepciones de ciudadanía. Específicamente, se desarrolló un estudio de caso múltiple a partir de la aplicación de distintos tipos de entrevistas asociados a observaciones de clases, que permitió realizar una aproximación intensiva al objeto de estudio. Para el análisis de información se combinaron algunos principios de Teoría Fundamentada con orientaciones de una Descripción Densa. Los resultados reportan los enfoques historiográficos y didáctico disciplinar que predominan en la enseñanza de la Historia de los profesores en formación, y que son de corte más bien tradicional, lo que podría proyectar una asociación con concepciones de ciudadanía también tradicionales desde una perspectiva temática ...

What place does the caste system have in modern India with its globally-integrating market economy? The most influential anthropological approaches to caste have tended to emphasize caste as India's traditional religious and ritual order, or (treating such order as a product of the colonial encounter) as shaped politically, especially today by the dynamics of caste-based electoral politics. Less attention has been paid to caste effects in the economy. This article argues that the scholarly framing of caste mirrors a public policy 'enclosure' of caste in the non-modern realm of religion and 'caste politics', while aligning modernity to the caste-erasing market economy. Village-level fieldwork in south India finds a parallel public narrative of caste either as ritual rank eroded by market relations, or as identity politics deflected from everyday economic life. But locally and nationally the effects of caste are found to be pervasive in labour markets and the business economy. In the age of the market, caste is a resource, sometimes in the form of a network, its opportunity-hoarding advantages discriminating against others. Dalits are not discriminated by caste as a set of relations separate from economy, but by the very economic and market processes through which they often seek liberation. The caste processes, enclosures and evasions in post-liberalization India, suggest the need to rethink the modernity of caste beyond orientalist and postcolonial frameworks, and consider the presuppositions that shape understanding of an institution, the nature and experience of which are determined by the inequalities and subject positions it produces.

The 21st century creates a new scenario of global power dispute. The relational context between state actors is framed by novel sources of potential linked to various thematic areas of national interest. The distribution of international power ceased to be hierarchical and vertical and became diffuse and transnational, generating asymmetric relationships of material and intangible dominance. Geostrategic spaces force states to innovate in international security and defence. The fisonomics of unconventional threats multiply the area of influence and control in a preliminary process that is shaped as a multi-domain space. Beyond traditional disputes, cyberspace appears to be the favourable market for success in the face of the flagrant challenges posed by the new geographical distribution of power. In this interregn of hegemonic crises where prominent Western actors that could impose the global agenda on transnational threats do not prevail, non-Western actors appear at the forefront of cyber threats, a neuralical area of dispute for the immediate future of international relations and cyber defence mechanisms. In this regard, since 2016 the People's Republic of China has made very significant progress in terms of data transfer with quantum infrastructure for the creation of a global communications network that cannot be changed or intercepted by conventional means. With the development of a multi-billionary space programme, the Asian giant demonstrated a technological power of geostrategic implications, optimising cybersecurity systems through first-level facilities. The introduction of new regulations aimed at limiting the import of technological inputs from the US position China not only as the world's second largest economy, but also as a space and technological power. Institute for International Relations ; El siglo XXI configura un nuevo escenario de disputa por el poder global. El contexto relacional entre los actores estatales se enmarca en novedosas fuentes de potencialidad que se vinculan con diversas ...

Resumen: Me propongo reflexionar sobre la universidad y sus condiciones políticas actuales. Para la realización de este examen me detendré en su contexto moderno y contemporáneo, así como en los planteamientos que, desde las humanidades, defienden su autonomía frente al mercado, discutiendo también con el sexismo del saber y su lenguaje. Desde América Latina, considero algunos momentos paradigmáticos del itinerario de las universidades sobre la base de leyes, reformas, contrarreformas y pres cripciones, desde la configuración positivista a la del neoliberalismo. Asimismo, para contrarrestar la condición colonial y sexista del saber considero algunas de las propuestas de las nuevas humanidades que se proponen ampliar la democratización del saber.

Summary The literature shows evidence that child care allowance programmes increase female labour participation, while direct subsidies encourage women to stay at home to care for their daughters. In the context of the republican austerity that characterises the current Mexican government, the article analyses the replacement of the SEDESOL Infferential Stances Programme (PEI), which is based on indirect transfers, with the Support Programme for the Welfare of Children, Children of Madres Trabajadora (PABNNMT), fasdfsa based on direct monetary deliveries to beneficiaries. Based on the comparative analysis of the design of the two programmes, it is suggested that the objective and actions of the new programme point towards privatisation of childcare in families, as well as possible invisibility and devaluation of care work. The article is based on the review of the literature on the subject, as well as on the analysis of the operating rules of childcare programmes. ; Resumen La literatura especializada muestra evidencias de que los programas de subsidios para la provisión de cuidado infantil incrementan la participación laboral femenina, en tanto que los subsidios directos promueven que las mujeres se queden en su casa para cuidar a sus hijas/os. En el contexto de austeridad republicana que caracteriza al actual gobierno mexicano, el artículo analiza la sustitución del Programa de Estancias Infantiles Sedesol (PEI), que se basa en transferencias indirectas, por el Programa de Apoyo para el Bienestar de Niñas y Niños, Hijos de Madres Trabajadoras (PABNNMT), fasdfsa basado en entregas monetarias directas a las beneficiarias. Con base en el análisis comparativo del diseño de ambos programas se sugiere que el objetivo y las acciones del nuevo apuntan hacia la privatización del cuidado infantil en las familias, así como a la posible invisibilización y devaluación del trabajo de cuidados. El artículo está basado en la revisión de la literatura sobre el tema, así como en el análisis de las reglas de operación de los ...

International audience The article opens with the definition of the interpretative scheme used in the analysis, framing Didier Daeninckx and Jacques Tardi's political approach to writing. It continues with the presentation of the practical conditions that allowed the two authors to collaborate at the comic adaptation of the novel Le Der des ders. In this article great importance is assigned to demonstrating the coherence of this title by Didier Daeninckx within the work of Jacques Tardi : in fact, in this historical crime novel we can find ethical and aesthetic motifs recurring in the work of the cartoonist. The last part finally focuses on the actual practice of transposition, emphasizing both the work on the narrative sequences and the style adopted by Tardi, between fidelity to the original and the need to modify it due to the different support. ; L'article s'ouvre sur la définition du schéma interprétatif utilisé dans l'analyse, afin d'encadrer l'approche politique de l'écriture de Didier Daeninckx et Jacques Tardi. Il se poursuit par la présentation des conditions qui ont permis aux deux auteurs de collaborer à l'adaptation du roman Le Der des ders en bande dessinée. Une grande importance est accordée à la démonstration de la cohérence de ce titre de Didier Daeninckx au sein de l'œuvre de Jacques Tardi:on retrouve dans le roman plusieurs motifs éthiques et esthétiques récurrents dans la carrière du dessinateur. La dernière partie se concentre sur la pratique effective de la transposition, mettant l'accent à la fois sur l'adaptation narrative des séquences et sur le style graphique adopté par Tardi, entre fidélité à l'original et nécessité de le modifier en raison des différences des supports.

Humans share with other animals a number sense, a system allowing a rapid and approximate estimate of the number of items in a scene. Recently, it has been shown that numerosity is shared between action and perception as the number of repetitions of self-produced actions affects the perceived numerosity of subsequent visual stimuli presented around the area where actions occurred. Here we investigate whether this interplay between action and perception for numerosity depends on visual input and visual experience. We measured the effects of adaptation to motor routines (finger tapping) on numerical estimates of auditory sequences in sighted and congenitally blind people. In both groups, our results show a consistent adaptation effect with relative under- or over-estimation of perceived auditory numerosity following rapid or slow tapping adaptation, respectively. Moreover, adaptation occurred around the tapping area irrespective of the hand posture (crossed or uncrossed hands), indicating that motor adaptation was coded using external (not hand-centred) coordinates in both groups. Overall, these results support the existence of a generalized interaction between action and perception for numerosity that occurs in external space and manifests independently of visual input or even visual experience.