Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Contents -- Climate Change Impact on Water Structures -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate and Human Activities -- 3 Climate Change -- 4 Climate Impact and Structures -- 5 Recommendations -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- "Darwinism" and the Future of a Globalized World -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Epistemological Incompatibility -- 3 The Compatibility with the Classic Evolutionary Process Based on Genes and Biological Reproduction -- 4 Speculations for the Future: From Darwin's Sympathy to Responsibility Reproduction -- References -- Water Related Sectors and Risks in Adaptation to Climate Change -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Water Resources of Turkey Under the Impact of Climate Change -- 3 Climate Change Effects on Sakarya Province -- 4 Adaptation to Climate Change -- 4.1 Climate Change Adaptation Activities for the Agricultural Sector -- 4.2 Climate Change Adaptation Activities for Drinking and Using Water Resources -- 4.3 Climate Change Adaptation Activities for the Industrial Sector -- 5 Conclusion and Suggestions -- References -- Project Transferring Water from Turkey to Cyprus Island -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate and Water Resources in Cyprus Island -- 2.1 Climate in Cyprus Island -- 2.2 Water Resources in Cyprus Island -- 3 Water Development Works in Southern Cyprus -- 3.1 General Remarks -- 3.2 Effects of Climate Change on Water Resources in Cyprus -- 4 Transferring Water from Turkey to Cyprus Island -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Climate Condition and Natural Resources in Northern Cyprus -- 4.3 Preliminary Investigations for Project -- 4.4 Northern Cyprus Water Supply Project -- 5 Water Resources Potential in Norhern Cyprus -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- 6.1 Conclusions -- 6.2 Recommendations -- References -- Opportunities and Challenges Facing the Future Development of International Environmental Law -- 1 Introduction.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Note on Translations and Interviews -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1 Research Questions and Muslim Fields -- 2 Religious Governance in Turkey and Morocco -- 3 Field Research -- 4 Outline of Chapters -- References -- Chapter 2 The Many Faces of Official Islam in Turkey -- 1 Early Antecedents: From Empire to Republic -- 2 Unofficial Islam, Party Politics, and an Evolving Diyanet -- 3 The AKP and State Religious Governance in Turkey Today -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 The Makhzen and the Religious Field -- 1 From Empire to Colony: Religious and Political Authority -- 2 Islam After Independence: Political Challenges to a Resilient Monarchy -- 3 The Reform of the Religious Field -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 The Development of State Religious Services Abroad -- 1 Turkish Labour Migration and the Turkish Muslim Field Abroad -- 1.1 The Development of the Diyanet's Foreign Activities -- 1.2 The DITIBs and Diyanet Foundations: Consolidating a Transnational Network -- 2 Religious Diaspora Policies and Moroccan Workers Abroad -- 2.1 The Amicales and the Early Diaspora Policies -- 2.2 Establishing a Religious Base Abroad -- 2.2.1 The Mosque of Évry-Courcouronnes: Changing Alliances and International Rivalries -- 2.2.2 The National Federation of French Muslims (FNMF): Reorienting Diaspora Policies Towards the Religious Field -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Creating a National Islam? Partial Governance and Public Policy Instruments -- 1 The Partial Governance of Muslim Fields in France and Germany -- 1.1 France -- 1.2 Germany -- 1.3 Partial Governance and Public Policy Instruments -- 2 "National" Islam vs. Interstate Cooperation? -- 2.1 Institutionalizing Islam in France: The CFCM.

"The Syrian Civil War has displaced 60 percent of the country's population. Six million refugees live in neighboring countries in the Middle East. Such a large refugee influx has been a severe strain to these countries' labor markets, public services, and social cohesion. This RAND report examines the problems of and opportunities for the labor market for displaced Syrians in Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon. The authors used multiple methods: interviews with stakeholders, focus groups with Syrian and host country workers, in-depth interviews with firms, and surveys of firms and Syrian households. The existing skill sets of the Syrians are compared to the needs of each country's labor market; and the steps needed to improve the overall economic climate and strategies for preserving and improving social cohesion of refugees and host communities are examined. Each country has its specific challenges. For example, in Turkey a key barrier for the refugees was the ability to speak the language. In Jordan and Lebanon, the existing economic slowdowns and lack of jobs were exacerbated by the arrival of the refugees. Working legally was a challenge in all countries. The authors conclude with recommendations tailored to each country. Some of these include offering language classes (in the case of Turkey); assessing geographic areas where jobs are needed and enabling migrants to move to these regions; improving each country's worker certification process so that qualified migrants can get jobs within their area of expertise; investing in infrastructure projects and better training courses; and improving the business environment for all."

This edited volume introduces the political, social and economic intra-Kurdish dynamics in the Middle East by comparatively analyzing the main actors, their ideas, and political interests. As an ethnic group and a nation in the making, Kurds are not homogeneous and united but rather the Kurdish Middle East is home to various competing political groups, leaderships, ideologies, and interests. Although many existing studies focus on the Kurds and their relations with the nation-states that they populate, few studies analyze the Kurdish Middle East within its own debates, conflicts and interests from a comparative perspective across Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria. This book analyzes the intra-Kurdish dynamics with historically-grounded, theoretically-informed, and conceptually-relevant scholarship that prioritizes comparative politics over international relations. Emel Elif Tugdar is Assistant Professor and Chair of the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Kurdistan Hewler in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Her research agenda includes ethno-politics, human rights, politics of gender with a major focus on Middle East, specifically Turkey and Iraqi Kurdistan.Serhun Al is Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Izmir University of Economics, Turkey. His research interests include politics of identity, ethnic conflict, security studies and social movements. His recent publications have appeared in journals such as Ethnopolitics, Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, Nationalities Papers, Globalizations, Journal of International Relations and Development, and Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies.

Introduction / E. Mine Cinar -- Is all work the same? A comparison of the determinants of female participation and hours of work in various employment states in Egypt / Ragui Assaad, Fatma El-Hamidi -- Closing the gender gap in the Middle East and North Africa / Nemat Shafik -- Men's work/women's work : employment, wages and occupational segregation in Bethlehem / Jennifer Olmsted -- Gender segmention in the West Bank and Gaza strip : explaining the absence of Palestinian women from the formal labor force / Rema Hammami -- Why women earn less? Gender-based factors affecting the earnings of self-employed women in Turkey / Simel Esim -- Factors affecting female managers' careers in Turkey / Isik Urla Zeytinoglu, Omur Timurcanday Ozmen, Alev Ergen(c)ʿcKatrinli, Hayat Kabasakal, Yasemin Arbak -- Gender-based occupational segregation in the Turkish banking sector / Glay Gnlk-Senesen, Semsa zar -- Post-Fordist work, political Islam and women in urban Turkey / Aysenur Okten -- Working women and power within two-income Turkish households / E. Mine Cinar, Nejat Anbarci -- Fertility, education, and household resources in Iran, 1987-1992 / Djavad Salehi-Isfahani -- Female endangerment : the case of the Middle East and North Africa / Djehane Hosni, Adriana Chanmala -- Iran's new Islamic home economics : an exploratory attempt to conceptualize women's work in the Islamic Republic / Fatemeh Etemad Moghadam -- Female labor force participation and economic adjustment in the MENA region / Massoud Karshenas, Valentine M. Moghadam -- Analysis of sex-based inequality : use of axiomatic approach in measurement and statistical inference via bootstrapping / Sourushe Zandvakili -- Women, work, and economic restructuring : a regional overview / Valentine M. Moghadam -- Dedication / E. Mine Cinar

Intro -- Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Nile Floods and Political Disorder in Early Egypt -- Environmental Change and Human Adaptational Failure at the End of the Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant -- Evidence for Mid-Holocene Environmental Change in the Western Khabur Drainage, Northeastern Syria -- Environmental Fluctuations, Agricultural Production and Collapse: A View from Bronze Age Upper Mesopotamia -- The Scenario of Environmental Degradation in the Tell Leilan Region, Ne Syria, During the Late Third Millennium Abrupt Climate Change -- Cultural Change in the Aegean c.2200BC -- The Third Millennium BC in Iberia: Chronometric Evidence for Settlement Histories and Socio-cultural Change -- Climate and the Eclipse of the Ancient Cities of the Indus -- Sociopolitical Discontinuity in the Near East C. 2200 B.C.E.: Scenarios from Palestine and Egypt -- Holocene Climate Change and Man in the Present Day Sahara Desert -- Mid-Holocene Dry Spells in Bohemia, Central Europe -- Geomorphologic Arguments for Mid- to Late Holocene Environmental Change in Central Anatolian (Pluvial) Lake Basins -- The Late Holocene Environmental and Climate Shift in Russia and Surrounding Lands -- Environmental and Climatic Changes Between 3 and 5ka BP in Southeastern Ukraine. -- Mid- to Late Holocene Changes in Central Europe Climate and Man -- The Age and Causes of Mid-Late Holocene Environmental Change in Southwest Turkey -- Bronze Age Regression and Change of Sedimentation on The Aegean Coastal Plains of Anatolia (Turkey) -- Environmental Changes In Holocene Lacustrine Sequences From Karapmar In The Konya Plain (Turkey) -- Proxy Indications of Holocene Winter Rains in Southwest Asia Compared with Simulated Rainfall.

The chance to forge new ties between Uzbekistan and Turkiye emerged in 2016 with the change of leadership, following about 20 years of ups and downs. The strained relations were due to several political hiccups like Turkiye's asylum to Uzbek dissidents, Currencycrisis of Turkiye, banning of Gulen schools and the Andijan event. This study focuses on the relations between Turkiye and Uzbekistan in the post-Karimov period. The focus will be on the development of political relations and the opening of new ventures due to current geopolitics in Turkiye-Uzbekistan relationship dynamics. The geo-strategic position of Turkey enables it to become transit hub as it is situated in between energy scarce European market and energy rich countries on the other side. Uzbekistan needs to diversify its export partners where Turkey as a transit hub can play crucial role. The construction of trans-Caspian pipeline to move energy from Central Asia and the Caspian sea region to Turkey and for European markets, is primary strategic goal. Both sides needed constructive attitudes to further the relations. There have been a number of high-level political visits and signing of important strategic cooperation agreements. Both heads of the state frequently refer to Turkic-Islamic symbols of shared identity while addressing their relationship. The bilateral relations have been improving in all the fields majorly in trade. To deepen and strengthen the relations further the trade goal of $10 billion is set. In 2022, the relationship was elevated to a "comprehensive strategic partnership level".

As of the twentieth century, attempts have been made to westernize the field of education, and experts have been brought in from the west to modernize in all areas. With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk made a number of initiatives to ensure interaction with the West and applied changes at every stage of education. The new education system, on the other hand, wanted to build an educational model of a national character. In order for the innovations to be made to have an impact on the public, all existing education systems had to be united under one roof. Therefore, on March 3, 1924, the Law of Tawhid-i Tedrisat, based on unity in education and training, was adopted. There were no articles in the content of the law regarding the abolition of neighborhood schools and madrasas. This law brought together all educational and educational institutions in Turkey into a single center. With this law, the way has been paved for some radical changes in education in Turkey, such as the letter revolution. It is observed that different methods and practices were followed in education in the later period as well as in the period of Atatürk. Especially in the periods after 1950, 1980 and 2000, significant changes have occurred in the levels from preschool to higher education, and there have been many developments in our education system from the amount of education time to the exam names. Key Words: Republic, Tevhid-i Tedrisat Law, Education

Abstract
The establishment of a specific project company most commonly known as a Special Purpose/Project Vehicle (SPV) is a key feature of most Public private partnership (PPP) transactions in Turkey.
According to the competent authority, the SPV is considered to fall under the definition of a Securitisation Special Purpose Vehicle (SSPE) then it should not be considered a financial sector entity. In order to meet the increasing infrastructure needs of Turkey, it is generally accepted necessary to utilise alternative financing models to be provided with the participation of the private sector in addition to the use of public resources. In this framework, PPPs model, which has been widely used in realisation of infrastructure investments in developed and developing countries in recent years, is also applied in Turkey. SPV PPP risks, income and losses usually are shared in proportion to the shares of a public partner and a private partner that they have in a joint venture. However capital companies also bid for the tender opened by the contracting public authority according to the relevant laws. If the tender is awarded to a business partnership or a capital company according to the relevant law, the documents regarding the establishment of the special purpose vehicle shall be requested. Generally, the SPV structured as a joint stock company. SPV is a feasible and an effective option for the lenders and financiers, who take into account the cash flow of the project and security over its assets for the repayments of the debts.

Humans have benefited from animals throughout their lives by hunting before the Neolithic and then controlling them by domestication. One of the animal groups under control is the bees, which existed long before humans. Bees, which are in circulation in natural life, have been taken under control by humans and turned into an important livestock breeding used in many different fields such as food, cosmetics, and medicine. These bees, which are of Asian origin, are spread all over the world except the extreme places. The world colony existence, which was around 50 million in 1960, has increased to over 100 million today. Today, the leading countries of beekeeping activities are China, Turkey, and India. Turkey has an important role in world beekeeping. Turkey's beekeeping potential has increased up to ten times compared to the first years of the Republic. The majority of the country's honey production is provided from the Mediterranean, Eastern Black Sea, Aegean and Middle Eastern Anatolia regions. Şemdinli (Hakkâri) district, which constitutes the study area, is also located in the Middle East Anatolia region. Şemdinli is among the districts where the most honey and beeswax production are made in Turkey. In 2021, 313 tons of honey and 32 tons of beeswax were produced in the district. In the study, in addition to data portals such as FAO, TUIK and TOB, data sets were produced by interviewing beekeepers in settlements where beekeeping is most common. In the study, a phenomenological design was used to reveal the beekeepers' own experiences from their point of view.

Bülent Ersoy (1952–present) is known as the first transgender star of Turkish music. Since the 1970s, she has been a famous singer with the help of her extraordinary powerful voice and impressive performances, as well as drawing public attention to her queer identity. Occasionally, she clashed with Turkish authorities mostly due to her insisting on performing on stage wearing women's clothing before her gender affirmation surgery that took place in 1981. She left Turkey in 1981 when Turkish authorities banned transgender performers on the stage. However, even after the surgery, she could not get an official female identity card in Turkey for seven years and was banned from performing on stage. When she returned to Turkey and started singing again in 1988, she described those years and her struggle to be known as a 'woman' in her hit songs through metaphorical ways. In addition to music, she also reached a large television audience through her costumes and performances as a jury member in various reality shows broadcasted on Turkish television, especially in the 2000s. In this article, we will discuss the usage of 'camp' as a strategy for reading Bülent Ersoy's artistic performances, which are informed, at least partially, by the exaggeration of social roles, sometimes reaching to a point of absurdity. We use Sontag's 'Notes on "Camp"' as a lens through which to explore how Bülent Ersoy negotiates the limiting camp binaries of artifice/authenticity, hypersexuality/monogamy and monstrous/virtuous in order to contribute to underexplored areas in camp scholarship.

What role does political ideology play in the production of news in a contentious cultural context? To address this question, this article investigates how Turkish Islamic conservative journalists produced and circulated representations of two dramatic uprisings in 2013: the Gezi Park protests in Turkey and the military coup in Egypt. I chose these two cases because the Islamic political bias and activism that shaped the production of news about these two events are symptomatic of the way in which Islamism as a political ideology instrumentalizes news making. Based on newsroom ethnography conducted at an Islamic national mainstream television channel in Turkey between 2011 and 2014, the article demonstrates how Islamism shapes the ways in which Islamic conservative journalists interpreted and articulated the two events in the newsroom, and represented them in news coverage. In this context, journalistic practice gains an ideological character when the journalists utilize journalistic representations as strategic instruments to advance the political agenda of Islamic conservatives against secular forces in Turkey. As the polarization between Islamic and secular groups is based on cultural distinctions, I argue that the political ideology determining journalistic practices is defined not only by party affiliations or socioeconomic class positions but also by the common cultural ways of living and thinking of journalists who work and live as members of a sociocultural group. Islamic ideology serves as a social cement that creates bonds among the IslamicTV journalists as a sociocultural group, and a degree of unity and common purpose in their professional practices.

Literary tourism is a type of tourism that gains importance with visits to real or fictional places, especially to destinations in Europe where writers and their work are associated. It is also of great importance because it ensures that the diversity of tourism is increased and spread throughout the year. Turkey has a very rich literary culture. If its value is fully understood, great gains can be made in the name of literary tourism. Kahramanmaraş is a city with a strong cultural background and many unique values. These lands have produced many poets, writers and bard from past to present. It is the only city in Turkey that has applied to the Creative Cities Network with the theme of literature. The study was carried out through the example of Kahramanmaraş, in order to contribute to the concept of literary tourism and literary tourism practices in the world and in Turkey. In the study, a situation analysis was made by making use of document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods, and the advantages that literary tourism would bring to Kahramanmaraş were revealed. In order to develop literary tourism in Kahramanmaraş, it is important to bring places related to poets and writers to literary tourism in different formats, to make literature museums more functional, to organize literature festivals, and to create literary tourism routes. The development of literary tourism in Kahramanmaraş will contribute greatly to the tourism economy of both the country and the region. Keywords: Geography, Literature, Literature Tourism, Kahramanmaras.

AbstractThis study quantifies the environmental risk of a coal‐fired thermal power plant during operation by using environmental monitoring data, site surveys, and documented evidence. The following criteria are assessed: emissions (CO, SO2, NOx, PM10), impact on aquatic ecosystem (fish protection at cooling water intake and cooling water discharge temperature), and waste management (fly ash and bottom ash). Fuzzy sets were defined for each criterion, taking environmental regulatory context as an expert judgment. A survey was conducted with multiple stakeholders to determine the relative importance of risk factors. The survey results showed that the most concerned risks are SO2and NOxemissions. The proposed method estimates the risk of each environmental criterion separately and then accumulates them into an environmental risk index (ERI). Accordingly, we assessed the Catalagzi coal‐fired power plant, which has been in operation on the Black Sea coast in northwestern Turkey. For this case study, the ERI resulted in a value of 0.78 (on a scale of 0–1), showing high environmental risk to the facility. Moreover, the applicability of the proposed framework was tested in several existing coal‐fired power plants using simultaneous measurements. All studied coal‐fired power plants in Turkey have unacceptable pollutants (PM10, SO2, and NOx) concentration levels indicating high health risk potential. The application of the integrated environmental risk assessment framework showed that new environmental regulations are needed in Turkey to specify more strict emission limits and to monitor CO2, fine particulate matter emissions, cooling water discharge, and fish protection at cooling water intake.

In 1975, the world-famous novelist Yaşar Kemal (1923–2015) undertook a series of journalistic interviews with street children in Istanbul. The series, entitled "Children Are Human" (Çocuklar İnsandır), reflects the author's rebellious attitude as well as the revolutionary spirit of hope in the 1970s in Turkey. Kemal's ethnographic fieldwork with street children criticized the demotion of children to a less-than-human status when present among adults. He approached children's rights from a human rights angle, stressing the humanity of children and that children's rights are human rights. The methodological contribution of this research to the history of children and youth is its engagement with ethnography as historical source. His research provided children the opportunity to express their political subjectivities and their understanding of the major political questions of the time, specifically those of social justice, (in)equality, poverty, and ethnic violence encountered in their everyday interactions with politics in the country. Yaşar Kemal's fieldwork notes and transcribed interviews also bring to light immense injustices within an intersectional framework of age, class, ethnicity, and gender. The author emphasizes that children's political agency and their political protest is deeply rooted in their subordination and misery, but also in their dreams and hopes. Situating Yaşar Kemal's "Children Are Human" in the context of the 1970s in Turkey, I hope to contribute to childhood studies with regard to the political agency of children as well as to the history of public intellectuals and newspapers in Turkey and to progressive representations of urban marginalization.