Suchergebnisse

BACKGROUND. Ukraine belongs to countries with high level of tuberculosis (TB) incidence. Despite measures implemented by the state and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the situation with the spread of TB stays alarming. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Analysis of legal acts, international standards, national reports and other official documents related to TB control was carried out for such countries as the UK, the Netherlands, Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine. RESULTS. All the European countries under consideration are running the DOTS approach (DOTS Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course), recommended by the WHO. The Netherlands and the UK have been using this approach for a long time (since 1970); and in the Netherlands resources are mobilized by the government and NGOs working both on the national and international levels. In Romania, Moldova, and Ukraine DOTS approach is not widely used and is implemented mostly in an adapted form. All the selected countries have national plans for TB control with clearly defined goals and ways to achieve them. However, while implementing TB control policy local features are taken into account: in the UK national policy is adjusted for implementation at the local level, in Moldova there are some local programs of TB control. The UK has introduce case managers for each patient with TB, Romania has the special managers to implement the national TB control program. Ukraine is characterized with fragmentary funding of TB control, lack of coordination mechanisms for the NGOs using international funds, which endangers the overall achievement of the policy goal. Ukraine's legislation contains provisions that interfere with implementation of current strategies to strengthen the health system in general and to improve TB control in particular. Currently, such local features as population mobility, poor coordination of TB control, inadequate attention to spread of TB among HIV-infected, drug resistance inhibit the implementation of internationally recognized standards for TB control in Ukraine. CONCLUSIONS. To adjust the Ukrainian TB control policies according to the European standards, it is needed to review the existing regulatory frameworks, to overcome the perception of HIV and TB as problems, which belong to different services, to strengthen management of TB control, and to implement the transparent financial mechanisms.

The legislative organization of the European Parliament (EP) has far-reaching implications for its ability to solve the democratic deficit problem of the European Union (EU). Recognizing that, this article reviews the literature on the EP organization with a view to consolidating existing knowledge and identifying outstanding research gaps. It calls for a new generation of research to go beyond the congressional theoretical literature and develop theoretical accounts of the EP's internal organizational adaptation in response to its rising legislative powers and the development of true EU bicameralism. Generalizing such accounts can add to broader theories of legislative organization, which have hitherto failed to explicitly incorporate the effect of external (institutional) developments in their predictions.

In his article Dirk Jarre provides an overview on important actors and networks of European civil society and on methods of aggregation and agency of interest, and participation in the political system of the EU. After making clear why civil society is interested in the European integration, Jarre portrays relevant European NGO platforms and networks, analyzes the role and the composition of the European Economic and Social Committee, and traces efforts to develop a "Charter on Civil Society Participation in the European Union". Decisive for the future participation of civil society will be the arrangement of participatory democracy which is described in Article 11 of the EU contract. Adapted from the source document

Introduction -- Family reunification at the time of bilateral agreements and the common market -- Foreigners become enemies : the new immigration approach since the oil crisis of 1973 -- Family reunification between EU moving citizens and third country national family members -- EU static citizens law cases -- Conclusion

This article proposes developing the public bioethics aspect of stewardship and applying it to the EU as 'supra-stewardship', a tool for opening a discursive space for citizen participation in EU preparedness planning. With this in mind the article highlights some of the contours for engagement on the boundaries of responsibility and the production of governance distortions and failures brought out by attention to framing, distribution, vulnerability and learning. This should help citizens to tackle the complementary expert and public rationalities that undermine their involvement, contribute supplementary knowledge towards governance, and help promote institutional learning by the EU and resilience.

This Policy Report focuses on the overland routes that connect China to Europe via Central Asia and it aims to answer the question whether the European Union (EU) should engage China in the One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative. The expansion of the OBOR initiative is forcing China's economic diplomacy to embrace a broader political and security engagement. While Russia and the United States are revising their roles in South and Central Asia, the EU has lost momentum.

This Policy Report focuses on the overland routes that connect China to Europe via Central Asia and it aims to answer the question whether the European Union (EU) should engage China in the One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative. The expansion of the OBOR initiative is forcing China's economic diplomacy to embrace a broader political and security engagement. While Russia and the United States are revising their roles in South and Central Asia, the EU has lost momentum.

English
Borders and borderlands are traditionally seen as barriers. The enlargement of the European Union has changed the nature of borders with some internal borders becoming 'softer' and new external borders 'harder'. This article is a study of the contextual background of transnational collaboration across such changing borders in South East Europe. It identifies trends such as transnational funding programmes and the role of minority ethnic groups, which may change the nature of borders from barriers to bridges.

This review constitutes a part of the Core Organic project 'ProYoungStock' – Promoting young stock and cow health and welfare by natural feeding systems. The overarching aim of the project is to improve young stock rearing systems concerning animal welfare-friendly husbandry, feeding and disease prevention by identifying approaches on different levels. More natural rearing systems are one approach to solve welfare problems in current calf rearing. Previous studies have shown considerable variations in herd characteristics and management strategies between organic dairy farms in Europe. The differences have been associated with regional and national conditions for organic farming. However, it is possible that differences in national legislation also play a part in these variations. Relevant EU and national rules on organic production and animal welfare were compiled in the following seven European countries: Sweden (SE), France (FR), Poland (PL), Germany (DE), Italy (IT), Austria (AT), and Switzerland (CH). The purpose was to provide information on drivers and barriers for cow-calf contact systems in organic dairy production and to identify possible areas for improvement and/or harmonization. Our results did not identify any major barriers in national rules for the use of rearing systems allowing cow-calf contact. Instead, cow-calf contact is promoted by the requirement to feed organic calves preferably maternal milk during the first three months of their life. Specifications regarding calf rearing derives from animal protection legislation rather than regulations of organic farming but milk hygiene regulations can also have an influence on practicability of cow-calf contact. Variations in national legislation can affect details of design and implementation of cow-calf systems, however, other factors (e.g. overall conditions for organic dairy farming, traditions, economics and disease prevention strategies) rather than regulations likely play more important roles.

UID/CPO/04627/2013 PD/BD/106023/2014 ; Skilled immigration has been playing an increasingly central role in the European policies. One of the purposes is to solve the shortage of skilled human resources as well as cope with the demographic challenges. However, several observations in the European context, including third country nationals and individuals born in Eastern Europe, continue to signal obstacles in the recognition of professional qualifications and skills of migrant workers, their underutilization in the labour market and the existence of wage differentials. The professional qualifications and skills attained by migrants, in the country of origin, are simultaneously an element of economic empowerment and distinction. Their formal and informal recognition, or non-recognition, can influence the results obtained not only in accessing the labour market, but also within the market itself. In this sense, recognition, acts as a mechanism that guides immigrants to the different segments of the labour market. In this research we focus on the Portuguese case, since scarcer scientific attention has been given to skilled migrants from peripheral pre-enlargement countries. Recently conducted studies about Portuguese skilled emigrants, particularly on nursing professionals, suggest disparities in status and wages when compared to natives. How to explain these differences? What are the underlying factors and mechanisms? How do they interact? What's the degree of influence of institutional, organizational and social contexts? To answer these questions we adopt an interdisciplinary and a multilevel approach, thus contributing to highlight the articulations of the various factors and mechanisms that produce inequality, between migrants and natives, in the labour market. ; publishersversion ; published

"Gender considerations and civil society are both major issues in the current debate about the implementation of EU development policy. This volume provides a new perspective and focus on the increasingly important issues of gender equality, democracy and participation to explain how they impact on policy. This book will appeal to those interested in the European Union, in EU external relations, gender issues, civil society, and development."--Provided by publisher.

English County Cricket has struggled for a number of years with the problems posed by 'foreign' players. This issue has been magnified by the judgments of the European Court of Justice in the Bosman and, latterly, Kolpak cases. Many 'foreign' players now play first-class cricket in England unrestricted as a result in the regulations adopted by the England and Wales Cricket Board in the light of those judgments. This article contends that cricket may, in fact, be in a position to legitimately exclude such players within the limitations of European Community law. It is argued that the unique structure of professional cricket within the European Union and globally places it in a different legal position to that of more widespread sports, such as football. Similarly it is argued that the internal configuration of cricket means that the protection of development of domestic players as a means of supporting the international team is a legitimate one. This is not least because international cricket provides the bulk of the finance for cricket in England and without this the game at all levels would struggle to be viable. The article contends that the socio-cultural importance of cricket means that discrimination aimed at, and proportionate to, the protection of the international game ought to be considered as lawful. It further argues that such an approach is supported by the existence of other measures aimed at this objective, such as central contracts and the re-structuring of domestic competition. Finally, the article contends that such an approach may be perceived as being valid where it also strives to enhance the game of cricket at a European level.