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AbstractThe failure of the United Nations negotiations on climate change in Copenhagen presents governments with an opportunity to consider new approaches to implementing climate change policy. Developed nations like Canada and Australia continue to fall short of their commitments to Kyoto targets and predict that their greenhouse gas emissions will continue to rise. The planning and development of metropolitan areas continues to promote high levels of consumption and increased dependence on fossil fuel‐based energy. City governments in Vancouver and Melbourne have strong commitments to both mitigation and adaptation policy action against the impact of global warming. Both argue they are constrained in their efforts by federal institutional arrangements and require improved cooperation from other levels of government. This article uses the conceptual framework developed by the OECD to support greater levels of cooperation between governments in multilevel systems when implementing climate change policies. The article examines the contextual factors inherent in the institutional arrangements and uses the experiences of Vancouver and Melbourne to explore the factors that encourage or discourage cooperation in climate change policy.RésuméL'échec de la conférence des Nations Unies à Copenhague sur les changements climatiques offre aux gouvernements l'occasion d'envisager de nouvelles approches de politiques publiques dans ce domaine. Les nations développées telles que le Canada et l'Australie ne tiennent toujours pas leurs engagements sur les objectifs de Kyoto et annoncent que leurs émissions de gaz à effet de serre vont encore croître. L'aménagement et le développement des zones métropolitaines continuent de stimuler la consommation des énergies fossiles, donc la dépendance à leur égard. Les municipalités de Vancouver et de Melbourne se sont fortement impliquées dans des actions publiques visant à atténuer l'impact du réchauffement climatique, ou à s'y adapter. Selon elles, leurs tentatives sont gênées par les dispositifs institutionnels fédéraux, et il faudrait une meilleure coopération avec les autres niveaux de gouvernement. À l'aide du cadre conceptuel élaboré par l'OCDE, cet article défend une coopération accrue entre les gouvernements des systèmes à plusieurs niveaux lorsque sont mises en place des politiques liées à l'évolution du climat. Il étudie les facteurs contextuels inhérents aux dispositifs institutionnels et s'appuie sur les expériences de Vancouver et Melbourne pour examiner les facteurs qui encouragent ou découragent la coopération dans ce domaine d'action publique.

AbstractThis article starts by dealing with the methodological problems involved in analysing the state in post‐socialism and proposes a solution that is subsequently employed in the analysis. It then describes the transformation of the state in the Czech Republic after the fall of Communism in 1989. It investigates the role of the state in the mutual constitution of the state project and the dynamic of capitalist accumulation. It proposes a periodization of dominant state projects and dominant accumulation strategies with respect to their functional adequacy in relation to socio‐economic reproduction. I argue that, in the late 1990s, the Czech Republic experienced a crisis of a specific post‐socialist state regime, or, as I call it, 'the Klausian welfare national state'. This regime co‐constituted a specific growth dynamic called Czech capitalism, which, however, failed to reproduce itself. A state form that is emerging from the search for an alternative is described as the 'Porterian workfare postnational regime' (PWPR). This development marks a moment of convergence in the Visegrad‐Four region. After a period of distinctive national projects, we are witnessing a relative convergence towards the PWPR.RésuméCet article commence par les problèmes de méthodologie que pose l'analyse de l'Etat postsocialiste, avant de proposer une solution elle‐même appliquée à l'analyse qui suit. Il décrit ensuite la transformation de l'Etat, en République tchèque, après la chute du communisme en 1989. Ce faisant, il examine le rôle de l'Etat dans l'élaboration commune du projet étatique et dans la dynamique d'accumulation capitaliste. Une périodisation des projets étatiques dominants et des principales stratégies d'accumulation est proposée en fonction de leur pertinence fonctionnelle par rapport à la reproduction socioéconomique. Vers la fin des années 1990, la République tchèque a subi une crise spécifique à un régime d'Etat postsocialiste que j'appelle 'l'Etat national klausien de protection sociale'. Ce système a bâti conjointement une dynamique de croissance particulière, le capitalisme tchèque, qui n'a toutefois pas assuré sa reproduction. De la recherche d'alternatives, émerge une forme d'Etat désignée comme le 'régime postnational porterien d'allocation conditionnelle' (PWPR, Porterian Workfare Postnational Regime). Cette évolution marque une convergence dans la région des quatre pays de Visegrad: passée une période de projets nationaux distincts, on assiste à un relatif rapprochement dans le sens du PWPR.

During the apartheid era, many South Africans were forcibly relocated to 'bantustans' and other decentralized regions with little economic basis. The only manufacturing employment was provided by industries attracted to the areas by selective incentives and low wages. After the transition to democracy, the remaining incentives were removed and minimum wages were extended to these (previously exempt) areas. This study of workers and managers in the clothing industry in Phuthaditjhaba, the old capital of the QwaQwa homeland, indicates that such developments may exacerbate unemployment and poverty in the region. Taiwanese export‐oriented firms (the largest employers) are most threatened by the changes as they prefer to pay new employees low wages, and then increase them in line with experience and productivity. Falling employment will translate directly into rising poverty as very little welfare support is available for the unemployed in South Africa. Given that people (whether employed or unemployed) consistently rank increases in employment over wage increases, this suggests that minimum wage determination should be particularly sensitive to local conditions and potential employment losses.Pendant le règne de l'apartheid, de nombreux Sud‐Africains ont été réimplantés de force dans les 'bantoustans' ou autres régions décentralisées à faible base économique. Le seul emploi industriel provenait des secteurs attirés dans ces zones par des mesures d'incitation et des salaires avantageux. Après la transition vers la démocratie, les dernières primes ont été supprimées et les salaires minimum étendus à ces régions (jusque lá dispensées). Cette étude des ouvriers et cadres du secteur de l'habillement à Phuthaditjhaba, ancienne capitale du QwaQwa, indique que ces changements sont susceptibles d'aggraver chômage et pauvreté au plan local. Les exportateurs taïwanais (les plus gros employeurs) sont les plus menacés puisqu'ils préfèrent payer peu les nouveaux embauchés, puis les augmenter en fonction de l'expérience et de la productivité. Une chute de l'emploi se traduirait directement par une accentuation de la pauvreté, les chômeurs bénéficiant d'une aide tès limitée en Afrique du Sud. Étant donné que les gens (qu'ils aient un travail ou non) classent systématiquement la progression de l'emploi avant celle des salaires, on peut en déduire que le minimum salarial devrait varier très sensiblement selon le contexte local et les pertes d'emploi potentielles.

Technical networks (transport, telecommunications, energy etc.) possess paradoxical virtues. They produce 'structuring effects' on space, obtaining comparative advantages for the places they serve. But they are ubiquitous factors which also enable a homogenization of space. The myths of deterritorialization and dual space are refuted by empirical analyses of the interaction between networks and territories. Networks 'format' market areas and political territories. They create matrixes which until now were controlled by the public powers. Linked to current transformations – globalization, deregulation – the present mode of development of the technical macro‐systems brings about a telescoping of geographical scales which is having an adverse effect on the historic compromise between networks and territories. The boundaries of traditional political space have become obsolete and an economic rationale in the form of an extension of the technical networks predominates. In order to rediscover their policy‐making capacity, local authorities must pay more attention to controlling the occupation of public space as well as to the design and organization of the networks' hubs. They should encourage the emergence of users as players in the regulation of public utilities so that debates on universal service and territorial equality may be activated.Les réseaux techniques (transport, télécommunication, énergie etc.) sont parés de vertus paradoxales. Ils produiraient des 'effets structurants' sur l'espace, procurant des avantages comparatifs aux lieux desservis. Mais, facteurs d'ubiquité, ils permettraient aussi une homogénéisation de l'espace. Ces mythes de la déterritorialisation et de la dualisation de l'espace sont réfutés par les analyses empiriques des interactions entre réseaux et territoires. Les réseaux 'formatent' des aires de marché et des territoires politiques; ils fabriquent des métriques, dont les pouvoirs publics avaient jusquà présent la maîtrise. Liées aux transformations en cours – globalisation, dérégulation – le mode de développement actuel des macro‐systèmes techniques entraîne un télescopage des échelles géographiques qui met à mal le compromis historique entre réseaux et territoires. Il y a obsolescence des frontières des espaces politiques traditionnels et prédominance de la logique économique dans l'extension des réseaux techniques. Afin de retrouver des capacités d'action, les collectivités locales doivent porter plus d'attention au contrôle de l'occupation de l'espace public ainsi qu'à la conception et à l'organisation des noeuds de réseau. Elles ont aussi à favoriser l'émergence des usagers comme acteurs de la régulation des services en réseau, afin que soient activés les débats sur le service universel et sur l'équité territoriale.

This paper examines the supposed shift from government to governance in the context of land‐use planning in England and indicates some of the problems which surround increased regional autonomy in governmental systems. It is argued that decision‐making processes around land use, especially when they concern conflicts between development and environmental protection, are not easily rendered into the flexible arrangements deemed characteristic of governance. Two case studies in the housing and minerals sectors – presented to illustrate this general argument – show the existence of strong 'strategic lines' which tend to subsume local representations and limit the formation of partnerships. In both cases, the strategic line comes dressed in the language of technical (numerical) forecasts and projections which raises problems for any local opposition to the thrust of the strategy. In conclusion it is argued that although some recasting of the planning regime in each sector is underway this has only served to highlight continuing problems in linking strategy and locality, especially in cases of conflict around land use, which regional governance may not easily alleviate.Cet article examine le prétendu changement du gouvernementà la gouvernance dans le contexte de la planification de l'utilisation du sol en Angleterre et montre certains des problèmes liés à la croissance de l'autonomie régionale dans les systèmes gouvernementaux. Les processus de décision concernant l'utilisation du sol, particulièrement quand ils concernent des conflits entre le développement et la protection de l'environnement, ne sont pas aisément résolus par les arrangements flexibles qui sont dits caractéristiques de la gouvernance. Deux cas d'étude dans les secteurs du logement et des mineraux – présentés afin d'illustrer l'argument général – montrent l'existence de fortes 'strategic lines' qui ont tendance à inclure les représentations locales et qui limitent la formation d'associations. Dans les deux cas, 'the strategic line' prend la forme des prévisions techniques (quantitative) et des projections, ce qui pose des problèmes pour toute opposition locale à la dynamique de la stratégie. En conclusion, bien que certains remaniements soient en cours dans le régime de planification de chaque secteur, ceci n'a servi qu'à souligner les problèmes continus des liens entre la stratégie et la localité, particulièrement en cas de conflit quant à l'utilisation du sol, que la gouvernance régionale risque de ne pas pouvoir résoudre facilement.

With the aim to understand the nature of urban politics and spaces of intermediation in informal settlements in the face of a major infrastructural project in New Delhi, this article is a study of the recent "In-Situ Slum Redevelopment and Rehabilitation Policy in Public-Private Partnership 2019" adopted by the Delhi Development Authority. The first section of the article examines how the policy engages with the contours of state-citizen relations on paper. The second section identifies key actors and networks engaged in the process of mobilization in one of the 32 settlements that are slated to be redeveloped under this policy. I argue that this policy denies an interface between residents and the state during the implementation of a large infrastructural project and, moreover, seeks to 'formalize' the mode of political participation for residents of informal settlements to be redeveloped.

"This book takes an in-depth look at Covid-19-generated societal trends and develops scenarios for possible future directions of urban lifestyles. Drawing on examples from Brazil, China and Israel, and with a particular focus on cities, this book explores the short and long-term changes in individual consumers and citizen behavior as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on extensive market and opinion research data, aggregate data, observational evidence, and news reports, the authors provide a detailed account of the transformations that have occurred as a result of a triple shock of public health emergency, economic shutdown, and social isolation. They also examine which of these behavioral changes are likely to become permanent and consider whether this may ultimately promote or restrain sustainable lifestyle choices. Innovative and timely, this book will be of great interest to students, scholars, and professionals researching and working in the areas of sustainable consumption, urban and land use planning, and public health"--

AbstractThe paper describes the historical development of metropolitan planning and administration in Metro Manila, and identifies five major problems: the sectoral isolation of planning; the inadequate involvement of local government; inadequacies in planning methods; weaknesses in the system of resource management; and institutional fragmentation. The development of the Capital Investment Folio process, its institutional framework and the main characteristics and results of applying the approach are described. The benefits and lessons which have emerged are then set out and their possible application elsewhere discussed. The main achievements of CIF are progress towards a rational system of urban planning; the generation of consensus within government about Manila's investment strategy; a more widespread appreciation of opportunity costs; and a new understanding of how to plan under conditions of uncertainty. It remains for CIF to be integrated into the national resource allocation process, and to be fully accepted by national government agencies. Local government still needs to be positively involved in the planning process.

La situación problemática elegida es el déficit y regularización habitacional existente en sectores poblacionales con situación de pobreza e indigencia en Córdoba Capital. Para analizar el problema a nivel ciudad, se toma un caso a nivel barrial que presenta una variedad de matices y puede dar pautas para entender la problemática a mayor escala: déficit y regularización habitacional en asentamiento "General Savio". Se propone un análisis desde distintos enfoques desarrollados en la Maestría en Gestión y Desarrollo Habitacional, tomando como punto de partida la formulación de un plan que solucione el déficit habitacional de 900 familias, como plataforma para lograr su desarrollo integral como comunidad e incorporación a la trama social y urbana. El modelo de gestión se basa en la participación activa, el consenso en las propuestas y soluciones; y la responsabilidad compartida en la toma de decisiones. En la práctica, el proceso de gestión depende principalmente del marco político y la voluntad de llevar adelante el proyecto. Es por ello que los resultados obtenidos no pretenden ser la expresión del "proyecto ideal", sino un producto cuya riqueza está basada en ser parte de todos los actores3 que realizaron su aporte para la elaboración y puesta en ejecución real, con las herramientas disponibles y factibles en el momento histórico que nos toca como protagonistas. Finalmente, el producto obtenido (empírico y pragmático) es el corolario de un Proceso de Gestión. ; The problem chosen for the project is the current housing deficit and regularization among some sectors of poor and extremely poor populations in Cordoba Capital. The nuanced case at neighborhood level that was selected for analysis could help to understand the problem at a larger scale: housing deficit and regularization in General Savio settlement. In response to the interest of 900 families in the implementation of a plan to solve their housing deficit, the analysis will be used as a platform to achieve comprehensive community development and their incorporation to the urban and social fabric. This management model is based on active participation, agreed-upon proposals and solutions, and shared responsibility in decision-making. In practice, this management process mainly depends on the political framework and will. Its results do not seek to be the expression of an "ideal project", but the result of the participation of all stakeholders, with the tools that are available and feasible at this particular moment in history. Finally, the product that is to be attained is empirical and pragmatic, and is the corollary of a management process

Social History and urban planning History combine in this text in order to contribute to the knowledge of the neighbourhood movement in Valladolid (Spain) in the period of its birth and greatest development (1970-1995). The perspective adopted axes on the concept of the "right to the city", coined by Henri Lefebvre in 1968, and focuses the study of the conflicts hold for neighbourhood organisations face to municipal governments in the process of conquest of participation ability in all kinds of decisions on the city. The most of the sources are the local daily press, but also archival and bibliographical documents. Three periods characterised by the general climate of relations between the neighbourhood movement and the City Council structure the content of the paper, separated by two turning points: the municipal elections of 1979 and a deep rupture in 1986. The analysis shows, in one hand, continuities and changes in the role played by the neighbourhood movement in Valladolid as a "stakeholder" (in the Lefebvrian sense of the term). In the other hand, it identifies some effective conditioning factors and limitations in the conquest of the right to the city. ; La historia social se articula con la historia urbanística en este texto para contribuir al conocimiento del movimiento vecinal de Valladolid en el periodo de su nacimiento y mayor desarrollo (1970-1995). La perspectiva adoptada tiene su eje en el concepto de "derecho a la ciudad" (H. Lefebvre,1968) y pone el foco del estudio sobre los conflictos sostenidos por las organizaciones vecinales con los gobiernos municipales en el proceso de conquista de la participación en las decisiones de todo orden sobre la ciudad. Las fuentes empleadas son, en su mayor parte, la prensa diaria local, pero también documentos de archivo y bibliográficos. El contenido del artículo se estructura en tres periodos caracterizados por el clima general de relaciones entre el movimiento vecinal y el Ayuntamiento, con dos puntos de inflexión en las elecciones municipales de 1979 y en una profunda ruptura acontecida en 1986. Se muestran así las continuidades y los cambios en el papel desempeñado por el movimiento vecinal vallisoletano como "interesado" (H. Lefebvre, 1967) en la transformación de la ciudad a lo largo del periodo estudiado y se identifican, desde el análisis de esa experiencia histórica, algunos condicionamientos y limitaciones efectivos en la conquista del derecho a la ciudad.

Sustainability indicators are among the tools used to help towns and cities inform and evaluate their sustainable development strategies. Research into sustainability indicators has mostly targeted large cities and developed countries. Little is known of the role of sustainability indicators in pursuing sustainability by smaller towns, notably in developing countries. Nevertheless, small towns are home to a majority of the population in most developing countries. Their governments, in the meantime, are typically highly constrained when it comes to available staff and resources, also when it comes to using sustainability indicators. This study into seven Thai municipalities investigates how the Thailand Sustainable Cities Indicators' (TSCI) is prioritized, used, and translated into local impact. While explicitly connecting to the TSCI, the investigation ends with some key considerations upon its use, coping strategies, and how improvement may be pursued. The results show that the TSCI is making an impact, albeit not necessarily as structured or clear as the UN might have envisioned. The study illustrates empirical evidence of problems and limitations small municipalities are facing and reveals the creative efforts of small municipalities in coping with such issues. Small municipalities are found to be limited in terms of instrumental uses, while a much more nuanced picture emerges when it comes to conceptual use. Furthermore, some general clues to improve how it might be used locally are also suggested.

Papers from practice ; The title suggests that this paper might produce a form of balance sheet with a list of 'Goals Achieved ' on one side and 'Opportunities Lost' on the other and the summing up of both lists would indicate whether the operation of the planning system over the last forty years could be judged a 'Success ' or a ' Failure' . However, such an assessment is inherently more complex. There has been constant change in the social, cultural, economic and demographic sphere - sometimes massive and sometimes going in contrary directions, as well as administration changes, change in values, slumps and booms, stop and go, even climate change. Accordingly, the exciting task of identifying and agreeing on a wide range of meaningful goals or opportunities and the evaluation of whether these are either goals achieved or opportunities lost would require a lengthier examination. What I aim to do, therefore, is to try and identify what the Government at the time hoped to achieve with the 'Physical Planning System' that was to be established and underpinned by the Local Government (Planning and Development) Act 1963. What were their Goals in this new endeavour? As to whether these Goals were achieved or not, I hope to offer some personal thoughts. In looking at, and seeking to evaluate, the Goals identified, I believe it is also necessary to try and get some understanding of the life and times in Ireland in the fIfties and early sixties as they are so vastly different from those that followed and from those of today's - post- Celtic Tiger - Ireland.

This thesis contends that Urban Artifacts of Pathological Permanence, as defined by Aldo Rossi, are dead not only because of the inability of their form to allow for a new use, but because of other multiple variables. Being born with a disadvantageous Form is only the beginning of a series of possible illnesses; which flourish out of the vulnerability caused by the death of the political idea that brought forth the Urban Artifact's Form in its original conception. The death of the political idea leaves the Urban Artifact with a dubious raison d'etre. The Form has then to be able to appropriate and reinvent its preceding morphological development in order to create a sense of Autonomy. Similar to the way adolescents deviate from their parent's ideas as they walk into adulthood.

Despite Nigeria's abundant oil, gas and other natural resources, the experience of the majority of its population in rural areas has been, and still is, one of abject poverty. Nigerians remain poor because of the failure of successive governments to manage the country's enormous wealth effectively. Although poverty is equally widespread in urban areas, poor economic and social policies have aggravated the extent of poverty in rural areas. This article utilises a historical analysis technique to examine the nature of rural poverty in Nigeria and also the failure of the government's poverty-reduction strategies. Information was sourced from previous studies, reports of government agencies and institutions, the World Bank, and relevant journals articles. The researchers have found that the limited understanding of the nature of poverty, and the failure to engage the rural poor and the wider community in decision-making processes, especially relating to poverty analysis, have been important factors that have contributed to the failure of past poverty-reduction strategies in the country. The researchers come to the conclusion that involving the poor is placing them at the centre of their own development process.

ABSTRACTStagnation and a failure to break out of a subsistence‐oriented type of production continue to characterize the agricultural sector in Western Samoa. The lack of dynamism in agriculture has variously been ascribed to subsistence affluence and limited wants, the inhibiting impact of fa'asamoa – the Samoan way of life – and, more recently, to the effects of migration, remittances, aid and bureaucracy on economic development. This article suggests that the explanatory power of these factors by themselves is unsatisfactory. Instead, it argues that an absence of secure market outlets offering predictable and sufficiently attractive prices to farmers and the lack of rural‐urban links in general are at the heart of the problem. The economy seems to be caught in a vicious circle where farmers fail to commit themselves to production for the market because of a lack of secure outlets, while adequate downstream distribution and processing channels do not develop for lack of secure supplies. The interchangeable nature of commercial and subsistence production in agriculture, widespread access to overseas remittances, and the smallness of the domestic economy serve to perpetuate the deadlock.