Suchergebnisse

Address before the Royal united service institution, London, Nov. 22, 1950.

German population trends show continued demographic decline and ageing. This can be explained by changes in fertility, mortality and immigration rates. Low fertility leads to smaller numbers of infants every year, which, compounded by low mortality and, consequently, larger numbers of elderly, shifts the population ratio. Incoming migrants used to counterbalance this ratio but this is no longer sufficient to replace youth not born in Germany. This article explores direct and indirect policy solutions to the demographic changes on the state, societal and regional levels.

[.] In view of this development of fiscal federalism in Germany, this chapter provides an overview of the components of fiscal federalism in Germany. After providing a brief characterization of the country, we discuss the division of fiscal powers, the possibilities for the different levels of government to generate revenues, and the system of intergovernmental transfers. Besides describing the current situation, we discuss how the latest reform act will change these dimensions of fiscal federalism from 2020 onwards.

"This chapter reviews the current state of German family policy with a special focus on rights and obligations. It identifies the peculiarities of family policies in the formerly socialist East and in the conservative-familist West. German unification merged two contrasting models of family policy: the East German dual-earner model and the West German male breadwinner model. While family policy in East Germany expected both mothers and fathers to work full-time, West German family policy was based on ideas of different but equal and complementary gender roles. East Germany employed measures to increase fertility rates and support having children. Pre-unification West Germany, in contrast, had continuously rejected pro-natalism. The authors will argue that unified Germany is heading towards a third policy model that has more in common with the East German model than the family policy model of former West Germany. Sustainable family policy (Nachhaltige Familienpolitik), as this third model has been called by politicians, conceives of children as society's future assets; it seeks to encourage childbearing by supporting parents to balance work and family responsibilities, and attempts to reduce child poverty by increasing maternal employment." (author's abstract)

"This chapter reviews the current state of German family policy with a special focus on rights and obligations. It identifies the peculiarities of family policies in the formerly socialist East and in the conservative-familist West. German unification merged two contrasting models of family policy: the East German dual-earner model and the West German male breadwinner model. While family policy in East Germany expected both mothers and fathers to work full-time, West German family policy was based on ideas of different but equal and complementary gender roles. East Germany employed measures to increase fertility rates and support having children. Pre-unification West Germany, in contrast, had continuously rejected pro-natalism. The authors will argue that unified Germany is heading towards a third policy model that has more in common with the East German model than the family policy model of former West Germany. Sustainable family policy (Nachhaltige Familienpolitik), as this third model has been called by politicians, conceives of children as society's future assets; it seeks to encourage childbearing by supporting parents to balance work and family responsibilities, and attempts to reduce child poverty by increasing maternal employment." (author's abstract).