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The contemporary media landscape invites us to experience a belonging to various distant places, mourn the victims of faraway disasters, expose ourselves to foreign cultures and engage in political issues in places far from our local context of living. In other words, we are invited to become citizens of the world – cosmopolitans. But are we? And if so, how is such cosmopolitanism expressed in a given society, under what social conditions, and in relation to what media practices? Contemporary social theory depicts a global or cosmopolitan mode of orienting in the world as paradigmatic of social life in global modernity. To date, little is known about the structural realities of such orientations. Against this backdrop, the aim of the present study is to understand the potentially "cosmopolitan" character of peoples' outlooks and practices, and the societal conditions in which they can be identified. On the one hand, the aim of the study is to contribute to the largely theoretical accounts of the "cosmopolitan" character of social life in present times, andon the other, to understand the specific role of various media practices in the process generally described as "cosmopolitanization". Results yielded by a national survey deployed in Sweden (n = 1 025) show that the distribution of various cosmopolitan dispositions abides by logics of social stratification. In tandem with previous research, cosmopolitanism – when studied "from below" – has a tendency to emerge in more privileged spheres of society. Being "connected" and simply living in a potentially global media landscape does not nullify this pattern. Contrary to significant parts of popular and scholarly conviction, the media is no uniform, all-encompassing environment operating as a force of cosmopolitanization across all social strata. The results of this study point towards a "mediatized cosmopolitanism" that is impossible to disentangle from social context and the power dynamics pertaining to that context. ; Det samtida medielandskapet tillåter oss att känna tillhörigheter till en mängd olika platser, sörja offer för katastrofer i fjärran länder, exponera oss för främmande kulturella uttryck och engagera oss i politiska frågor rörande platser långt bortom vårt lokala sammanhang. Vi tycks med andra ord bli inbjuda att bli världsmedborgare – kosmopoliter. Men är vi det? Hur uttrycks i sådana fall kosmopolitismen i ett givet samhälle - under vilka förhållanden och i relation till vilka mediepraktiker? Samtida samhällsvetenskaplig teori framställer ett globalt-, eller kosmopolitiskt förhållningsssätt som paradigmatiskt för det sociala livet i den globala moderniteten. Dock finns inte tillräckligt underlag för att förstå den strukturella verkligheten kring sådana förhållningssätt. Mot den bakgrunden är syftet med föreliggande studie att förstå den potentiellt sett "kosmopolitiska" karaktären på människors förhållningssätt och praktiker och de förhållanden i vilka sådana orienteringar kommer till uttryck. Således är syftet å ena sidan att bidra empiriskt till teoretiska beskrivningar av vår kosmopolitiska samtid. Å andra sidan söker studien också förstå den specifika rollen av olika mediepraktiker i relation till den process som beskrivits som "kosmopolitaniseringen". Resultat från en nationell enkätundersökning i Sverige (n = 1 025) visar på en social stratifiering av kosmopolitiska orienteringar. I linje med tidigare forskning påvisar föreliggande studie att kosmopolitism studerad "underifrån" har en tendens att framförallt komma till uttryck i mer priviligierade samhällssfärer. Att vara "sammanlänkad" och helt enkelt leva i ett potentiellt sett globalt medielandskap motverkar inte den tendensen. I motsats till både populära och akademiska utsagor utgör inte medierna en unison och allomfattande miljö som sätter igång en process av kosmopolitanisering i alla samhällets skikt. Studiens resultat pekar istället mot en "medialiserad kosmopolitism" som är omöjlig att förstå utan att ta hänsyn till sitt sociala sammanhang och de maktförhållanden som råder i det sammanhanget.

Aims The aim of this thesis was to describe out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) due to drowning from the following angles. In Paper I: To describe the characteristics of OHCA due to drowning and evaluate factors of importance for survival. In Paper II: To describe lifesaving skills and CPR competence among surf lifeguards. In Paper III: To describe the characteristics of interventions performed by the Swedish fire and rescue services (SFARS) and evaluate survival with or without rescue diving units. In Paper IV: To describe the prevalence of possible confounders for death due to drowning. In Paper V: To describe changes in characteristics and survival over time and again to evaluate factors of importance for survival Methods Papers I and III-V are based on retrospective register data from the Swedish OHCA Register reported by Emergency Medical Service (EMS) clinicians between 1990-2011. In addition, in Paper III, the data have been analysed and compared with the SFARS database for rescue characteristics. In Paper IV, the data have been compared with those of the National Board of Forensic Medicine (NBFM). Paper II is a descriptive study of 40 surf lifeguards evaluating delay and CPR quality as peformed on a manikin. Results Survival in OHCA due to drowning is about 10% and does not differ significantly from OHCA with a cardiac aetiology. The proportion of witnessed cases was low. Survival appears to increase with a short EMS response time, i.e. early advanced life support. Surf lifeguards perform CPR with sustained high quality, independent of prior physical strain. In half of about 7,000 drowning calls, there was need for a water rescue by the fire and rescue services. Among the OHCA in which CPR was initiated, a majority were found floating on the surface. Rescue diving took place in a small percentage of all cases. Survival when using rescue divers did not differ significantly from drownings where rescue diving units were not used. No survivors were found after >15 minutes of submersion in warm water. After submersion in cold water, survival with a good neurological outcome was extended. Among 2,166 autopsied cases of drowning, more than half were judged as accidents and about one third as intentional suicide cases. Among accidents, 14% were found to have a cardiac aetiology, while the corresponding figure among suicides was 0%. In a 20-year follow-up of OHCA due to drowning in Sweden, both bystander CPR and early survival to hospital admission are increasing. The proportion of cases alive after one month has not changed significantly during the period. Conclusions Survival from OHCA due to drowning is low. A reduction in the EMS response time appears to have high priority, i.e. early ALS is important. The quality of CPR among surf lifeguards appear to be high and not affected by prior physical strain. In all treated OHCA cases, the majority were found at the surface and survival when rescue diving took place did not appear to be poorer than in non-rescue diving cases. In a minor proportion of cases, cardiac disease could be a confounder for death due to drowning. Bystander CPR in OHCA due to drowning has increased over a 20-year period and the proportion of early survivors to hospital admission is increasing. We speculate that our studies were underpowered with regard to the opportunity adequately to assess the effects of bystander CPR on survival to hospital discharge. A uniform Swedish definition of drowning based on the recommended international terms should be implemented throughout Swedish authorities and health care, in order to enhance the quality of data and improve the potential for future research. ; Disputationen sker Fredagen den 20 September 2013, kl. 13.00 Sahlgrens aula, Blå stråket 5, Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhuset, Göteborg.

The article presents a study that is based on the statistical analysis of the data from the university institutional repository, on the analysis of the university documents regulating the publishing of research results, interviews with the policy makers in the university and with active researchers, as well as the analysis of the survey data collected from the research staff. The problem that the study holds in focus was introduction and perception of open access pu­blishing among researchers. This problem was related to the general publishing policy in Swedish universities and the policies of research funding on the national and institutional levels. The actual study was carried out as a case study of a medium regional university in Sweden. The uni­versity holds research rights in several research areas and supports open access through institutional publishing policy. The study included several methods that helped providing answers to the following questions: What are the provisions of the University management that lead to the formulation of the policy requirements for publishing research results?What is the impact of publishing policies on the actual publication of research results?How do the researchers perceive the publishing policy of the University, the require­ments and open access?What do the researchers know about the functions of the institutional repository at the University and the repository data quality problems?The results of the study show that the publishing policy of the university seeks to in­crease the visibility of the university in scholarly communication, create open access to the research results of the university and improve the quality of published documents. It also emphasizes the responsibility of researchers for the quality of publications and the data that represents them. The knowledge of the university researchers about the publication processes and the potential of open access, about the consequences of the transfer of copyright to publishers or other processes related to modern scholarly communication is rather limited. Though their attitu­des towards open access are positive, the responsibility of a researcher for implementation of open access and the quality of the data or documents accessible through it is not recognized. Successful implementation of the publishing policies in the university require continued information literacy education for researchers and increased consultations about publishing changes. This could become a natural extension of library functions related to both its work with institutional repository and information literacy. ; Vilniaus universiteto Knygotyrosir dokumentotyros institutasUniversiteto g. 3, LT-01513 Vilnius, LietuvaŠvedijos bibliotekininkystės ir informacijos mokslomokykla, Buroso universitetasHögskolan i Borås, SE-501 90 Borås, SverigeEl. paštas: elena.maceviciute@gmail.comŠvedijos bibliotekininkystės ir informacijos mokslomokykla, Buroso universitetasHögskolan i Borås, SE-501 90 Borås, SverigeEl. paštas: wilsontd@gmail.com Straipsnyje aprašomas tyrimas grindžiamas statistine institucinės talpyklos duomenų bazės ir reglamentuojančiųjų universiteto dokumentų analize, interviu su universiteto vadovais ir aktyviais mokslininkais duomenimis bei universiteto mokslininkų atsakymų į anketą analize. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad Švedijos universiteto leidybinė politika orientuojama į kuo didesnį universiteto matomumą mokslinėje komunikacijoje, atvirosios prieigos kūrimą ir per ją prieinamų dokumentų kokybės užtikrinimą bei mokslinin­kų atsakomybės už leidinių ir duomenų apie juos kokybę didinimą. Tačiau tiriamo universiteto mokslininkų žinios apie leidybos procesus, atvirosios prieigos galimybes, autorių teisių perdavimo pasekmes bei kitus su šiuolaiki­ne moksline komunikacija susijusius procesus bei reiškinius yra gana ribotos. Norint sėkmingai įgyvendinti universiteto leidybinės politikos nuostatas, būtina mokslininkus nuolat šviesti ir konsultuoti šiais klausimais. Tai galėtų būti natūrali universiteto bibliotekos funkcija, pratęsianti jos darbą su insti­tucine talpykla bei informacinio raštingumo ugdymu.

Dieser Beitrag wurde durch die zahlreichen Übereinstimmungen zwischen der genderspezifischen Wohlfahrtsstaatsforschung und der Bevölkerungsforschung im Bezug auf die Determinanten der Fertilität angeregt. Der erste Teil dieses Beitrages befasst sich mit einer Reihe von Reproduktionstheorien vor dem Hintergrund der These des genderspezifischen Wohlfahrtsstaates. Eine zentrale Parallele zwischen diesen beiden Theorien ist die Tatsache, dass bei der Analyse von Work-Life-Choices schwerpunktmäßig eine Politik untersucht wird, die eine Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie ermöglicht. Folglich nimmt man an, dass sich die informelle Betreuung nachteilig auf die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf auswirkt, ebenso wie man von homogenen Präferenzen seitens der Frauen ausgeht, also voraussetzt, dass alle Frauen Beruf und Familie miteinander verbinden wollen. Dieser Ansatz trägt jedoch der informellen Betreuung sowie der Heterogenität der Frauen nicht genügend Rechnung, weder im Hinblick auf ihre Präferenzen noch in Bezug auf ihr Verhalten. Um diese Lücken zu schließen, wird im zweiten Teil dieses Beitrages ein neuer Rahmen zur Analyse der Work-Life-Choices von Frauen ausgearbeitet. Der vorgestellte Analyserahmen legt ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die Art und Weise der Förderung oder Durchsetzung formeller sowie informeller Betreuungsformen in verschiedenen Wohlfahrtsstaaten, ebenso wie auf die Auswirkungen einer solchen Förderung auf die Entscheidungen der Frauen. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt liegt außerdem auf der Heterogenität der Frauen, sowohl im Hinblick auf ihre Präferenzen als auch in Bezug auf ihr Verhalten. Das Hauptargument besagt, dass sich die heterogenen Präferenzen von Frauen in verschiedenen Wohlfahrtsstaatstypen auf unterschiedliche Weise zu unterschiedlichen Lebensverlaufsstrategien (in puncto Beruf und Familie) hinentwickeln, da die jeweiligen Lebensstilstrategien durch die Familienpolitik in unterschiedlichem Maß gefördert oder verhindert werden. Infolgedessen differieren die Zahlen der Frauen, die sich für eine bestimmte Strategie entscheiden, ebenso wie die Fertilitätsniveaus zwischen den Wohlfahrtsstaaten. Außerdem wird angenommen, dass sich die Haushaltsressourcen auf die Entscheidungen auswirken. Die vorgebrachte These wird anhand aktueller Daten zur Familienpolitik, zu Beschäftigungsmustern sowie zur Fertilität von Frauen in den sozialdemokratischen (Dänemark, Finnland, Norwegen, Schweden), konservativen (Österreich, Belgien, Frankreich, Deutschland, Griechenland, Italien, die Niederlande, Portugal, Spanien) sowie den liberalen Wohlfahrtsstaaten (Australien, Kanada, Irland, GB und die USA) aufgezeigt. Darüber hinaus beinhaltet dieser Beitrag eine Neuinterpretation der Ergebnisse in Bezug auf die Zusammenhänge zwischen der Familienpolitik und der Erwerbstätigkeit sowie Fertilität von Frauen vor dem Hintergrund des hierin vorgestellten Rahmens. ; This paper is inspired by the many similarities between gendered welfare state research and demographic research on the determinants of fertility. The first part of the paper discusses some of the theories on childbearing in the light of the gendered welfare state theory. One important similarity between these two genres is that when work-life choices are studied, the emphasis is on policies which enable women to reconcile employment and family. Support for informal care is accordingly treated as having a negative influence on work-life compatibility, and women are moreover assumed to have homogeneous preferences, i.e., they are supposed to want to combine work and family. However, such an approach does not pay sufficient attention to informal care and to heterogeneity among women, either when it comes to preferences or to behaviour. To address these gaps, in the second part of the paper a new framework to analyse women's work-life choices is developed. The suggested framework gives considerable attention to the way in which formal as well as informal care is supported or enforced in different welfare states and the consequences such support has on women's decision making. Moreover, heterogeneity among women is emphasised, both in preferences and when it comes to behaviour. The central argument is that women's heterogeneous preferences transform differently to different lifestyle career strategies (with regard to employment and childbearing) in different welfare state settings, as each lifestyle strategy is encouraged or discouraged by family policy to differing degrees. Hence, the number of women who choose a particular strategy, as well as the level of fertility, varies between the welfare states. In addition, household resources are assumed to influence the choices that are being made. The argument that is put forward is illustrated with recent data on family policy, women's employment patterns and fertility in the social-democratic (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden), conservative (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain) and liberal welfare states (Australia, Canada, Ireland, the UK, the USA). Moreover, a reinterpretation of the findings on the relationship between family policy, female employment and fertility is provided in the light of the framework outlined.

A political battle is being waged over the use and control of culture and information. While media companies and copyright organisations argue for stricter intellectual property laws, a growing body of citizens and netizens challenge the contemporary Intellectual property-regime. Lately this has resulted in what could be described as a political mobilisation of piracy. This is maybe most evident in the formation of pirate parties that see themselves as a digital civil rights movement defending the public domain and the citizen's right to privacy against copyright expansionism and increased surveillance. Since the first pirate party was formed in Sweden in 2006, similar parties have spread across the world, from USA to Australia. This presentation draws on a study of the culture and ideology of copyright resistance which involves a series of interviews with representatives of pirate parties in USA and Canada. The study looks into what ideas, ideals and aspirations motivate active pirate party members in North America and how this relates to traditional values of a modern, democratic society such as freedom of speech, respect for private property and the public access to culture and information. This presentation focuses particularly on the role of democracy and citizenship in pirate politics. It discusses how the pirate ideology envisions the relationship between the citizen and society in a time when digital technology rapidly and radically changes the conditions for political and social agency and participation. Does a movement that relies so much on global networking and sees the principles of swarm intelligence and open source collaboration as the future of democracy also convey a relationship between the citizen and the state? How would, in that case, such a pirate citizen be defined and situated, and how does it relate to old conceptions of citizenship and existing political institutions? ; Table of Contents Introduction The Citizen in the 21 st Century James Arvanitakis and Ingrid Matthews Part 1: Global Citizenship and the Nation State 21 st Century Citizen Networks in Complex States: Shall We Dance or Play Tug-of-War? Eugene G. Kowch Nomos Beyond the Earth Josh Entsminger Israeli Narratives to the Diaspora and the Construction of an Unequal Diasporic Citizenship Shahar Burla Arendtian Deliberation on the Decline of Political Public Space: The Case of Postwar Japanese Citizenship Yaya Mori Multiple Nationality and the (Ab)Use of Citizenship: Identity Opportunity and Risk Anna Tsalapatanis Part 2: Migrant Citizens and Non-Citizens Migrating Rights Laurie Berg Asian Democracy and the Problem of Membership: Rules of Exception and 'Legitimate' Discrimination against Migrants in South Korea Sohoon Lee Expanding the Citizen in Multicultural Policymaking Rimi Khan Universalising Citizenship as Identity? Identity Liberalism and the Paradox of Universalism Francis Luong Part 3: Leadership, Membership, Belonging: Young Citizens in the 21 st Century Expanding Citizenship: Expanding Our Understanding Mitra Gusheh and Anna Powell Teaching and Learning Citizenship: From the Margins to the Centre Ingrid Matthews 'The Kids Are Alright, It's Just Youth in Trouble': Re-Thinking Civic Competence through a Presence Model of Youth Citizenship Identity Jennifer Upchurch Part 4: Environmental Citizenship Environment and Citizenship: Rethinking What It Means to Be a Citizen in the 21 st Century Benito Cao Environmental Citizenship: A Case Study of the Global Young Greens Alex Surace and Amy Tyler Practicing an Individual Ethics of Sustainability Chris Riedy Part 5: Empowering the 21 st Century Citizen Engagement and Citizenship: Universities in the Contemporary World James Arvanitakis and Bob Hodge An Open Source Project for Politics: Visions of Democracy and Citizenship in American Pirate Parties Martin Fredriksson A 21 st Century Citizen in a Brave New Republic Spike Boydell Conclusion The 21 st Century Citizen and Beyond Ingrid Matthews and James Arvanitakis

Заріцька Я.О. Зарубіжний досвід реалізації програмно-цільового планування на державному рівні.Досліджено закордонний досвід використання та реалізації програмно-цільового планування на державному рівні. Визначено моделі державного регулювання економіки, які об'єднані за територіальною ознакою: європейська, представниками якої є Франція, Німеччина, Швеція та ін.; азіатська, пов'язана з Японією, Південною Кореєю і американська модель – США, Канада. Розглянуто еволюцію програмно-цільового бюджетування в США. Виділено наступні етапи: 1) Програмно-цільовий бюджет Performance Budget, 1949-1962р. 2) В 1962 р. система розподілу ресурсів за цілями (Planning – Programming – Budgeting), яка дозволяла порівнювати альтернативні способи виконання поставлених завдань і вибирати найкращий. 3) Управління по цілям – Management by Objectives (МВО), результат - підвищення відповідальності всіх співробітників міністерств за досягнення цілей, що стоять перед їх організацією. 4) Розробка бюджету на нульовій основі – Zero-Based Budgeting (ZВВ). 5) Державний закон «Про оцінку результатів діяльності державних установ» – Government Performance Results Act (GPRA), прийнятий в 1993 р. Особливості загальнодержавного економічного планування в Японії в тому, що розробляються довгострокові державні програми, відомі як комплексні плани національного розвитку. Вони формально не є законами, а містять прогнози та рекомендації уряду. Проаналізовано використання в США інструменту централізованого планування, як державне замовлення.Зарицкая Я.А. Зарубежный опыт реализации программно-целевого планирования на государственном уровне.Исследован заграничный опыт использования и реализации программно-целевого планирования на государственном уровне. Определены модели государственного регулирования экономики, которые объединены по территориальному признаку: европейская, представителями которой является Франция, Германия, Швеция и др.; азиатская, связанная с Японией, Южной Кореей и американская модель - США, Канада. Рассмотрена эволюция программно-целевого бюджетирования в США. Выделены следующие этапы: 1) Программно-целевой бюджет Performance Budget, 1949-1962р. 2) В1962 г. система распределения ресурсов за целями (Planning - Programming - Budgeting), которая позволяла сравнивать альтернативные способы выполнения поставленных заданий и выбирать наилучший. 3) Управление по целям - Management by Objectives (МВО), результат - повышение ответственности всех сотрудников министерств за достижение целей, которые стоят перед их организацией. 4) Разработка бюджета на нулевой основе - Zero - Based Budgeting (ZВВ). 5) Государственный закон «Об оценке результатов деятельности государственных учреждений» - Government Performance Results Act (GPRA), принятый в1993 г. Особенности общегосударственного экономического планирования в Японии в том, что разрабатываются долгосрочные государственные программы, известные как комплексные планы национального развития. Они формально не являются законами, а содержат прогнозы и рекомендации правительства. Проанализировано использование в США инструмента централизованного планирования, как государственный заказ.Zaritska Y. Foreign experience of implementation of program planning at the national level. Foreign experience of use and realization of program and target planning at the state level is investigated. Models of state regulation of economy which are integrated on a territorial sign are defined: European which representatives are France, Germany, Sweden, etc.; Asian, connected with Japan, South Korea and the American model - the USA, Canada. Evolution of program and target budgeting in the USA is considered. The following stages are allocated: 1) Program and target budget of Performance Budget, 1949-1962. 2) In 1962 system of distribution of resources behind the purposes (Planning - Programming - Budgeting) this allowed to compare alternative ways of performance of the put tasks and to choose the best. 3) Management on the purposes - Management by Objectives (MBO), result - increase of responsibility of all staff of the ministries for achievement of the objectives which face their organization. 4) Development of the budget on a zero basis - Zero - Based Budgeting (ZBB). 5) The state law "About an Assessment of Results of Activity of Public Institutions" - Government Performance Results Act (GPRA) adopted in 1993. Features of nation-wide economic planning in Japan that the long-term state programs known as comprehensive plans of national development are developed. They formally aren't laws, and contain forecasts and government recommendations. The use in the USA of instrument of the centralized planning, as government order, is analyzed.

Трендом современной регуляторики и ее ядра — оценки регулирующего воздействия (ОРВ) — является не отказ от регулирования в пользу рынка, а детальная оценка и рациональный выбор вариантов регулятивных мер. В 2010 г. была провозглашена ориентация на «умное регулирование» («smart regualtion»), состоящее из трех компонентов: 1) комплексной системы ОРВ на всех этапах государственно управленческого цикла — от проектирования актов, принятия решений до ретроспективной расчистки и упрощения действующего законодательства; 2) институтов кооперации исполнительных, законодательных и контрольных органов; 3) инструментов участия групп интересов и граждан, в том числе увеличения срока публичных консультаций. Авторы считают, что существует и четвертый элемент системы — переход от «министериальной» организационной модели ОРВ к модели советов по оптимизации регулирования (далее — Советов) при центральном уровне власти. По этому пути уже пошли и развитые страны, такие как Великобритания, Германия, Нидерланды, Швеция, и страны с переходной экономикой (Мексика, Чехия). Таким образом, для улучшения регуляторики уже недостаточно существующих департаментов ОРВ в отдельных министерствах — переход полномочий в области ОРВ на более высокий уровень является неотъемлемой характеристикой «умного регулирования», что необходимо учитывать при институциональном проектировании в странах с переходной экономикой. Международный опыт работы Советов послужил для экспертов «Стратегии-2020» отправной точкой для разработки концепции создания Национального совета по совершенствованию правового регулирования предпринимательской и инвестиционной деятельности — специализированного органа, не встроенного в систему внутриведомственных согласований и подотчетного Президенту РФ. Суть данной идеи состоит в создании условий для осуществления централизованной ОРВ наиболее значимых для экономики проектов и действующих нормативных правовых актов (НПА) на основе тесного взаимодействия независимых экспертов, органов государственной власти и предпринимательского сообщества. ; Detailed assessment, scrutiny of alternative regulatory measures and the final choice of a balanced alternative but not deregulation is becoming a trend of modern public policy and its core — Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA). In 2010 a "smart regulation" concept was announced. It consists of three key components — (1) a comprehensive system of regulatory impact assessment at all stages of the policy cycle, from the design of a piece of legislation to the ex-post evaluation and simplification of existing legislation, (2) co-operation institutions of the executive, legislative and regulatory bodies of the EU member states, and (3) participation mechanisms for stakeholders and citizens, including the prolongation of the public consultation period. The authors believe that the fourth element of a "smart regulation" system is the evolution of the ministerial organizational model of RIA into the RIA model of Better regulation councils accountable to the central government. Developed countries (Great Britain, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden), European commission and countries with economies in transition (Mexico, Czech Republic) have already followed this path. So, what the existing ministerial departments and units responsible for RIA do is obviously not enough to improve regulatory policy. Thus, transfer of powers and responsibilities in the field of RIA to the higher level is an integral component of smart regulation and this should be taken into account during the institutional designing in countries with economies in transition. International experience of Better regulation Councils inspired the experts working on "Strategy 2020" to work out a concept of establishing the National Council for improvement of legal regulation of business and investment activities. They proposed to establish a specialized body that is not built into the system of interdepartmental coordination and accountable only to the President of the Russian Federation. The essence of this idea is to create conditions for carrying out a centralized, but independent expertise of the most important for the economy drafts and existing regulations, based on close interaction of independent experts, government agencies and business community.

ANOTĀCIJA Maģistra darbs "Krimināllikuma 121.pants: slepkavība, pārkāpjot nepieciešamās aizstāvēšanās robežas" ir veltīts nepieciešamās aizstāvēšanās stāvokļa un tā robežu pārkāpšanas gadījumu izpētei un analīzei. Autore darbu uzsāk ar nelielu ieskatu vēsturē, aprakstot krimināltiesību normas par nepieciešamo aizstāvēšanos un tās robežu pārkāpšanu vēsturisko attīstību. Tiek aplūkoti tādi pasaules nozīmes tiesību pieminekļi kā Mozus grāmatas, Romiešu tiesības, Indijas Manu likumi, kā arī Latvijas teritorijā no 1845.gada līdz 1991.gada spēkā esošie krimināltiesības regulējošie normatīvie akti. Darbā zināma uzmanība ir veltīta nepieciešamās aizstāvēšanās institūtam, kas pēc savas būtības ir noteicošais priekšnosacījums noziedzīgu nodarījumu, kas izdarīti, pārkāpjot nepieciešamās aizstāvēšanās robežas, kvalifikācijā. Darbā tiek veikta slepkavības, pārkāpjot nepieciešamās aizstāvēšanās robežas, juridiskā analīze, akcentējot Krimināllikuma 121.panta nodarījuma objektīvās un subjektīvas puses īpatnības. Darbā tiek analizēta arī tiesu prakse (LR tiesu spriedumi periodā no 1998.gada līdz 2010.gadam) un apskatīti Anglosakšu tiesību sistēmas (Anglijas un ASV), Baltijas valstu (Lietuva un Igaunija), kontinentālās Eiropas valstu (Vācijas, Francijas, Spānijas), Skandināvijas (Zviedrijas, Somijas un Norvēģijas) un Āzijas valstu (Japāna, Ķīna, Taizeme) krimināllikumi un kodeksi, kā arī to nepieciešamās aizstāvēšanās institūta un tā robežu pārkāpšanas gadījumu regulējums. Darbā tiek izmantotas atsauces uz juridiskās literatūras avotiem, periodiku, interneta resursiem un tiesu spriedumiem kā latviešu tā arī angļu un krievu valodās. Darba beigās, pamatojoties uz teorētiskajos studiju kursos apgūtajām zināšanām, teorijas studēšanas rezultātiem un veikto kompleksu normas analīzi, autore izdara pamatotus secinājumus un izvirza priekšlikumus, kas pierāda darba ievadā izvirzītus mērķus un attaisno mērķa sasniegšanai izvirzītos uzdevumus. Kopējais darba apjoms: 73.lpp. Darbā izmantotā literatūra: grāmatas 32.gab., tiesību akti 18.gab., spriedumi: 31.gab. ; Master's thesis "Section 121 of the Criminal Law: murder Committed Exceeding the Limits of Necessary Self-defence" inscribes and analyzes the state of necessary self-defense and cases of its limit violation. Author begins with a brief history insight, describing the Criminal Law provisions of the necessary self-defense and its limit violation historical development. Such global monuments of law as the Book of Moses, Roman Laws, Indian Laws of Manu, as well as laws and regulations of the Criminal law acting on the territory of Latvia from 1845 to 1991 are discussed. Institution of self-defense, that is basically the key prerequisite for qualification of a criminal offense committed in violation of self-defense limits, is taken in a certain consideration. Legal analysis of the murder, violating the limit of the necessary self-defense is made emphasizing the objective and subjective characteristics of the parties as of Section 121 of the Criminal Law. Author also analyses the case law (LR Court sentences during the period from 1998 to 2010) and the Anglo-Saxon law systems (England and the U.S.), criminal law and codes of the Baltic countries (Lithuania and Estonia), the continental European countries (Germany, France, Spain), Scandinavia (Sweden, Finland and Norway) and Asian countries (Japan, China, Thailand), as well as its necessary self-defense institution and the regulation of its limit violation cases. References to the law literature, periodicals, internet resources, and court sentences in Latvian, English and Russian languages are used in the thesis. At the end of the thesis author makes the conclusions and proposals, on the basis of the theoretical course theory acquired knowledge, results of studying and made complex analysis of rules, which shows the objectives that were promoted in the introduction and justifies the tasks set to achieve them. Total amount of pages: 73 p. Thesis literature references: books 32 pcs., legislations 18 pcs., sentences: 31 pcs.

This second edition of Health at a Glance: Europe presents a set of key indicators of health and health systems in 35ÂEuropean countries, including the 27 European Union member states, 5 candidate countries and 3 EFTA countries. The selection of indicators is based largely on the European Community Health Indicators (ECHI) shortlist, a list of indicators that has been developed by the European Commission to guide the development and reporting of health statistics. It is complemented by additional indicators on health expenditure and quality of care, building on the OECD expertise in these areas. Contents: Introduction 12 Chapter 1. Health status 15 1.1. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at birth 1.2. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at age 65 1.3. Mortality from all causes 1.4. Mortality from heart disease and stroke 1.5. Mortality from cancer 1.6. Mortality from transport accidents 1.7. Suicide 1.8. Infant mortality 1.9. Infant health: Low birth weight 1.10. Self-reported health and disability 1.11. Incidence of selected communicable diseases 1.12. HIV/AIDS 1.13. Cancer incidence 1.14. Diabetes prevalence and incidence 1.15. Dementia prevalence 1.16. Asthma and COPD prevalence Chapter 2. Determinants of health 49 2.1. Smoking and alcohol consumption among children 2.2. Overweight and obesity among children 2.3. Fruit and vegetable consumption among children 2.4. Physical activity among children 2.5. Smoking among adults 2.6. Alcohol consumption among adults 2.7. Overweight and obesity among adults 2.8. Fruit and vegetable consumption among adults Chapter 3. Health care resources and activities 67 3.1. Medical doctors 3.2. Consultations with doctors 3.3. Nurses 3.4. Medical technologies: CT scanners and MRI units 3.5. Hospital beds 3.6. Hospital discharges 3.7. Average length of stay in hospitals 3.8. Cardiac procedures (coronary angioplasty) 3.9. Cataract surgeries 3.10. Hip and knee replacement 3.11. Pharmaceutical consumption 3.12. Unmet health care needs Chapter 4. Quality of care 93 Care for chronic conditions 4.1. Avoidable admissions: Respiratory diseases 4.2. Avoidable admissions: Uncontrolled diabetes Acute care 4.3. In-hospital mortality following acute myocardial infarction 4.4. In-hospital mortality following stroke Patient safety 4.5. Procedural or postoperative complications 4.6. Obstetric trauma Cancer care 4.7. Screening, survival and mortality for cervical cancer 4.8. Screening, survival and mortality for breast cancer 4.9. Screening, survival and mortality for colorectal cancer Care for communicable diseases 4.10. Childhood vaccination programmes 4.11. Influenza vaccination for older people Chapter 5. Health expenditure and financing 117 5.1. Coverage for health care 5.2. Health expenditure per capita 5.3. Health expenditure in relation to GDP 5.4. Health expenditure by function. 5.5. Pharmaceutical expenditure 5.6. Financing of health care 5.7. Trade in health services Bibliography 133 Annex A. Additional information on demographic and economic context 143 Most European countries have reduced tobacco consumption via public awareness campaigns, advertising bans and increased taxation. The percentage of adults who smoke daily is below 15% in Sweden and Iceland, from over 30% in 1980. At the other end of the scale, over 30% of adults in Greece smoke daily. Smoking rates continue to be high in Bulgaria, Ireland and Latvia (Figure 2.5.1). Alcohol consumption has also fallen in many European countries. Curbs on advertising, sales restrictions and taxation have all proven to be effective measures. Traditional wine-producing countries, such as France, Italy and Spain, have seen consumption per capita fall substantially since 1980. Alcohol consumption per adult rose significantly in a number of countries, including Cyprus, Finland and Ireland (Figure 2.6.1).This resource was contributed byThe National Documentation Centre on Drug Use.

The conventional approach to comparing tax progression (using local measures, global measures or dominance relations for first moment distribution functions) often lacks applicability to the real world: local measures of tax progression have the disadvantage of ignoring the income distribution entirely. Global measures are affected by the drawback of all aggregation, viz. ignoring structural differences between the objects to be compared. Dominance relations of comparing tax progression depend heavily on the assumption that the same income distribution holds for both situations to be compared, which renders this approach impossible for international and intertemporal comparisons. Based on the earlier work of one of the authors, this paper develops a unified methodology to compare tax progression for dominance relations under different income distributions. We address it as uniform tax progression for different income distributions and present the respective approach for both continuous and discrete cases, the latter also being employed for empirical investigations. Using dominance relations, we define tax progression under different income distributions as a class of natural extensions of uniform tax progression in terms of taxes, net incomes, and differences of first moment distribution functions. To cope with different monetary units and different supports of the income distributions involved, we utilized their transformations to population and income quantiles. Altogether, we applied six methods of comparing tax progression, three in terms of taxes and three in terms of net incomes, which we utilized for empirical analyses of comparisons of tax progression using data from the Luxembourg Income Study. This is the first paper that performs international and intertemporal comparisons of uniform tax progression with actual data. For our analysis we chose those countries for which LIS disposes of data on gross incomes, taxes, payroll taxes and net incomes. This pertains to 15 countries, out of which we selected 13. This gave rise to 78 international comparisons, which we carried out for household data, equivalized data, direct taxes and direct taxes inclusive of payroll taxes. In total we investigated 312 international comparisons for each of the six methods of comparing tax progression. In two thirds of all cases we observed uniformly greater tax progression for international comparisons. In a bit more than one fifth of all cases we observed bifurcate tax progression, that is, progression is higher for one country up to some population or income quantile threshold, beyond which the situation is the opposite, i.e., progression is higher for the second country. No clear-cut findings can be reported for just one tenth of all cases. But even in these cases some curve differences are so small that they may well be ignored. We also test consistency of our results with regard to the six methods of comparing tax progression and present here twelve (Germany, the UK and the US) plus four comparing Germany and Sweden out of the total of 312 graphs, each containing six differences of first moment distribution functions. These differences can be interpreted as intensity of greater tax progression. We demonstrate the overall picture of uniform tax progression for international comparisons using Hasse diagrams. Concerning intertemporal comparisons of tax progression, we present the results for the US, the UK, and Germany for several time periods. We align our findings with respect to major political eras in these countries, e.g., G. Bush senior, W. Clinton, and G. Bush junior for the United States; M. Thatcher, J. Major, and A. Blair for the United Kingdom, and for Germany, the last year before German re-unification (1989), the beginning of H. Kohl's last term as chancellor (1994), and G. Schröder (2000). In addition, we study sensitivity of our results to the equivalence scale parameter.

Recent city planning and urban sociology widely discuss the emergence of what city planners, academics, and journalists call the creative city (cf. Florida 2005; Landry 2000). In the context of this much debated concept, empirical research is needed to analyse its implications for the city, understood as (built) place of the social, and for the overall structure of society. So far, studies have focussed mostly either on the impact of cultural developments on cities (cf. e.g. Jayne 2004; Liep 2001; Montgomery 2004; Scott 2000)or on political ecommendations of how to transform cities towards creative cities (cf. e.g. Bianchini and Landry 1994; Carta 2007; Florida 2005; Landry 2006). What's missing are studies analysing the concrete planning approaches that are used in cities which integrate the creative city concept as programmatic element in their city development plans. Additionally, this new form of planning and transforming cities is hardly put in context with greater structural changes of society. My paper presents findings of my empirical research which I conducted in the course of the last two years in the cities of Dublin (Ireland) and Gothenburg (Sweden). The focus was on the political dimension of creative city planning. In so doing, I studied how planning authorities programmatically integrated the concept of creativity in local city development strategies and how that affected the built environment and the city's relation to and impact on overall societal changes. With qualitative interviews with city representatives and planning authorities, participant observation, and photographic documentation, planning strategies, their realization, and their effects on the built environment were studied. Photographic archive material and planning documents served as additional material. Evaluating the broad range of material, several interesting findings were made. One of the findings is that the Triple Helix concept is used as an underlying concept for present city planning and urban transformation. In the city of Gothenburg, the concept is explicitly used in order to transform an old industrial part of the city, the former dockyards, towards a new and sustainable inner-city quarter. That implies focussing on certain parts of the knowledge-intensive economy â which can be subsumed as belonging to the creative class and the creative industries respectively, as Florida or Howkins define them (cf. Florida 2004, p. 328; Howkins 2004, p.88ff). The strategies of the local planning authorities aim at integrating the Lindholmen Science Park in the city of Gothenburg and at enhancing the quarter's infrastructure and reputation. In Dublin, the Triple Helix concept is an implicit part of the planning strategies in selected inner-city quarters. A prominent example is The Digital Hub, a cluster for digital media enterprises which is thought to enhance the city quarter in economic and social terms. Thus, the paper analyzes the characteristics of these particular planning approaches and contextualises them both with traditionally used concepts such as the integrated urban regeneration approach and with the overall programmatic strategy of the creative city. Additionally, it describes how the concept is used as a means to meet the underlying objective to assure the cities' character as a place of the knowledge society (cf. Bell 1973; Drucker 1993). Both the city of Gothenburg with its Science Park and the city of Dublin with its Digital Hub can thus be described as paradigmatic cities of the knowledge society. In this sense, the paper presents a macro- and a micro-perspective on present social developments in Western Europe. On a macro level, the role of cities in and for the knowledge society is brought into focus. On a micro level, local strategies and concrete planning approaches are presented to give a clear picture of two case studies. ; Madrid

Changing Landscapes and Persistent Places is a study of the cultural landscape on the Bjäre peninsula in northwest Skåne. The many Bronze Age remains that give the landscape its distinctive character are the starting point for an attempt to increase our understanding of the historical depth of today's landscape. The two perspectives of "landscape" and "places" carry the discussion forward, almost in dialogue form. From an archaeological point of view, studying the landscape itself is a relatively new way of considering landscape; usually archaeology is more geared to individual sites and their mutual relations, or to the human impact on the landscape as this can be read, for instance, in pollen diagrams. Yet there is great need for a new holistic approach to the landscape. This need arises from the European Landscape Convention which is soon to be ratified in Sweden. Among other things, the convention means that the landscape must be treated as a whole, with increased democratic influence and with greater understanding of the extensive processes of change to which today's landscape is exposed. The dissertation studies the landscape and antiquities of Bjäre through traditional landscape archaeology and through interdisciplinary methods, in order to arrive at an understanding of the conditions in which people lived in prehistoric times. Extensive fieldwork has also been done to give a more complete and fair picture of the rock carvings in the area. Another important part of the work has been to develop new methods for understanding today's landscape as a whole and the processes that have shaped it. The English method of landscape analysis, Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC), is very well suited to both these purposes and to the needs and demands of the European Landscape Convention, and the dissertation includes a pilot study intended to develop this method. Results that can be highlighted are: Both the landscape itself and the places within it have been active agents in the shaping of the world around us. There is a continuous dialogue between people and the landscape with its places in the constant processes of change. That is why places are so important to us; they shape us, they remember along with us, and they share in the making of our world. Detailed studies in small areas can give us a great deal of information about prehistoric society and the reality that once existed. This knowledge is important if we are to be able to get close to the people in the otherwise so large and sweeping narratives that are written about the past, in which there is no room for individual people with their choices and everyday life. The wealth of variety that one can see in local contexts must be made clear. The analysis of the Bronze Age in Bjäre has shown that there are different ways to use both places and landscape in a local context, both over time and in different geographical landscape spaces. The study shows the potential of the HLC method for satisfying the needs and demands of the everyday planning and handling of landscape, and also for research purposes and as a basis for interdisciplinary discussions. Finally, the study has shown that prehistoric remains have often been of great significance for changes that have taken place in the landscape in later periods. This tradition, of making the landscape readable, is something that we as archaeologists should stick to, allowing it to stand as our contribution to the planning and management of the landscape of the future.

"Lithuania's - Nordic Cooperation: Changes after the EU and NATO Enlargement in 2004" Since the restoration of independence in 1990 Lithuania has been developing extensive political, military and economic relationship with the Nordic countries. Nordic countries provided Lithuania with political, financial-practical support by which they aimed mainly to promote Lithuania's integration's to the EU and NATO goals. Thus, the "dual" enlargement was seen as a challenge to Lithuania's – Nordic cooperation. In political (Lithuanian and Nordic) levels the "dual" enlargement was accentuated as a possibility to bring a new quality to Lithuania's-Nordic cooperation. However, some academics were more skeptical and claimed that after the dual enlargement this cooperation could wither away as far as the targets of this cooperation were supposed to be fulfilled with the enlargement. Thus, the problem of the study is formulated as follows: how Lithuania's – Nordic cooperation has changed after the "dual" enlargement and if Lithuania's membership in the EU and NATO contributed to the rise of these changes? As far as the topic of the changes of Lithuania's-Nordic cooperation is rather unexplored in the academic literature, the purpose of the study is formulated as follows: to analyse the changes of political, military and economic Lithuania's – Nordic cooperation after the "dual" enlargement and to evaluate the impact of the "dual" enlargement to the uprise of these changes. Lithuania's – Nordic political, military and economic cooperation is chosen as an object of the analysis. In order to fulfill the purpose of the study the following objectives were formulated: •To introduce the explanation of international cooperation formulated by two theoretical approaches – neorealism and pliuralism; •To analyze how the projections of Lithuania's – Nordic cooperation were drafted on the declaratory level before as well as after the "dual" enlargement; •To discuss the main features of Lithuania's – Nordic political, military and economic cooperation till the "dual" enlargement and to evaluate the changes of this cooperation that occurred after the enlargement; •To evaluate the changes of Lithuania's- Nordic political, military and economic cooperation after the "dual" enlargement, to summarize them and, while relating the discussed changes with the factor of the EU and NATO enlargement, to list conclusions and to suggest recommendations for the forthcoming Lithuania's - Nordic cooperation. In the study five states were regarded as the Nordic countries, namely – Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway and Iceland. After having fulfilled the objectives of the study some conclusions were made. The most important among them are: •After the "dual" enlargement Lithuania's – Nordic political, military and economic cooperation gained new features, started moving towards more symmetrical cooperation, and this signifies a new quality of this cooperation; •After the enlargement the optimization of multi-dimensional Baltic-Nordic cooperation was enacted, and the growth of the importance of NB8 cooperation format became apparent. •"Dual" enlargement provided Lithuania and Nordic countries with a possibility to cooperate on a new (EU) level, where they can try to exert their structural power, try to attract EU's attention and resources to the Baltic Sea region. •After the "dual" enlargement the congruence of the so-called Eastern vector in Lithuania's and Nordic countries' foreign policy became apparent. Some recommendations to the forthcoming Lithuania's- Nordic cooperation were made as well. It was above all suggested that for the time being Lithuania does not exhaust all the possibilities available for this cooperation and that it is worth to strengthen this cooperation in many spheres due to the congruence of many interests of these states and due to the possibility of being better seen in the international community by acting together and the like.

The traditional restrictive attitude towards claim for compensation about non-pecuniary harms in both cause law and legislation become weaker even if the theoretically and practically reason behind the old exception-construction remain. This reason can best be explained by the thesis about incommensurability when it comes to compensate for some losses that money cannot compensate. To explain why the exception-construction is problemized in recent days I think two circumstances has played an important role (1) the materialisation of human rights as a consequence of the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights in Sweden since 1995 and (2) the right to crime victim compensation and the establishing of victimology in the legal and academic field. In practice there is of course a co-operation between these two factors and there is also some kind of hybrids like the legal interest of for example discrimination. This tendency is in my opinion therefore a practical and concrete example of law and justice in the risk society where almost every person is a potential victim of crimes and discrimination or other violations. In the risk society, given Ulrich Beck's definition, it is characteristic that these phenomenons in our society rub out the boarders between law and politics in the manifestation of reflexive subpolitics about flexibility. The possibility to obtain redress with this compensation function as a mean to support the judicial systems official goal that is to satisfied the citizens needs and at the same time secure the confidence and the legitimacy for the judicial system through the factors (1) legal security and (2) the legal rights of the individual. At the same time these compensations bring on inherent risks because of its unclear function and the incommensurability between injury and compensation that risks fall upon both the victims and the lawyer's profession. So when human rights now is both a goal and a mean for democracy and violations of the citizens bring about a right to compensation this illustrate a paradox. The judicial system cannot handle this type of injury that has it is ground in public law without challenge traditional principles and the legal professionalism. This tendency is also interesting in a comparative perspective given the premise that the jurisprudence movement known as Scandinavian Legal Realism has had an influence on the Swedish judicial culture. This follows from two circumstances: (1) Given the Scandinavian Legal Realism it is impossible to set up a legal claim from a violation of justice or somebody's rights and (2) even if it would be possible, it is impossible to imagine the basis of calculation of these compensation because there is no way for informal norms from the society to influence the formal legal norms and the application of the law (only the opposite) given the Scandinavian Legal Realism. The last circumstance is relevant because the compensation of non-pecuniary harms consist of incommensurability and the only way to calculate these compensation, so it make it serves as rectification or redress for the victim, is in reflection and influence of the informal norms or the "common sense of justice". My topic presupposes that the legal field is influenced by the theory in jurisprudence and can we therefore talk about an idealistic tendency or "critical legal realist" movement that maybe illustrates in these compensations. In a more concrete perspective these compensations bring to the fore methodological question in social science of how we can get empirically knowledge about norms in our society.

"Lithuania's - Nordic Cooperation: Changes after the EU and NATO Enlargement in 2004" Since the restoration of independence in 1990 Lithuania has been developing extensive political, military and economic relationship with the Nordic countries. Nordic countries provided Lithuania with political, financial-practical support by which they aimed mainly to promote Lithuania's integration's to the EU and NATO goals. Thus, the "dual" enlargement was seen as a challenge to Lithuania's – Nordic cooperation. In political (Lithuanian and Nordic) levels the "dual" enlargement was accentuated as a possibility to bring a new quality to Lithuania's-Nordic cooperation. However, some academics were more skeptical and claimed that after the dual enlargement this cooperation could wither away as far as the targets of this cooperation were supposed to be fulfilled with the enlargement. Thus, the problem of the study is formulated as follows: how Lithuania's – Nordic cooperation has changed after the "dual" enlargement and if Lithuania's membership in the EU and NATO contributed to the rise of these changes? As far as the topic of the changes of Lithuania's-Nordic cooperation is rather unexplored in the academic literature, the purpose of the study is formulated as follows: to analyse the changes of political, military and economic Lithuania's – Nordic cooperation after the "dual" enlargement and to evaluate the impact of the "dual" enlargement to the uprise of these changes. Lithuania's – Nordic political, military and economic cooperation is chosen as an object of the analysis. In order to fulfill the purpose of the study the following objectives were formulated: •To introduce the explanation of international cooperation formulated by two theoretical approaches – neorealism and pliuralism; •To analyze how the projections of Lithuania's – Nordic cooperation were drafted on the declaratory level before as well as after the "dual" enlargement; •To discuss the main features of Lithuania's – Nordic political, military and economic cooperation till the "dual" enlargement and to evaluate the changes of this cooperation that occurred after the enlargement; •To evaluate the changes of Lithuania's- Nordic political, military and economic cooperation after the "dual" enlargement, to summarize them and, while relating the discussed changes with the factor of the EU and NATO enlargement, to list conclusions and to suggest recommendations for the forthcoming Lithuania's - Nordic cooperation. In the study five states were regarded as the Nordic countries, namely – Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway and Iceland. After having fulfilled the objectives of the study some conclusions were made. The most important among them are: •After the "dual" enlargement Lithuania's – Nordic political, military and economic cooperation gained new features, started moving towards more symmetrical cooperation, and this signifies a new quality of this cooperation; •After the enlargement the optimization of multi-dimensional Baltic-Nordic cooperation was enacted, and the growth of the importance of NB8 cooperation format became apparent. •"Dual" enlargement provided Lithuania and Nordic countries with a possibility to cooperate on a new (EU) level, where they can try to exert their structural power, try to attract EU's attention and resources to the Baltic Sea region. •After the "dual" enlargement the congruence of the so-called Eastern vector in Lithuania's and Nordic countries' foreign policy became apparent. Some recommendations to the forthcoming Lithuania's- Nordic cooperation were made as well. It was above all suggested that for the time being Lithuania does not exhaust all the possibilities available for this cooperation and that it is worth to strengthen this cooperation in many spheres due to the congruence of many interests of these states and due to the possibility of being better seen in the international community by acting together and the like.