Suchergebnisse

The history of humanitarian intervention in armed conflict is traced to French surgeon Dominique Larrey's "Flying Teams" on the European battlefield in 1792 & the founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1863 & subsequent signing of the first Geneva Convention in 1864. The activities of humanitarian organizations grew during WWI, & relief efforts proliferated following WWII. The onset of humanitarian relief projects in the Third World is traced to the 1950s & the current era of activist intervention to the Biafran crisis of 1971. Refugee crises have snowballed since that time & have called into question the role of humanitarian organizations in the face of state sovereignty. The French Doctor's groups -- Medecins sans frontieres (Doctors without Borders) & Medecins du monde (Doctors of the World) -- have played a key role in challenging the parameters of humanitarian intervention efforts. 11 References. Adapted from the source document.

Introduction: Convergence and divergence in times of crisis -- Part I: Conceptual and theoretical perspectives -- Terminology -- The concept of legal convergence -- Resisting legal convergence -- Part II: Thematic and jurisdictional case studies 1: private law -- Bankruptcy law in the United States -- Labour law in the United Kingdom -- Consumer law in Ghana -- Family and child law in Chile -- Contract law in Germany -- Part III: Thematic and jurisdictional case studies 2: public law -- Environmental law in China -- Healthcare law in Denmark -- Immigration law in Russia -- Social rights in Australia -- Part IV: Convergence and divergence in context -- Harmonisation and European integration in times of crisis -- International judicial cooperation in times of crisis -- The influence of binding international instruments on domestic laws in times of crisis -- The role of soft law in times of crisis -- Part V: Concluding comments -- Conclusion: Are legal systems converging or diverging?.

The ICC and R2P share the goal of ending atrocity crimes. Nonetheless, they operate quite differently. Recently, there has been increasing support for bringing the ICC within the R2P toolkits, hoping they will complement each other to achieve their shared goal. The Security Council put this idea into practice to deal with the 2011 crisis in Libya. However, the invocation of ICC against the backdrop of an evolving military intervention under the R2P mandate highlighted significant risks to its integrity and legitimacy. This paper argues that the invocation of ICC to constrain violence and to hold accountable the Libyan regime for atrocity crimes eventually resulted in legitimizing military intervention and regime change under the R2P mandate. The Libya case suggests that neither the push for complementarity nor a full separation between the ICC and R2P benefits the ICC. There needs to be a balance between full engagement and separation. Such an alternative rests on the ICC avoiding entanglement with R2P's military mandate, while maintaining close interaction with its non-military components through the Security Council. Lastly, the paper also points to areas in which the Council could play a more constructive role in cementing greater cooperation between R2P and the ICC.

"In Hongkong wurde kein Durchbruch in den WTO-Verhandlungen über eine Liberalisierung des Welthandels erwartet – das war schon im Vorfeld klar. Doch Fortschritte, besonders im Agrarbereich, sind erforderlich, wenn das Einkommen der Entwicklungländer steigen soll. Selbst ein Minimalkonsens der Doha-Runde wäre für diese Länder besser als der Schuldenerlass von 2005 oder die Erhöhung der Entwicklungshilfe." (Autorenreferat)

"Ein Europäer an der Spitze der Welthandelsorganisation: Was viele für unmöglich gehalten haben, ist nun doch Wirklichkeit geworden. Obwohl sämtliche Gegenkandidaten aus Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern kamen, konnte sich Pascal Lamy schließlich durchsetzen. Der ehemalige EU-Handelskommissar (1999 bis 2004) wurde am 26. Mai 2005 von den 148 Mitgliedern der WTO einstimmig zum neuen Generaldirektor gewählt. Er wird am 1. September Supachai Panitchpakdi aus Thailand ablösen, der an die Spitze der United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
wechselt. Pascal Lamy, der nach dem Scheitern der Ministerkonferenz von Cancún im September 2003 die Organisation als 'mittelalterlich' kritisiert hatte, stellt als seine 'Leitlinie' heraus, vor allem die Interessen der Entwicklungsländer stärker als bisher im Welthandelssystem zu verankern." (Autorenreferat)

Increasing numbers of children are on the move throughout the world: moving or migrating, alone or accompanied. This gives rise to many new problems with legal, economic, social and cultural aspects, calling for new approaches based on a world-wide perspective. The international mobility of children poses a special challenge for the protection of their family environment, as guaranteed by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and other international instruments. Children on the Move contains the texts and speeches given and the papers presented at the international conference of the same title, which took place at the Hague, the Netherlands, 23-26 October 1994. The conference was one of the major contributions of the Netherlands to the UN International Year of the Family and was convened by the Netherlands Committee for the International Year of the Family in collaboration with the Hague Conference on Private International Law. Children on the Move provides the reader with an in-depth analysis of the various legal aspects (problems and remedies) of inter-country adoption, international child abduction, and children as international refugees

Der Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der potentiell riskoreichen Politik der friedlichen Annäherung an einen mißtraurischen Gegner. Es wird ein Modell entwickelt, in dem zwei Staaten über einen zweigeteilten Zeitraum lernen, ob Kooperation unter Berücksichtigung der ursprünglichen Interessen möglich ist.In einem der Staaten ist die Regierung im innenpolitischen Wettbewerb mit der Opposition. Die eine Partei ist eher den Falken zuzurechnen als die andere und der Wähler hat eine Wahlentscheidung zu treffen unter Berücksichtigung der internationalen Interaktionen im ersten Teil des Zeitraums. Das Modell zeigt folgendes: wenn das Vertrauen gering ist und der Konflikt kostenträchtig, so ist ein moderater Falke eher zur Zusammenarbeit bereit. Auch zeigt sich, dass Kooeration dauerhafter ist, wenn sie von einem Falken als von einer Taube initiiert worden ist. Es werden empirische Daten und Fakten dargestellt

This article shows how the European Court of Justice has built the European legal system to resemble a federal system. It discusses the different phases of a long process tenaciously resisted by member states that felt they were being divested of their sovereignty: from the formation of an international constitutionalism, which in many aspects was nothing more than an extension of constitutionalism on a national scale, passing through the creation of international courts to supervise the enforcement of high principles stipulated in basic texts, to the qualitative leap of granting private individuals the right to appeal against states that violate community law. This text also mentions the innovations that the construction of this system has produced in relations between West European states. Adapted from the source document.

This book investigates the selective nature of UN sanctions regimes with a specific focus on the post-Cold War era. Legally binding on all members, UN sanctions are the most effective and legitimate non-violent multilateral tools to respond to international security threats. They are also symbolically more powerful than unilateral or multilateral sanctions because they enjoy global support. However, while dozens of threats to international peace were met with UN sanctions since 1990, many others were not. How can we explain this incoherent approach? With a focus on the selectiveness, rather than effectiveness of UN sanctions the author reflects on the shifting geopolitical tensions between Security Council members and uses a variety of widely used academic datasets to provide a unique overview of what determines sanctions and sanctionable events.