Suchergebnisse

[spa] La presente tesis pretende exponer de forma clara y sistemática la doctrina filosófica del pensador irlandés John Toland (1680-1722) en sus vertientes más importantes, a saber, la teología, la política y la ciencia, así como también su concepción de la filosofía y del filósofo. Con tal fin, este estudio, pionero en lengua española, se estructura a través de una introducción que expone la problemática de los estudios tolandianos en la actualidad, pasando a posteriormente a ofrecer una extensa y detallada biografía de Toland, así como un listado cronológico de sus principales obras. Para la comprensión de su persona y de su pensamiento filosófico, se lleva a cabo, asimismo, una breve exposición de su momento histórico y filosófico. A continuación, se analiza el pensamiento teológico - dominante en su filosofía - con el examen de su primera obra, Christianity not Mysterious (1696), destacando tanto sus fuentes como su posterior recepción polémica y su influencia en el pensamiento anglosajón deísta. Para la comprensión de esta obra y del pensamiento tolandiano posterior en torno a la religión cristiana, se añade un breve estudio sobre el movimiento sociniano. El papel de la política en Toland se analiza detalladamente, destacando tanto un análisis de sus obras más importantes, como por ejemplo, Anglia libera (1701), como su acción política y sus consecuencias no sólo para la historia de Inglaterra, sino también para la europea. La cuestión científica ocupa un lugar importante en el pensamiento del filósofo irlandés, en tanto que en ella se unen de manera clara el Leitmotiv religioso y político que guiaba su filosofía en su lucha contra una interpretación errónea del cristianismo (anglicanismo oficial) y del universo, ejemplarizada en el newtonianismo y su difusión pública en las famosos Boyle Lectures ( Letters to Serena, 1704). Posteriormente se analiza la última obra de Toland, Pantheisticon (1720), en el cual se encuentran reunidos, en breves páginas, lo que sería toda su concepción filósofica tanto del hombre, como del universo, de la religión, de la política y de la filosofía. Es justamente esta exposición sobre su concepción de la filosofía lo que nos lleva a dedicarle todo un capítulo al análisis de la evolución de la filosofía en el pensamiento de Toland, indagando tanto en sus fuentes histórico-filosóficas como biográficas, destacando el importante papel que tenía en su pensamiento la distinción entre filosofía esotérica y filosofía exotérica, así como la lucha encarnizada del filósofo contra la superstición y la tiranía a favor de la libertad y la tolerancia. La conclusión de este estudio resalta justamente los motivos rectores del pensamiento tolandiano, así como su influencia en los movimientos filósoficos posteriores, destacando el papel tan importante que en su doctrina y en su actuar jugaron siempre los valores de la tolerancia y de la libertad en este filósofo injustamente olvidado hoy día. PALABRAS CLAVE: John Toland, Cristianismo, Guillermo III, Baruch de Spinoza, Isaac Newton, Giordano Bruno, Socinianismo. ; [eng] This investigation seeks to discuss, clearly and systematically, the philosophical doctrine of the Irish thinker John Toland (1680-1722), focusing on its most important points: Theology, Politics and Science, besides his own conception of philosophy and the philosopher. This study, which is the first discussing John Toland in Spain, begins with an introduction to the status quaestionis of the recent studies regarding John Toland, and tries to offer a wide and detailed account of Toland's life, with a chronology of his works. In order to understand both Toland and the Toland's thought, we offer a brief expositio of its historical and philosophical background. "Christianity not Mysterious" (1696), which is his first work, allows us to examine his theological thought and to give an account of the sources, polemic reception and influence on Deist Anglo-Saxon thought. As a means of understanding this work and the later Toland's conception on Christian religion, we offer a brief account on Socinianism. Regarding Politics and its importance for Toland's Philosophy, we examine his most important works, such as "Anglia libera"(1701), and also his political action and consequences over England and Europe. The Science takes an important place in the work of our Irish philosopher, since in Toland's presumptive fight against Newton's Physics and their public diffusion in Boyle Lectures ("Letters to Serena", 1704), we find actually together both the religious and political Leitmotiv in the struggle against Christianity and its false interpretation of the Universe. Finally, we examine his last work "Pantheisticon" (1720), where we can find altogether his philosophical conception of Man, Universe, Religion, Politics and Philosophy. This exposition leads us to discuss his Philosophy's conception, searching for his historical, philosophical and biographical sources and, at last, pointing out the difference between esoteric and exoteric Philosophy, and the battle of the philosopher for freedom and tolerance in a superstitious and tyrannical society. The conclusion regards these points as the main features of Toland's thought and remarks the difference between it and the later philosophical movements.

The education processes within the knowledge society of the twenty-first century involve a complex analysis and transformation of learning and teaching proposals. The ubiquitous penetration of technology and especially of ICT contributes to new cultural profiles of social, political and economic organizations and of course also has an impact on education. The decentralization, personalization, increased flexibility, technologic convergence, and other effects of telematic networks call for both an extension of educational programs in the framework of lifelong learning programs and also require measures to overcome exclusion in the face of the new social, technologic and economic demands. Strategic learning, the teaching of comprehension, virtual collaborative groups, and teachers as facilitators – both in face to face and remote education – will help to develop autonomy, strengthen communication and technological abilities, and foster problem solving skills in order to make decisions and participate in the improvement of quality of life through flexible structures, open mentalities, and equitable ethical values. Within this framework, learning and teaching in the knowledge society of the twenty-first century will be conceived for personal self regulation and social self sustainable alternative development. The scenarios include creative competencies and flexible attitudes through the practice of comprehensive and critical reading and thinking, emotional education, free expression, contrasted transference into reality, and participation within diversity. The latter implies a respect to local identity to foster the search for universal peace, democratic coexistence and continuous improvement. ; El proceso educativo en la sociedad del conocimiento del siglo XXI exige análisis muy complejos y transformativos en las propuestas de enseñanza y aprendizaje debido a la ubicua penetración de tecnología y especialmente de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación – TICs – las que están presentes en todas las relaciones sociales. Ello contribuye al nuevo perfil social, político, cultural y económico de las organizaciones sociales en general con un impacto especial en la educación. La descentralización, personalización, flexibilidad, y convergencia tecnológica de las redes telemáticas ha generado nuevos desafíos no sélo a la extensión de toda clase de programas educativos en el marco del aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida ("lifelong learning programs") sino también a la superación de la exclusión frente a las nuevas demandas sociales, tecnológicas y económicas que aparecen. El aprendizaje estratégico, la enseñanza para la comprensión, y el trabajo en grupos colaborativos entre profesores y tutores grupos como facilitadores – presenciales o a distancia – deberán ser orientados a desarrollar autonomía, fortalecer la comunicación y las competencias tecnológicas y de resolución de problemas. El objetivo es propiciar toma de decisiones maduras y participar en el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida a través de estructuras más flexibles, mentalidades abiertas y valores éticos equitativos. En este marco de referencia, el aprendizaje y la enseñanza para la sociedad del conocimiento del siglo XXI en sus propuestas educativas, tenderán a la autorregulación personal y al desarrollo social autosustentable. La inclusión de competencias creativas y actitudes flexibles a través de la práctica de la lectura comprensiva y del pensamiento critico en Internet, la educación emocional, el estímulo a la libre expresión, y la diversidad, transferencia a la realidad en términos de participación, respeto a la identidad local y la diversidad, deberá articularse con la búsqueda de la paz universal, la coexistencia democrática y el mejoramiento humano continuo. ; Les processus de l'éducation dans la société du savoir au XXIe siècle nécessitent une analyse et une transformation très complexes à travers leurs propositions en matière d'apprentissage et d'enseignement. La pénétration omniprésente de la technologie et particulièrement de l'informatique concernant toute la relation humaine, contribue à de nouveaux profils culturels des organisations sociales, politiques et économiques, et surement à un impact sur l'éducation. La décentralisation, la personnalisation, la flexibilité, la convergence technologique etc… des réseaux télématiques sont un défi pour toute extension de programmes d'éducation dans le cadre des programmes d'apprentissage à longueur de vie (Lifelong Learning), mais aussi afin de surmonter l'exclusion face aux nouvelles exigences sociales, téchnologiques et économiques. L'apprentissage stratégique, l'enseignement pour la compréhension, les groupes de collaborateurs virtuels, enseignants, professeurs agissant comme guides-facilitateurs – face à face ou à distance – seront entraînés à aider à développer l'autonomie, à renforcer les habiletés en communication et en technologie, les habiletés à résoudre les problèmes et le reste en vue de prendre des décisions et de participer à améliorer la qualité de vie par le moyen de structures flexibles, de mentalités ouvertes et de valeurs étiques équitables. Dans ce cadre, l'apprentissage et l'enseignement dans la société du savoir au XXIe siècle dans toutes ses propositions éducatives sera conçu en vue de l'autorégulation personnelle et du développement social alternatif autodurable dans des scénarios qui incluent les compétences créatives et des attitudes flexibles par la pratique de la lecture et de la pensée compréhensives et critiques, l'éducation émotionnelle, l'expression libre de stimulus, et en vue d'un transfert résolu par le contraste avec la réalité et la participation au sein de la diversité en respectant l'identité locale dans une quête de paix universelle, de coexistence démocratique et d'amélioration continue. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

The higher education system in Europe is currently under stress and the debates over its reform and future are gaining momentum. Now that, for most countries, we are in a time for change, in the overall society and the whole education system, the legal and political dimensions have gained prominence, which has not been followed by a more integrative approach of the problem of order, its reform and the issue of regulation, beyond the typical static and classical cost-benefit analyses. The two classical approaches for studying (and for designing the policy measures of) the problem of the reform of the higher education system - the cost-benefit analysis and the legal scholarship description - have to be integrated. This is the argument of our paper that the very integration of economic and legal approaches, what Warren Samuels called the legal-economic nexus, is meaningful and necessary, especially if we want to address the problem of order (as formulated by Joseph Spengler) and the overall regulation of the system. On the one hand, and without neglecting the interest and insights gained from the cost-benefit analysis, or other approaches of value for money assessment, we will focus our study on the legal, social and political aspects of the regulation of the higher education system and its reform in Portugal. On the other hand, the economic and financial problems have to be taken into account, but in a more inclusive way with regard to the indirect and other socio-economic costs not contemplated in traditional or standard assessments of policies for the tertiary education sector. In the first section of the paper, we will discuss the theoretical and conceptual underpinning of our analysis, focusing on the evolutionary approach, the role of critical institutions, the legal-economic nexus and the problem of order. All these elements are related to the institutional tradition, from Veblen and Commons to Spengler and Samuels. The second section states the problem of regulation in the higher education system and the issue of policy formulation for tackling the problem. The current situation is clearly one of crisis with the expansion of the cohorts of young students coming to an end and the recurrent scandals in private institutions. In the last decade, after a protracted period of extension or expansion of the system, i. e., the continuous growth of students, universities and other institutions are competing harder to gain students and have seen their financial situation at risk. It seems that we are entering a period of radical uncertainty, higher competition and a new configuration that is slowly building up is the growth in intensity, which means upgrading the quality of the higher learning and getting more involvement in vocational training and life-long learning. With this change, and along with other deep ones in the Portuguese society and economy, the current regulation has shown signs of maladjustment. The third section consists of our conclusions on the current issue of regulation and policy challenge. First, we underline the importance of an evolutionary approach to a process of change that is essentially dynamic. A special attention will be given to the issues related to an evolutionary construe of policy analysis and formulation. Second, the integration of law and economics, through the notion of legal economic nexus, allows us to better define the issues of regulation and the concrete problems that the universities are facing. One aspect is the instability of the political measures regarding the public administration and on which the higher education system depends financially, legally and institutionally, to say the least. A corollary is the lack of clear strategy in the policy reforms. Third, our research criticizes several studies, such as the one made by the OECD in late 2006 for the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education, for being too static and neglecting fundamental aspects of regulation such as the logic of actors, groups and organizations who are major players in the system. Finally, simply changing the legal rules will not necessary per se change the behaviors that the authorities want to change. By this, we mean that it is not only remiss of the policy maker to ignore some of the critical issues of regulation, namely the continuous non-respect by academic management and administrative bodies of universities of the legal rules that were once promulgated. Changing the rules does not change the problem, especially without the necessary debates form the different relevant quarters that make up the higher education system. The issues of social interaction remain as intact. Our treatment of the matter will be organized in the following way. In the first section, the theoretical principles are developed in order to be able to study more adequately the higher education transformation with a modest evolutionary theory and a legal and economic nexus of the interactions of the system and the policy challenges. After describing, in the second section, the recent evolution and current working of the higher education in Portugal, we will analyze the legal framework and the current regulatory practices and problems in light of the theoretical framework adopted. We will end with some conclusions on the current problems of regulation and the policy measures that are discusses in recent years.

Проведенный в ноябре-декабре 2006 г. представительный опрос экономически активного населения продолжает серию обследований, направленных на получение надежных данных о переходе российского общества к новой системе социальной стратификации, характеризующей особый тип социального устройства современной России, который рассматривается нами как прямое продолжение существовавшей в СССР этакрати-ческой системы. Предшествующие обследования проводились в 1994 и 2002 гг. по аналогичной схеме выборки и с использованием аналогичных показателей, спектр которых расширялся и уточнялся с учетом меняющейся социальной ситуации и в связи с анализом результатов предыдущих опросов. Таким образом, мы располагаем надежной и довольно емкой информационной базой, позволяющей на основе сравнительного анализа изучить динамику социальной структуры российского общества в постсоциалистический период и исследовать стоящие за этим социальные процессы. За последние 15 лет в России произошли серьезные качественные изменения в характере социального воспроизводства. Они затронули состав и структуру различных социальных групп как на верхних ступенях социальной иерархии, так и на средних и низших. Кроме того, изменилась сама система статусных индикаторов, по которым определяется положение индивида или группы в социальной иерархии. В данной работе мы акцентируем внимание на некоторых значимых данных, раскрывающих социально-профессиональную структуру населения постсоветской России и изменения в иерархии социальных групп за 1944-2006 гг. ; The representative survey of Russian economically active population conducted through November-December 2006 goes in line with our previous surveys. The aim of those was to provide reliable data on transition of Russian society to a new system of social stratification, which specifies a particular type of social structure in contemporary Russia. We regard the latter as a direct extension of the etacratic system, which existed in USSR. The previous surveys took place in 1994 and 2002 based on similar sample schemes and using similar indicators, the range of which varied according to current changes in social situation and former experience. Thus we now own a reliable and rather significant database which allows us to conduct a comparative study of the dynamics of social structure in post-socialist Russia and the underlying social processes. During the last 15 years the nature of social reproduction in Russia has undergone serious changes. Those have also affected the structure and population of different social groups. Besides, the system of status indicators, which determine an individual's or a group's position in the social hierarchy, has itself undergone transformation. In this paper we review some significant data, which reveal some of the particularities of social reality in the post-Soviet Russia and the hierarchy of social groups through 1994-2006. In this research we are attempting to discover the real social groups and study their real economic, political and other resources (human, social and cultural capitals). We also draw our attention to the reproduction of these strata and individual social statuses and study the corresponding influence of various institutional factors. Until now, the predominant approach in modern literature relies on the analysis of the data concerning nominal social strata and individual inter-generational (father-son, mother-daughter) and intra-generational (career) social migrations of individuals through nominal social positions. We aim at studying latent factors of reproduction of real social strata in transforming society, i. e. in the situation when "the list" and the characteristics of these social strata and groups are changing. In other terms, we switched from the analysis of statistic (nominal) groups, singled out by formal characteristics, to the analysis of real social reproduction of real social groups and strata. The unit of measure in this context is an individual. We look at social institutions as the environment of existence, production and reproduction of individuals, forming social groups. This environment "charges" individuals with resources, which predetermine their social position and their position in social nejt-works. In this connection we analyze the resources, created by the institutions of family and education. The first institutional factor is the family (parental families of respondents and their own families) by the indicators of social status in the context of our conceptual approach by affiliation with real social groups. Status is measured by the following integral indicators authority, property, cultural capital. As the second institutional factor of social and demographic reproduction we use the institution of education, which has the Summaries189 following empirical indicators: standard of education of parents (both father and mother) by the moment of the beginning of respondent's labor activity, standard of respondent's education at various stages of his life (by the beginning of labor activity, at the age of 30, at the moment of the survey), and standard of education of his own family. The third factor is regional peculiar combination of social institutions, which becomes apparent in the type of settlement, where a respondent lives. In the current article we constrain ourselves to a preliminary discussion of some of the results concerning the state and dynamics of social stratification in Russia on the basis of sociooccupational groups, which were constructed through occupational aggregations of RG-100 classificator, developed in earlier research of one of the authors of this project. In order to construct our hierarchy of sociooccupational strata we analyzed the differences, which arise in the resources and potentials of their members.

En el presente Proyecto se aborda la tensividad y grietas que existen entre las Políticas de Seguridad y las Políticas Sociales como respuestas formales e informales del Estado ante la problemática del adolescente trasgresor legal. En un primer momento, se evaluará la trayectoria de las conductas trasgresoras a partir de la recuperación de la información obtenida en la Cámara Penal de Menores, primera Circunscripción Judicial, del Poder Judicial de la Provincia de Mendoza (mapa del delito, tipología y estadísticas) durante el período 2000-2007. Posteriormente, se intentará la reconstrucción de historias de vida de adolescentes judicializados, mediante entrevistas en profundidad aplicadas por el Area de Trabajo Social del Cuerpo Auxiliar Interdisciplinario de la misma Jurisdicción para aproximarnos al conocimiento de los factores de vulnerabilidad y de riesgo, como también aquellos protectores tanto a nivel individual, como familiar y comunitario. La indagación se focalizará en tres ejes fundamentales: Marco Espacial: localización territorial y simbólica, tanto de pertenencia, representación y de actuación de la subcultura. Evento-conducta: Aparición de nuevos tipos, modalidades y perfiles trasgresores. Dinámica de asociación diferencial: comportamientos individuales, grupales o colectivos. El estudio pretende descubrir aquellos aspectos emergentes que influyen en la ocurrencia y sostenimiento de la problemática, describir las características constitutivas del escenario donde se desarrolla y determinar las pautas socioculturales que dan sustento a las conductas trasgresoras legales por adolescentes, entre 13 y 18 años, en el gran Mendoza. En un tercer momento, se evaluará el funcionamiento de las Políticas de Seguridad en relación con los programas implementados, el análisis del discurso sociopolítico subyacente y el Paradigma vigente, a partir del relevamiento en las instituciones de control social (Comisaría del Menor, Juzgados Penales de Menores, Cámara Penal de Menores y Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal Juvenil). En un cuarto momento, se verá el nivel de articulación con las Políticas Sociales, expresadas en las instituciones territoriales centralizadas y descentralizadas, las que serán estudiadas también por los Proyectos y Programas en ejecución.(Dirección de Niñez, Adolescencia, Ancianidad, Discapacidad y Familia- Subsecretaría de Integración Social, Areas Sociales de algunos Municipios). A partir del diseño de la genealogía e identificación de las subculturas adolescentes actuales que se encuentran en conflicto con la ley, se espera elaborar una propuesta de prevención de nuevos fenómenos y de la lectura político programática, se realizará una propuesta de articulación entre las Políticas de Seguridad y las Políticas Sociales, a partir de la definición de las rupturas y continuidades más significativas. ; In the present project one approaches the tensividad and cracks that exist between the policies of security and the social policies like formal and informal answers of the State before the problematic one of the adolescent legal transgressor. At a first moment, the trajectory of the conducts transgressors was evaluated from the recovery of the data obtained in the Penal Camera of Minors of the First Judicial Circumscription of the Province of Mendoza (map of the crime, tipología and statistics) during period 2000-2007. Later, the reconstruction of Histories of Life of judicializados adolescents will be tried, by means of interviews in depth applied by the Area of Social Work of the Corps of non-combatant officers and employees of military Interdisciplinario of the same juridicción to approximate us to the knowledge of the risk and vulnerability factors, like also those protectors as much at individual level, as familiar and communitarian. The investigation will be focused in three fundamental axes: a) to Space Marco: Territorial and symbolic Localizacón, as much of property, representation and performance of the subculture. b) Event-Conduct: Appearance of new types, modalities and profiles transgressors. c) dynamic of differential association: Individual, group or collective behaviors. The study tries to discover those emergent aspects that they influence in the occurrence and support of the problematic one, to describe the constituent characteristics of the scene where it is developed and to determine the sociocultural guidelines that they give sustenance to the legal trasgresoras conducts by adolescents, between 13 and 18 years in the Great Mendoza. At a third moment, the operation of the Policies of Security in relation to the implemented programs, the analysis of the underlying political speech and the effective Paradigm will be evaluated, from the relevamiento in the institutions of social control (Police station of the Minor, Penal Courts of Minors, Penal Camera of Minors and System of Youthful Criminal responsibility). At a fourth moment the level of joint with the Social Policies will be seen, expressed in the centralized and decentralized territorial institutions, those that will be studied from the projects and programs in execution (Direction of Childhood, Adolescence, Old age, Discapacidad and Family, Undersecretary's office of Social Integration, Direction of Social Development of some Municipalities). From the design of the genealogy and identification of the present adolescent subcultures that are in conflict with the law, it is hoped to elaborate a proposal of prevention of new phenomena and the programmatic political reading. A proposal of joint between the Social Policies of Security and Policies from the definition of the ruptures and significant continuities will be made but.

Intentionales Kinderfernsehen transportiert spezifische Vorstellungen von Kindheit und ist ebenso politisches Objekt wie Ausdruck gesellschaftlicher Zeitströmungen. Für letztere sind die Globalisierung und Marktorientierung vieler Lebensbereiche von zunehmender Bedeutung. Auch für das Kinderfernsehen wurde immer wieder eine zunehmende Internationalisierung, Amerikanisierung, Kommerzialisierung und Vermassung, die zueinander in Beziehung gesetzt wurden, kritisch konstatiert, ohne dies mit eindeutigen Analysen zu untermauern. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat deshalb den aktuell erreichten Grad der Internationalisierung des Kinderfernsehens und dessen Bedeutung für das Programmangebot untersucht. Als Gegenstand der Studie wurden dabei das deutsche und das britische Kinderfernsehen miteinander vergleichend in Beziehung gesetzt. Nach einer medienhistorischen, kulturellen und wissenschaftlichen Einordnung der Thematik wurde für einen künstlichen Programmmonat im Frühjahr 2003 eine quantitative Bestandsaufnahme und statistische Auswertung von 21.177 Kindersendungen in beiden Ländern erstellt. Auf Basis der darin aufgezeigten Trends wurden drei Animationsserien unterschiedlicher Provenienz qualitativ auf formale, ästhetische und inhaltliche kulturelle Implikationen – national oder international – untersucht. Die quantitative Analyse ergibt, dass die Kinderfernsehangebote in Deutschland und Großbritannien bereits nach wenigen Monaten zu über 50 % identisch sind, während die jeweils eigenständigen Programmanteile die Minderheit bilden. Die Schnittmenge wird zu 80 % von Animationsserien bestimmt, und die dominierenden Programme stammen aus den USA, während sich aus Europa nur britische Produktionen nennenswert behaupten können. US-amerikanische Animationsserien allein machen 27 % des deutschen und 40 % des britischen Kinderfernsehangebots aus. Die Genrezusammensetzung beider Angebote ist weit-gehend identisch, obwohl das Material aus unterschiedlichen Quellen bezogen wird und die Briten stärker zu spezialisierter Programmbeschaffung neigen. Maßgeblicher Träger der Internationalisierung, Amerikanisierung und Cartoonisierung des Kinderprogramms sind die Zielgruppenkanäle, die zu den Sendernetworks der global operierenden Medienkonzerne gehören. Werden von diesen auch nur die fünf mit der längsten täglichen Sendezeit nicht berücksichtigt, sinkt der Umfang des Gesamtangebots an Kinderprogrammen um zwei Fünftel. Gleichzeitig schrumpft die programmliche Schnittmenge bei-der Märkte auf 40 Prozent, während die europäischen Produktionen gegenüber den amerikanischen an Bedeutung gewinnen. Das wechselseitige Verhältnis des britischen und des deutschen Kinderfernsehens verschiebt sich dadurch ebenfalls: Insgesamt ist das britische Programm für deutsche Produktionen und Koproduktionen nur halb so durchlässig wie umgekehrt; ohne die Network-Kanäle sogar nur ein Fünftel so durchlässig. Insgesamt zeigt sich eine weitgehende Internationalisierung des Kinderfernsehens, die sich in einer Homogenisierung der beiden nationalen Programmangebote und deutlicher Dominanz der Animation vor allem bei Importen und Koproduktionen äußert. Diesem Befund entspricht die inhaltliche Angleichungstendenz: Für eine erfolgreiche internationale Verwendung von Programmen ist der Verzicht auf alltagskulturelle Implikationen vorteilhaft. Dies führt dazu, dass standardisierte Produktionen in stilisierten oder phantastischen Umgebungen, mit klischeehaften Figuren und allgemeinverständlich-banalen Plots das Programm in beiden Ländern bestimmen und vereinheitlichen. Sofern doch einmal nationalkulturelle Referenzen vermittelt werden, sind diese am ehesten amerikanischen Ursprungs, da europäische Kinder aus anderen medialen Kontexten darauf vorbereitet sind. Das gegenwärtige Kinderfernsehen ist somit weniger international als vielmehr "glocal", es bewegt sich zwischen den beiden Polen des lokal-kulturspezifischen und des global-standardisierten Programms. Die Darstellung der weltweiten Vielfalt an Perspektiven und Themen ist dagegen bedeutungslos geworden. Ausgehend von den Ergebnissen dieser Studie können weiterführende Untersuchungen zukünftig Auskunft darüber geben, wie sich dieses "glocalisierte" Kinderfernsehen auf das kulturelle Bewusstsein und die Mentalitätsbildung des Kinderpublikums auswirkt. ; Intentional children's television communicates specific ideas of childhood and is subject to political debates and contemporary controversy. The latter two are increasingly reflecting the current globalization and commercial orientation across many aspects of daily life. It comes as no surprise that also for children's television an increasing internationalization, Americanization, commercialization and loss of identity and their interrelation were critically noticed in recent years, however a dedicated analysis is overdue. The present work is devoted to the Status Quo of internationalization in children's television as reflected by the available program. Subject of this study is a comparative description of both the British and German program starting from a historical sketch of children's TV. The cultural discussion and the literature are subsequently presented. For an artificial month (four disjunctive weeks) in spring 2003, 21,177 broadcasts of children's TV from both countries are the broad statistical basis for a quantitative analysis. According to representative trends three animation series of different origin are selected and qualitatively analysed with respect to formal, aesthetic and content-related cultural indications of national or international implications. The quantitative analysis reveals that over a few extrapolated months the available children's TV programs in both countries share more than 50 percent common material, i.e. the independent part is the minority. Eighty percent of the common share are animation series, predominantly originating from the USA, while among European productions only those from the UK have a portion worth mentioning. American animation series provide 27 percent of the total German children's program and even 40 percent of the British. The taste, probably best reflected by the genres is almost identical with only a difference in the providers i.e. a slightly stronger British focus on national specialties. The main promoter of internationalization, Americanization and increasing amounts of cartoons are network channels, belonging to globally operating media companies. If only five of them (those that also broadcast at night) are omitted, the total program volume shrinks to only 60 percent of the previous value with a simultaneous reduction of the common program to only 40 percent. In addition European productions gain relevance in the remaining dataset. The mutual relation of British and German children's TV market is also affected: Generally the British program is only half as accessible for German (co-) productions as the German program is to British (co-)productions but ignoring the network-channels this ratio drops to only a fifth. There is a strong tendency to internationalization in children's television as reflected by a homogenisation of both markets and a predominance of animation in imports and co-productions. This finds its correspondence in the content: to achieve a wide international distribution the abandonment of cultural references is advantageous if not mandatory. This results in standardised productions of stylised or fantastic scenarios with clichéd and stereotype characters in trivial plots that dominate and unify the program in both countries. Existing references to a national background are mostly American, probably they do not interfere with expectations as European children are prepared by other media. The contemporary children's television is thus more "glocal" than international; it is biparted into local, culture-specific references and a globally standardised program. The illustration of the global diversity of viewpoints and topics has become irrelevant. Starting from these findings, further studies should address how this "glocal" children's television shapes the cultural awareness and the mentality of the young target group.

During the fall of 2006, the Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS) celebrates its 20th birthday. Linköping has a long tradition of health education; our nursing programme started already in 1895 and occupational therapy began in 1965. From the late 1960's, medical students from Uppsala spent their last seven semesters in Linköping, mainly for clinical studies. After some years, academic and teachers from the young faculty, together with the county council, realized the enormous potential benefits of a complete undergraduate medical programme at Linköping University. Inspired by apparent innovations from McMaster University in Canada, Maastricht in Holland, Ben Gurion in Israel and Tromsø in Norway, these ideas and ideals were gradually turned into reality. In a complicated process, concerning the life or death of the medical faculty, a close co-operation between the University and the County Council of Östergötland was extremely fruitful. A proposal regarding a complete medical programme, and study periods integrated between the other health education programmes, was forwarded to the Swedish government in December 1982 and approved in 1984. The new FHS at Linköping University was launched in 1986, and by the end of August the first students began their studies. Already at the start, FHS included several programmes for health professionals: nursing, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, medicine, social welfare and laboratory technology. Speech and language pathology was added in 2003 and the education curriculum for laboratory technicians was developed into a master's programme in medical biology. A number of important concepts were included in the new programmes. Problem based learning (PBL) was chosen as the fundamental basis for organising studies; using small tutorial groups with supervisors as "coaches" and real patient histories as triggers for learning. Since 2001, realistic cases/scenarios are made available on the Intranet. PBL is highly appreciated by the majority of students and teachers. This method of learning focused in contexts, according to pedagogic research, leads to a higher retention of knowledge than in traditional teacher-centered approaches toward learning. Important PBL spin-off effects are in educating students to cooperate in groups, to communicate and argue, to listen to other students' opinions, to evaluate their own efforts and to identify learning needs. Furthermore, the method implies that students' learn to independently find and evaluate scientific information, thereby realizing that the truth is somewhat "relative," since what they find may differ depending on the sources used. Perhaps the most important characteristic of PBL is that it moves the main responsibility for obtaining goals and new knowledge from the teacher to the student. Other important elements of the various curricula at the FHS are vertical and horizontal integration. In vertical integration, e.g. between clinical and basic science, different sections are interwoven with clear progressive shifts over phases and semesters. This has shown to stimulate profound rather than superficial learning, and probably stimulates better understanding. Horizontal integration focuses on the simultaneous learning of several subjects needed to understand and explain the scenarios used. In PBL, teachers are expected to cooperate over departmental borders, a process that often produces positive spin-off effects extending further to research. They take on many different roles as e.g. planners, semester coordinators, tutors, lecturers and clinical supervisors. As such, newcomers may encounter certain frustration. Continuous staff development is critical to assure pedagogical selection and excellence, and thereby the quality of the programmes. In PBL, teachers are expected to cooperate over departmental borders, a process that often produces positive spin-off effects extending further to research. They take on many different roles as e.g. planners, semester coordinators, tutors, lecturers and clinical supervisors. As such, newcomers may encounter certain frustration. Continuous staff development is critical to assure pedagogical selection and excellence, and thereby the quality of the programmes. The aim to be a medical faculty with a standing among the most progressive worldwide implies continuous evaluation and development. Our mission is to foster the very best in health care; health care extending consideration toward educating competent professionals and conducting quality research with a focus on societal needs and welfare. To fulfil this mission, we need to advance teaching models based on evidence, and continuously improve and develop our educational methods. This process requires cooperation between departments, teachers and students within the university and indeed, throughout the world. Such contacts and collaborations are as important in education as they are in research, and extend an endless source of inspiration. Communication between the different undergraduate programmes at FHS has been extremely fruitful and should further be stimulated. At the faculty level, it is important to provide teachers with credit for efforts and development toward education. To keep integration and innovation at a high level, it is very important to balance the decision power and the distribution of money between departments and programmes. The aim of this book is to provide a general overview, in glimpses, of some of the important developments in FHS education; to describe new ideas in progress or those already turned to reality and also, to extend some consideration of publications regarding our educational innovations. We hope these examples provide the essence of inspiration for future work, contributing to improved education and better health for all. ; Produced by the Department of External Relations, Linköping university Coordinator: Åke Hjelm. Editorial translation: Bohdan Sklepkovych. Design: Peter Modin. Photographers: Göran Billeson. Ida Lagstam, Jan Christer Persson

As we wrote down it in the preliminary questions of the final report of the this work "In the media of Colombia continuous information's related with the occurrence appear of having made of violence in our country that mainly affect the civil population for the action of groups to the margin of the law, for which one comes attributing responsibility to the State and penal and disciplinary consequences for commission for omission against members of the Public Force." Everything leaves of "guarantor's position" of the Military Forces in connection with the national defense and of the Police about the national security that he/she forces all their members to protect the life and the other fundamental rights related with this of all the residents in Colombia. In fact the article 25 of the Law 522 of 1999 take charge of regulating guarantor's position in Colombia and the topic acquires bigger importance when it is to judge behaviors of members of the Public Force because the imputation of the omission in fact originates in the delimitation of the environments of competition of these institutions.However, the experience of the armed conflict indicates us that they don't exist opposite perfectly defined between the defense functions and national security and in the case of the same inappropriate omission and guarantor's position is divergent doctrinal positions that you/they don't offer any security to the matter and that they hinder the application of this figure just as we point out him along the work and as important national authors and foreigners they highlight them. All the above-mentioned comes affecting the development of the penal causes and to they sink it particularly the deficiencies of the judicial system of Colombia the national and international question of the military penal jurisdiction and the sanctions adopted by the Inter-American Court of Human rights against the Colombian State. Likewise, the "relationship concept with the service" of the article we find 221 of the Political letter that it deserves a particular analysis for that in the analyses that you/they carried out inside the investigation work these they indicate us that its behavior in the inappropriate omission is whereas different to that of the action the "service that he/she lends the Public Force" it is in turn the base and the foundation of guarantor's position and in consequence, the central axis of the penal and disciplinary imputation. The work was guided to demonstrate the current state of the question for this reason we find opportune to give to know the IV chapter related with the "guarantor position" with the idea of beginning the academic discussion that deserves this artificial figure. ; En los medios de comunicación de Colombia aparecen continuas informaciones relacionadas con la ocurrencia de hechos de violencia en nuestro país que principalmente afectan a la población civil por la acción de grupos al margen de la ley, por los cuales se viene atribuyendo responsabilidad al Estado y consecuencias penales y disciplinarias por comisión por omisión contra miembros de la Fuerza Pública. Todo parte de "la posición de garante" de las Fuerzas Militares en relación con la defensa nacional y de la Policía sobre la seguridad nacional que obliga a todos sus miembros a proteger la vida y los demás derechos fundamentales relacionados con este de todos los residentes en Colombia. Precisamente el artículo 25 de la Ley 522 de 1999 se encarga de regular la posición de garante en Colombia y el tema adquiere mayor importancia cuando se trata de juzgar conductas de miembros de la Fuerza Pública debido a que la imputación de la omisión se origina precisamente en la delimitación de los ámbitos de competencia de estas instituciones. Sin embargo, la experiencia del conflicto armado nos indica que no existen fronteras perfectamente delimitadas entre las funciones de defensa y seguridad nacional y en el caso de la misma omisión impropia y la posición de garante hay posiciones doctrinales divergentes que no ofrecen ninguna seguridad al asunto y que dificultan la aplicación de esta figura tal como lo reseñamos a lo largo del trabajo y como los destacan importantes autores nacionales y extranjeros. Todo lo anterior viene afectando el desarrollo de las causas penales y a ello se suman las deficiencias del sistema judicial de Colombia particularmente el cuestionamiento nacional e internacional de la jurisdicción penal militar y las sanciones adoptadas por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos contra el Estado Colombiano. Así mismo, el "concepto de relación con el servicio" del artículo 221 de la carta Política nos parece que merece un análisis particular por que en los análisis que realizaron dentro del trabajo de investigación estos nos indican que su comportamiento en la omisión impropia es distinto al de la acción por cuanto el "servicio que presta la Fuerza Pública" es a su vez la base y el fundamento de la posición de garante y en consecuencia, el eje central de la imputación penal y disciplinaria. El trabajo se orientó a demostrar el estado actual de la cuestión por esta razón nos parece oportuno dar a conocer los resultados obtenidos respecto de la "posición de garante" con la idea de iniciar la discusión académica que merece esta figura jurídica.

Resumen. La poblacion humana ha crecido a una tasa inprecedente en los ultimos tres siglos. Para 2001 la poblacion mundial llego a 6.2 billiones. A una tasa actual de crecimiento de 1.4% annual, la poblaciona se duplicara en 51 anos. La mayoria del crecimiento ocurrira en los paises en via de desarrollo de Asia, Africa, y Latino America. Hay una preocupacion de que la poplacion humana y su impacto negativo sobre el medio ambiente pondra en peligro la existencia de los sytemas de soporte vital del mundo. La tasa cruda de nacimineto es el numero de nacimientos entre el promedio de la poblacion. Una medida mas exacta de crecimiento poblacional es la tasa general de fertilidad que toma en cuenta la estructura de la poblacion y la fecundidad poblacional. La diferencia entre la tasa cruda de nacimiento y la mortalidad nos da la tasa natural de incremento. Cuando esta tasa alcanza el nivel al cual la gente solamente remplaza a si mismo numericamente, se obtiene la tasa cero de crecimiento poblacional. En los países avanzadas del mundo, el crecimiento ha sido reducido o ha puesto en forma negativa, de tal modo que sin inmigracion en estos paises, la poblacion estará disminuyendo. El cambio de las tasas altas de nacimiento y mortalidad a las tasa bajas se denomina la transición demografica. Muchos países desarrolldos han empezado esta transición demográfica. La tasa de mortanda ha bajado en estos países sin que disminuyera la tasa de nacimiento. A medida que la tasa de mortalidad infantil se reduzca en estos países y la economía progresa mas y trae seguridad económico para la gente, entonces será possible una transición demográfica a una poblacion estable o un estandard de vida mas alta. Mientras que las poblaciones grandes traen muchos problemas, tamien pueden servir como recursos de enegia e inteligencia que permiten controlar el problema de la limitación de los recursos. Una idea de la justicia social argumenta que una distribución mas equitativa del capital puede reducir tanto el crecimiento excesivo poblacional como problemas ambientales. Hay muchos métodos de control de fertilidad en comparación con antes. Algunas técnicas son mas seguros, mas fácil de usar y mas placenteras que antes. Se requiere de cambios profundos culturales, como mejoramiento de estatus social, educacional, y económico, valores mas altos de los jóvenes, aceptar la responsabilidad en la vida, seguridad social, estabilidad política, el conocimiento, y el uso efectivo de medidas de control de natalidad, para permitir que la gente planea con seguridad hacia el futuro. Abstract. Human populations have grown at an unprecedented rate over the past three centuries. By 2001, the world population stood at 6.2 billion people. If the current trend of 1.4 % per year persists, the population will double in 51years. Most of that growth will occur in the less developed countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. There is a serious concern that the number of humans in the world and our impact on the environment will overload the life support systems of the earth. The crude birth rate is the number of births in a year divided by the average population. A more accurate measure of growth is the general fertility rate, which takes into account the age structure and fecundity of the population. The crude birth rate minus the crude death rate gives the rate of natural increase. When this rate reaches a level at which people are just replacing themselves, zero population growth is achieved. In the more highly developed countries of the world, growth has slowed are even reversed in recent years so that without immigration from other areas, population would be declining. The change from high birth and death rates that accompanies in industrialization is called a demographic transition. Many developing nations have already begun this transition. Death rates have fallen, but birth rates remain high. Some demographers believe that as infant mortality drops and economic development progresses so that people in these countries can be sure of secure future, they will complete the transition to a stable population or a high standard living. While larger populations bring many problems, they also may be a valuable resource of energy, intelligence, and enterprise that will make it possible to overcome resource limitation problems. A social just view argues that a more equitable distribution of wealth might reduce both excess population growth and environmental degradation. We have many more options now for controlling fertility than were available to our ancestors. Some techniques are safer than those available earlier; many are easier and more pleasant to use. Sometimes it takes deep changes in a culture to make family planning programs successful. Among these changes are improved social, educational, and economic status for women; higher values on individual children; accepting responsibility for our own lives; social security and political stability that give people the means and confidence to plan for the future; and knowledge, availability, and use of effective and acceptable means of birth control.

Reseñas críticas: Beyond the new paternalism: Basic security as equality. Por Guy STANDING. Londres, Verso, 2002Reseñas críticas: Family life and family interests: A comparative study on the influence of the European Convention of Human Rights on Dutch family law and the influence of the United States Constitution on American family lawReseñas críticas: The dynamics of full employment: Social integration through transitional labour markets. Obra dirigida por Günther SCHMID y Bernard GAZIERLibros recientes:: Critique du droit du travail. Por Alain SUPIOT. París, Presses universitaires de France (colección Quadrige), 2002Libros recientes:: Réseauxdesodétésetcodesdeconduite. Un nouveaumodèle de régulation des relations de travail pour les entreprises européennes. Por André SOBCZAKLibros recientes:: Sociologie de la négotiation. Por Reynald BURQUE y Christian THUDEROZ. París, La Découverte (colección Repères), 2002Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Actas. Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 90.a reunión, 2002Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Alcohol and drug problems at work. The shift to preventionNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Aprender y formarse para trabajar en la sociedad del conocimiento: Las opinionc'S de los mandantesNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Argentina. Una década de convertibilidad. Un análisis del crecimiento, el empleo y la distributión del ingresoNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Cómo interpretar un balanceNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Corporate success through people. Making international labour standards work for youNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Decent work in Denmark. Employment, social efficiency and economic security. Por Philippe EGGER y Werner SENGENBERGER (directores) con la colaboración de Peter AUER, Marco SIMONI y Corinne VARGHANuevas publicaciones de la OIT: El aprendizaje permanente en las industrias mecanicás y electrotécnicas. Informe para el debate de la Reunión tripartita sobre el aprendizaje permanente en las industrias mecánicas y electrotécnicasNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: El Comité de Libertad Sindical: impacto desde su creación. Por Eric GRAVEL, Isabelle DUPLESSIS y Bernard GERNIGONNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: El diálogo social en los servicios de salud: instituciones, capacidad y eficacia. Informe para el debate de la Reunión paritaria sobre el diálogo social en los servicios de salud: instituciones, capacidad y ctkaciaNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: El empleo, la empleabilidad y la igualdad de oportunidades en los servicios de correos y telecomunicaciones. Informe para el debate de la Reunión tripartita sobre el empleo, la empleabilidad y la igualdad de oportunidades en los servicios de correos y telecomunicacionesNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Formatión profesional en el cambio de siglo. Por Claudio DE MOURA CASTRONuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Gestión de las discapacidades en el lugar de trabajo. Repertorio de recomendaciones prácticas de la OITNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Globalizatión y trabajo decente en las Américas. XV Reunión Regional Americana, Informe del Director GeneralAnexo: Actividades de la OIT en las Americas, 1999–2002Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: ILO generic crisis response modules. Programa Infocus de la OIT sobre Respuesta a las Crisis y ReconstructiónNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Crisis response. Rapid needs assessment manual. Programa InFocus de la OIT sobre Respuesta a las Crisis y ReconstructiónNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: La evolutión del empleo, el tiempo de trabajo y la formatión en la industria mineraPrograma de Actividades Sectoriales de la OIT. Ginebra, 2002Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: La réforme des pensions en Europe centrale et orientate. Por Elaine FULTZ (directora)Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Volume 1. Restructuration avec privatisation: les cas de la Hongrie et de la PologneNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Volume 2. Restructuration des systèmes publics de pensions: les cas de la République tchèque et de la SlovénieNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Los servicios públicos de urgenda: El diálogo social en un medio en constante evolución. Informe para el debate en la Reunión paritaria sobre los servicios púhlicos de urgencia: el diálogo social en un medio en constante evoluciónNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Measuring the non‐observed economy. A handbook. París, OCDE/FMI/OIT/ CEI, 2002. 249 págsNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Mejora de la seguridad de la documentatión de identidad de la gente de mar. Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 91.a reunión, 2003, Informe VII (1)Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Micro‐finance in the industrialized countries. Helping the employees to start a businessNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Panorama Laboral 2002. América Latina y el CaribeNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Pensiones no contributivas y asistendales. Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica y Uruguay. Obra dirigida por Fabio M. BERTRANOU, Carmen SOLORIO yWouter VAN GINNEKENNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Social re‐insurance. A new approach to sustainable health financing. Por David M. DROR y Alexander S. PREKER. OIT, Ginebra, y Banco Mundial, Washington, 2002Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Tendencias del empleo en el sector del tabaco: retos y perspectivas. Informe para el debate de la Reunión tripartita sobre el futuro del empleo en el sector del tabaco. Programa de Actividades Sectoriales de la OITNuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Tendencias mundiales del empleo. Ginebra, OIT, 2003Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Un profil statistiquc de la profession d'enseignant. Por María Teresa SINISCALO. Ginebra, OIT, y París, UNESCO, 2002

Die Arbeit verfolgt Entwicklungslinien eines auf praktische Vernunft gestützten Republikmodells an Hand der exemplarischen Bedeutung der aristotelischen Politik und ihrer Rezeption durch Thomas von Aquin. Diesen werden auch entscheidende Weichenstellungen für die Ausbildung des modernen Staatsbegriffs und seines begrifflichen Instrumentariums politischer Vernünftigkeit zugerechnet. Teil 1 stellt das aristotelische Modell der auf den Begriff des Menschen als Menschen gegründeten "bürgerlichen Gesellschaft" vor, in der sich ein gegenüber der Beliebigkeit tatsächlicher Herrschaftsan-maßungen kritischer ursprünglicher Zusammenhang zwischen dem Verständnis "politischer Herr-schaft" und der wechselseitigen "Anerkennung" konkret freier und gleicher Bürger präsent hält. Dieser ruht jedoch auf einschränkenden Voraussetzungen politischer Subjektivität und deren unmittelbarer Bindung an institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen auf, wie sie aus einem spezifisch antiken Verständnishorizont, näherhin aus dem aristotelischen Konzept entelechialer Teleologie, erläutert werden. Der Versuch einer Einordnung in Grundlinien des umfassenden systematischen Kontexts in Metaphysik, Physik und praktischer Philosophie soll gerade durch den gegenüber der unbestrittenen aktuellen Relevanz neuzeitlichen Freiheitsethos differenzierenden und nicht ungeschichtlich-planen Zugang zu diesem Politikmodell auch aktualisierende Perspektiven eröffnen. So soll etwa durch die Erläuterung der aristotelischen Teleologiekonzeption, die anhand des Paradigmas der Naturbewegung eingeführt wird, sowie des dazu korrespondierenden Ethos "vernünftigen Strebens" das etwaige Verständnis einer vorgängigen materialen Zweckbindung der Politik, im Sinne etwa einer herkömmlichen "Werteethik", distanziert werden. Das Verhältnis Naturteleologie - Praxis wird nicht deduktiv, sondern als ein solches der Strukturanalogie bei gleichzeitiger methodischer Abgrenzung verstanden. Teil 2 widmet sich der Herausarbeitung systematischer Akzentverschiebungen und Umformungen im Spannungsfeld der Konfrontation von aristotelischer Teleologie bzw. praktischer Vernunft mit einer von der Perspektive der Geschichtlichkeit geprägten Offenbarungsreligion bei Thomas von Aquin. Im Zeichen eines vorläufig theologisch gewonnenen universalen Freiheitsverständnisses vollzieht sich auch ein Strukturwandel politischer Öffentlichkeit, der zunächst eine institutionelle Verdünnung des republikanischen Ideals herbeiführt. Durch die Rücknahme des Ziels der Politik vom konkreten Bürger-ethos in die Universalität und den nunmehr transzendentalen Anspruch des Begriffs des "bonum commune" wird gleichzeitig aber auch ein Prozeß der Pluralisierung und Dynamisierung gesellschaft-licher und individueller Zielsetzungen und Praxisformen freigesetzt. Entscheidende Bedeutung kommt dabei dem Stellenwert des thomasischen "Gesetzes" zu, in dem - jenseits einer material-deduktiven oder imperialistischen Konzeption - ein dezidiert praktisch-handlungsleitendes Gesetzesverständnis zum Vorschein kommt. Dieses führt die sittlich-politische Anerkennung stiftende Funktion der "koinonia politike" weiter und leitet in seinem Anspruch gesteigerter "Allgemeinheit" - dies sowohl im Rückgang auf ein transzendentales Prinzip seiner Begründung wie auch in der Ausweitung seines Adressaten-kreises - zur Neuzeit über. ; This book describes stages of development of the conception of an ideal republic that is fundamentally based on practical reason. It is widely understood that this conception is paradigmatically represented in the political thought of Aristotle and conveyed by its reception by Thomas Aquinas. This early concept of a liberal republic - which is in some ways certainly marked by the constraints of ancient philosophy on the whole, is even considered to have contributed to the development of the modern state and its instruments of political reason. Part 1 presents Aristotle's conception of "civil society" which is built upon man in his specific nature of humanity. From this point of view "political" government is intrinsically related to the mutual recognition of free and equal fellow citizens. Thus establishes a strict standard of criticism of any arbitrary or illegitimate presumption of political power. Nevertheless, Aristotle's "Republic" relies on limiting conditions of political subsistence as they arise from a specific ancient point of view that sets a clear limit to our modern expectation of freedom and equality. Above all, subjectivity, at least the perfection of virtuous citizenship, is supposed to be indispensably linked to a specific political, institutional and moral framework. This framework is derived from Aristotle's concept of "teleology", which pervades his whole philosophy. Therefore, Aristotle's approach shall be investigated in a most complex and comprehensive way in its close systematic link to all fields of philosophy, including practical reason, physics and metaphysics, in order to enable a most distinct historical judgement that will also finally reveal its actual significance. E.g. Aristotle's concept of teleology, though introduced by the investigation of "natural movement", is also applied to his ethics of practical reason. This does not imply, however, any dependence of law or politics on natural goals, but only reclaims a fundamental structural analogy between both, nature and habits, while adhering to their clear methodological separation. Part 2 is devoted to elaborate the systematic transformations and shifts of emphasis that have occurred, when Aristotle's concept of teleology and practical reason - within the work of Thomas Aquinas - encountered the specific philosophical demands and the different approach of Christian tradition. As a religion that is concerned with the view of eschatological anticipation and the experience of historical revelation, Christianity turned out to introduce a first perspective of "historical" thinking that was aimed to partly break down the more restricted ancient concept of ethics and politics. Being however constrained to a mere theological explanation, freedom of man is gaining a more universal and transcendent notion. The fulfilment of human nature is basically detached from its ancient close link to politics. But this development also changes the significance and the structures of the political and public sphere. It turns out to weaken and dilute the institutional achievements of the aristotelian republic. On the other hand the new resort to the universal demand of the transcendent "common good" as the ultimate goal of human life, rather than to the developed customs of the ancient city, also favours a process of accelerating and diversifying individual and social human goals and practices. And this development focuses the status of Aquinas' concept of the "Law" that however transcends a mere authoritarian or "material" notion of ethics and law. Furthermore it takes over the legitimising tasks of the ancient community of free and virtuous citizens in procuring a legitimate basis of politics. And this basis is now gaining a higher degree of "universality" with regard to its transcendental reason as well as its concern with the expansion of moral subjectivity, which finally leads up to the political demands of modern times.

Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht in Verbindung von soziologischer, politik- und wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher Perspektive das amerikanische Beschäftigungswachstum um die Jahrtausendwende zu analysieren. Die Arbeit skizziert in einem ersten Anlauf das "amerikanische Beschäftigungswunder", indem seine wesentlichen Eigenschaften im Blick zurück auf die zeithistorische Schichtung des amerikanischen Wirtschaftsbooms verbunden werden. Dabei werden sechs sich wesentlich verstärkende Faktoren für den amerikanischen Wirtschaftsboom zusammengefasst: Diese in den Vordergrund gerückten Politikfelder sind zum ersten eine insbesondere über die Senkung der durchschnittlichen Stundenlöhne erreichte Niedriglohnpolitik von Mitte der 70er bis weit in die 90er Jahre, die die Beschäftigungsexpansion erst ermöglichte. Zweitens ein seit Anfang der 90er Jahre gelungenes makroökonomisches Management, drittens ein ebenfalls seit Beginn des abgelaufenen Jahrzehnts boomender Aktienmarkt, der sowohl Kapital für die Unternehmen bereitstellte als auch mit fortlaufender Dauer der Aktienhausse über eine Wohlstandsvermehrung der Aktienbesitzer einen Nachfrageschub auslöste. Viertens geoökonomische Spezifika, die die Vormachtstellung der amerikanischen Ökonomie und damit verbunden die immer noch oder mehr denn je bestehende Stellung des US-Dollars als Leitwährung auf den globalen Finanzmärkten betonen. Dabei werden Prosperitätsgewinne unterstellt, die für den sowohl nach außen als auch nach innen wachsenden Euro-Raum in der globalen Konkurrenz erst zu erringen sind. Fünftens wird gezeigt, dass die erfolgreichen Innovationsprozesse im Dienstleistungsbereich wie in den Informationsindustrien in regionalen Agglomerationen verankert sind, deren Beschreibung für eine moderne "schumpeterianische Innovationsökonomie" gewinnbringend erscheint. Der sechste Faktor ist der seit 1996 zu beobachtende Produktivitätsanstieg, der bislang immer als Achillesferse in den Vereinigten Staaten in Relation zu den europäischen Nationen angesehen wurde. Wichtig ist, dass diese Faktoren sich in der Realität zum Teil zeitlich überlappen bzw. die Teilpolitiken sich mehr oder weniger beeinflussen, um im Endeffekt in einem sich wechselseitig anfeuernden Zusammenspiel erst den langanhaltenden Boom zu bewirken. Die Erkenntnis, dass Produktivität die entscheidende Variable zur Beurteilung des Verbreitungsgrades der aufstrebenden und profitablen Branchen in den USA wird, während die Netzwerkspezifika das wirklich Neue am Typus der neuen Ökonomie darstellen, wird genutzt, um in verschiedenen Sektoren Zentralisierungs- und Dezentralisierungstendenzen mit ökonomischen Attrahierungseffekten für die USA zu diskutieren. Der Blick geht dann auf die Veränderungen der Arbeitswelt – die Auf- und Abstiegsprozesse, die durch die neuen Technologien, Märkte und Arbeitsverhältnisse ausgelöst werden. So wird die Innen- und Unterseite der neuen Ökonomie sichtbar, was zu einer entscheidenden Wendung dieser Arbeit überleitet. Fokussiert wird nun die Verteilungsfrage, um die Aufmerksamkeit neu auf die Beschäftigungsdebatte zu lenken. In diesem Abschnitt wird das Kernstück des "workfare-state" der EITC (Earned Income Tax Credit) vorgestellt, aber auch die vermeintlich "weicheren Faktoren" wie Bildungsressourcen und Nachhaltigkeitsstruktur des Wachstum erörtert. Dabei wird nicht vergessen, die relative Erfolgsgeschichte erhöhter weiblicher Erwerbstätigkeit und qualifizierter Erwerbstätigkeit in den Vereinigten Staaten zu dokumentieren. Dienstleistungsgesellschaften können nur im Zusammenhang mit dem Wandel von privaten Lebensformen und unterschiedlichen Individualisierungsprozessen in den einzelnen Kulturräumen einer umfassenden Betrachtung unterzogen werden. Eine wesentliche Aufgabe in Deutschland wird es sein, die Transformation von unbezahlter in bezahlte Arbeit, zum Beispiel auch im Haushaltsbereich zu forcieren. Bisher folgte Deutschland eher dem Modell des desintegrierten Sozialstaates mit traditionellem Familienmodell und "do-it-yourself-Kultur". Hier liegt die soziologische Herausforderung dieser Arbeit: mit der Verknüpfung von sozial-, politik- und wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher Argumentation auf diesen Strukturwandel von Wachstum, Beschäftigung und Lebensstil zu reagieren. Die Arbeit schließt mit einer klaren Stellungnahme gegen die Subventionierung von Niedriglöhnen und einem Plädoyer für eine geld- und wachstumspolitisch abgesicherte Qualitäts-offensive auf breiter Front, vor allem bei den Dienstleistungen und für eine entschiedene Rückkehr zur makroökonomischen Moderation in Europa. ; By linking sociological, political and economical perspectives this dissertation tries to analyze the growth within the American employment market at the turn of the millennium. It provides a rough draft of this so-called 'job-miracle' by examining its key characteristics in light of North America's contemporary economical history . Six major factors, still increasing, explain this boom: 1. a low-wage policy - achieved through major wage-cutting - from the middle of the 70's up until the late 90's made this job expansion at all possible 2. a functioning macroeconomic management, having been started in the early 90's 3. a booming stock market ever since the late 90's, providing not only the necessary financial resources for corporations but also triggering a huge demand through the growing wealth of stock-owners 4. geo-economic specifics, emphasizing the supremacy of the U.S. economy and the U.S.- Dollar as key currency in global financial markets – implicating prosperity profits that the internally and externally growing Euro 'space' has to aquire in the global competition 5. the seemingly useful description of successful innovations within the service sector and the information industry and their roots in regional agglomerates, in terms of a modern "schumpeterian innovation-economy" 6. the increasing productivity (since 1996), being the U.S.'s "Achilles heel" compared to the European Nations Important here is the aspect that these factors in reality partly overlay or that certain political decisions influence each other and thereby generate this extended boom through mutual interaction. Understanding productivity as the crucial variable to assess the expansion of the rising and profitable industries in the U.S. (network-specifics representing the actual 'new' within the 'new' economy) leads to a discussion of centralizing and de-centralizing tendencies in certain divisions and their economic effects on the U.S. This is followed by a closer observation of the changes within the 'work space' – rises and falls generated by new technologies, markets and labor relations. By showing the inside and the underside of this new type of economy, the work now concentrates on the problems of distribution, focusing mainly on the political discussion about labor. Besides introducing the core of the "workfare-state", the EITC (Earned Income Tax Credit), it also considers the allegedly "soft factors" of growth - such as education and structural duration. Another important factor to be mentioned is the relative success of increased female as well as skilled employment. A sufficient analysis of service-oriented societies is only possible in relation to changes within the ways of living and the various processes of individualization in certain cultural areas. One of the central tasks in Germany will be the transformation from non-paid to paid labor, i.e. in the house keeping sector. The temporary model of the disintegrated welfare-state revolving around the traditional family and "do-it-yourself-culture" is no longer functional. Herein lies the sociological challenge of the work: to react to the structural changes within growth, labor and ways of life by linking social, political and economical arguments. The thesis ends distinctly arguing against the subsidization of low wages and instead opting for a financially and politically safe "quality-offense", especially within the service sector and a return to macroeconomic moderation in Europe.

This volume, Irene Reti and HerBooks Feminist Press, is one of a trio of oral histories published by the Regional History Project documenting the history and archives of second-wave feminist presses on deposit in the University Library's Special Collections. They include Alta's history of Shameless Hussy Press and Sandra Kay Martz's, of Papier-Mache Press. The archives are part of the University of California/Stanford University History and Women's Studies Consortium California Feminist Presses Project whose mission is the preservation and documentation of feminist presses. Prior to her appointment at the Regional History Project, interviewee Irene Reti founded HerBooks in 1984. So she wears two hats in this project: she conducted the interviews with Alta and Martz; and was then interviewed herself as the founder of HerBooks, whose archive she donated to the University Library. HerBooks is a small, all-volunteer press, running on low overhead and publishing pioneering radical feminist titles. HerBooks blossomed within the milieu of feminism and lesbian literary culture and has survived with the support network of feminist presses, independent bookstores, and alternative book distribution. This volume consists of two interviews: one, by former UCSC student Martha Vickers, conducted in 1991, and the second, by Jacquelyn Marie, UCSC Reference/Women's Studies Librarian Emerita, who interviewed Reti in April 2001. As director of the Project, I edited the volume. Marie wrote me the following, describing her involvement in this project: As the Women's Studies librarian at UCSC, I initiated the California Feminist Presses Project with a colleague from UC Berkeley, as a special project within our UC/Stanford Consortium of History/Women's Studies librarians. Each campus collected the archives, including two copies of publications from all the California feminist presses. UCSC was committed to Shameless Hussy Press of Oakland, California, Papier-Mache Press from Watsonville, and HerBooks from Santa Cruz. All three publishers were interviewed. I have worked and consulted with Irene Reti through the years on writing and publishing, speaking on panels, producing bibliographies, designing posters and organizing exhibits. As a member of the feminist publishing/writing community since the 1970s, I have been particularly interested in a long-running, small press such as HerBooks. This press is especially important because of its lesbian/feminist stance. Irene has not hesitated to publish unknown lesbian writers who have highlighted a panoply of neglected and controversial issues. I was very excited to be able to interview her about her evolution as a publisher and writer. Reti graduated from UCSC in 1982 and founded HerBooks in 1984. Her path to publishing evolved quite organically as she knitted together her deep commitment to literature, her coming out as a lesbian, and her identity as a Jewish feminist. After she graduated from UCSC she held a series of nondescript jobs, one of which led her to learning typography and the mechanics of book publishing. This gave her a strong technical base as she launched HerBooks. She then became involved in the Santa Cruz literary scene and participated in several local writing groups. As she says in her oral history: "[At the time] there were a couple of literary magazines . . . I watched this process and thought . . . wait a second, I can do this! . . . the process [of publishing a book] didn't seem entirely mysterious to me anymore." She then published her first lesbian anthology and began her venture in what she describes as 'break-even publishing." In her narrative, Reti discusses the network of feminist publishers and writers with whom she has been involved, the genesis of the titles she has published over the years, her intuitive philosophy of why she publishes what she does, and her overview of the economics of small press publishing during the last two decades. She also gives an intimate overview of the singular literary community which has been thriving in Santa Cruz since the 1960s. HerBooks publications have included an eclectic variety of subjects ranging from serious feminist, lesbian political and cultural volumes (Childless by Choice: A Feminist Anthology (1992), Remember the Fire: Lesbian Sadomasochism in a Post-Nazi Holocaust World (1986), Unleashing Feminism: Critiquing Lesbian Sadomasochism in the Gay Nineties (1993), Carolyn Gage's The Second Coming of Joan of Arc and Other Plays (1994), A Transported Life: Memories of Kindertransport, the Oral History of Thea Feliks Eden (1995)) to more whimsical books such as Garden Variety Dykes: Lesbian Traditions in Gardening (1993) and Cats (and their Dykes) (1991). The HerBooks listing reflects the zeitgeist of radical feminist cultural and political concerns when these issues came to the forefront. The latest HerBooks publication as of this writing is Reti's The Keeper of Memory: A Memoir, a contemporary American bildungsroman which weaves together personal recollection, family history, the assimilationist impulses of her Holocaust refugee parents, and the author's discovery and reclamation of her Jewish identity. The HerBooks archive is at Special Collections, UC Santa Cruz library. A finding aid to the collection is available through the Online Archive of California.