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The free flow of data across borders underpins today's globalized economy. But the flow of personal data outside the jurisdiction of national regulators also raises concerns about the protection of privacy. Addressing these legitimate concerns without undermining international integration is a challenge. This paper describes and assesses three types of responses to this challenge: unilateral development of national or regional regulation, such as the European Union's Data Protection Directive and forthcoming General Data Protection Regulation; international negotiation of trade disciplines, most recently in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP); and international cooperation involving regulators, most significantly in the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Agreement. The paper argues that unilateral restrictions on data flows are costly and can hurt exports, especially of data-processing and other data-based services; international trade rules that limit only the importers' freedom to regulate cannot address the challenge posed by privacy; and regulatory cooperation that aims at harmonization and mutual recognition is not likely to succeed, given the desirable divergence in national privacy regulation. The way forward is to design trade rules (as the CPTPP seeks to do) that reflect the bargain central to successful international cooperation (as in the EU-US Privacy Shield): regulators in data destination countries would assume legal obligations to protect the privacy of foreign citizens in return for obligations on data source countries not to restrict the flow of data. Existing multilateral rules can help ensure that any such arrangements do not discriminate against and are open to participation by other countries.

Side by side with aspirations for universal peace, efforts to limit the effects of war have been made throughout all of history and in all of the world's great civilizations. Such efforts, however, have primarily taken the form of religious or moral precepts; although treaties were in fact concluded, they were limited in scope.

The book serves as a companion to three other volumes published by Cambridge University Press, dealing respectively with the jus ad bellum, the law of belligerent occupation, and non-international armed conflicts. It is devoted to the core of the jus in bello - that is, the conduct of hostilities on land, at sea and in the air in inter-State armed conflicts - analyzed against the background of customary international law and treaties in force. The book deals with both means and methods of modern warfare. It addresses issues of general non-combatant protection, the principle of proportionality in collateral damage to civilians, and special protection, especially of the environment and cultural property. It also considers the relevant dimensions of international criminal law and deals with controversial matters such as unlawful combatancy, direct participation of civilians in hostilities and the use of 'human shields'. Case law and legal literature are cited throughout

Frontmatter -- Foreword / Black, Cyril E. / Falk, Richard A. -- Introduction / Black, C. E. / Falk, R. A. -- Contents -- PART I. A FRAMEWORK -- 1. Conflict Management and World Order / Black, Cyril E. -- 2. Law and War / Farer, Tom J . -- Part II. Central World-Order Concerns -- 3. Internal War and International Law / Higgins, Rosalyn -- 4. The Role of Regional Arrangements in the Maintenance of World Order / Norton Moore, John -- 5. Territorial Stability and Conflict / Wilkes, Daniel -- 6. The Proliferation of Conventional Weapons / Bader, William B. -- 7. The Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons / Kramish, Arnold -- 8. Civil Nuclear Power: Conflict Potential and Management / Willrich, Mason -- Part III. The Moderation of Conflict -- 9. Sanctions and Enforcement / Reisman, W.Michael -- 10. Arms Control and Disarmament / Feiveson, Harold -- 11. Toward the Control of International Violence: The Limits and Possibilities of Law / Barnet, Richard J. -- Index -- BOOKS WRITTEN UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE CENTER OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

In recent decades, Saudi Arabia has committed itself to playing the part of mediator in intra-national and international conflicts in the greater Middle East region. Examples include the two Saudi-introduced Arab Peace Initiatives of 1982 and 2002, mediation attempts between Algeria and Morocco in the West Sahara conflict, Iraq and Syria during the Iran-Iraq War and Iran and Iraq towards the end of their military conflict. Saudi Arabian Foreign Relations provides a new insight to current studies on Saudi foreign policy and mediation in international relations. The book offers a detailed analysis of Saudi Arabia's intermediary role in the intra-state conflicts in Yemen, Lebanon and the Palestinian territories, and the successes and limitations of each. Additionally, it provides an updated examination of Saudi Arabia's role towards resolution of the larger Arab-Israeli conflict. Saudi Arabian Foreign Relations contributes to a far deeper understanding of Saudi foreign policy, and therefore will be of great interest to students and scholars of Middle East Politics and International Relations.

The impact of selected forms of conflict actions and solution characteristics on long-term relations among parties to international conflicts is examined. The analysis is conducted by means of focused comparison. Eight questions drawn from the literature of crisis management and resolution are asked about a series of five conflict episodes from the era preceding World War I. The study indicates that statesmen may contribute to long-term deterioration in relations among nations both by focusing too narrowly on resolving the conflict episode rather than the conflict of interest, and by ignoring diplomatic conventions so that they become increasingly viewed as brigands by their counterparts in other nations. Also, statesmen sometimes fail to take advantage of opportunities to build integrative solutions which might foster better relations among all parties to the conflict. Opportunities for building integrative solutions are sometimes lost even when they could be easily implemented.

Intro -- Contents -- Figures and tables -- Preface -- List of contributors -- Part I The analytical and conceptual framework -- 1 Diasporas in international conflict -- 2 A neglected relationship: Diasporas and conflict resolution -- 3 Gender, diasporas and post-Cold War conflict -- Part II The case studies -- 4 The Jewish Diaspora and the Arab-Palestinian-Israeli conflict -- 5 The Palestinian diaspora -- 6 The Armenian diaspora and the Karabagh conflict since 1988 -- 7 A reluctant diaspora? The case of Colombia -- 8 The Cuban diaspora -- 9 The Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora: Sustaining conflict and pushing for peace -- 10 Kurdish interventions in the Iraq war -- 11 The mobilized Croatian diaspora: Its role in homeland politics and war -- 12 African diasporas and post- conflict reconstruction: An Eritrean case study -- 13 Political remittance: Cambodian diasporas in conflict and post conflict -- Bibliography -- Index.

Understanding Ethnic Conflict provides all the key concepts needed to understand conflict among ethnic groups. Including approaches from both comparative politics and international relations, this text offers a model of ethnic conflict's internationalization by showing how domestic and international actors influence a country's ethnic and sectarian divisions. Illustrating this model in five original case studies, the unique combination of theory and application in Understanding Ethnic Conflict facilitates more critical analysis of contemporary ethnic conflicts and the world's response to them.

"In this evaluation of the international legal standing of the right to reparation and its practical implementation at the national level, Christine Evans outlines State responsibility and examines the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice, the Articles on State Responsibility of the International Law Commission and the convergence of norms in different branches of international law, notably human rights law, humanitarian law and international criminal law. Case studies of countries in which the United Nations has played a significant role in peace negotiations and post-conflict processes allow her to analyse to what extent transitional justice measures have promoted State responsibility for reparations, interacted with human rights mechanisms and prompted subsequent elaboration of domestic legislation and reparations policies. In conclusion, she argues for an emerging customary right for individuals to receive reparations for serious violations of human rights and a corresponding responsibility of States"--

Wer den Krieg überwinden und wirksame Strategien des Friedens entwickeln will, muss ihn studieren und analysieren. Um diesem Anspruch gerecht zu werden, beschäftigten sich Analysen bewaffneter Konflikte lange Zeit fast ausschließlich mit den Korrelaten und empirischen Entwicklungen zwischenstaatlicher Kriege. Die Entstehung von global vernetzten Kriegswirtschaftssystemen und nichtstaatlichen Gewaltordnungen transformiert nicht nur die Gewaltmotive und Handlungslogiken der Konfliktakteure, sondern hat auch veränderte Konfliktdynamiken zur Folge. Forscher sehen in diesen Transformationsprozessen die Kernelemente des Übergangs von "alten" zu "neuen" Kriegen. Im Wesentlichen werden drei miteinander verknüpfte Entwicklungslinien identifiziert, um die Entwicklungen zu den "neuen" Kriege zu verdeutlichen und zu erklären: erstens die Entstaatlichung und Privatisierung kriegerischer Gewalt, zweitens die strategische "Asymmetrisierung" des Krieges sowie drittens die Verselbständigung der Gewaltformen, in deren Folge reguläre Streitkräfte die Kontrolle über das Konfliktgeschehen verlieren. Das vorliegende Projekt geht der Frage nach, durch welche Kriegsformen das internationale System der Gegenwart sicherheits- wie ordnungspolitisch geprägt wird und ob letztlich nichtstaatliche Gewaltformen in Räumen begrenzter Staatlichkeit Ausdruck eines übergreifenden Wandels der Kriegsformen sind und dabei die These von den "neuen Kriegen" rechtfertigen. Zur Verwirklichung der Forschungsziele wurden die zentralen Erklärungsansätze zum Wandel der Kriegsformen herausgearbeitet und Erkenntnisse der Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, der Regionalwissenschaften und der Internationalen Beziehungen zusammengeführt. Es wird deutlich, dass sich die Schlussfolgerungen vom übergreifenden Wandel des Krieges ("neue Kriege") als empirisch und methodisch problematisch erweisen. Faktisch bestehen zwei Kernprobleme: erstens die unscharfe Begriffsbildung und die in der "neuen Kriegsliteratur" fehlenden operationalen Kriterien; zweitens die dürftige empirische Basis und die damit einhergehende Tendenz zur Überpointierung des Wandels. (ICD2)