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Intro -- Sexual Identity and Lesbian Family Life -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Note on Romanisation -- 1 Women in Taiwanese Families: A Personal History -- Taiwanese Marriage and Family: The Past -- A Never-Married Mother in the 1950s -- Women in Their In-law Families -- Rethinking A-Ma -- Social Change in Taiwan (1970s-1990s) -- A Long Way Across the Ocean -- A Typical Working Mother -- Taiwan Miracle: Rapid Industrialisation and Economic Growth -- Educational Expansion and Employment -- Marriage and Family Changes -- Changes in Mother/Daughter-in-Law Relationships -- The Women's Movement in Taiwan -- Single Women and Lesbians in Taiwanese Families:The Present -- Me the Daughter -- We, Taiwanese Daughters in the Family -- T/Po Representation and Culture in Taiwan -- Me in the Mirror: Rethinking My Mother and Me -- References -- 2 Western Theories on Same-Sex Intimacies -- Same-Sex Intimacies -- Negotiating Relationships with Families of Origin -- From 'the Family' to Families -- The Heterosexualised Family -- Lesbian/Gay Normalisation and Egalitarian Lesbian Relationships -- Heterosexuality and Lesbian Relationships -- Normalisation -- Egalitarian Lesbian Couples -- References -- 3 Methodology -- Contacting Interviewees -- Characteristics of Interviewees -- Interviewing -- Interview Format -- Conducting the Interviews -- Interviewing Couples Together and Apart -- Ethical Issues -- Analysis of Data -- Reflection on the Process -- References -- 4 Individual Sexual Stories -- Becoming a Lesbian -- That Was the First Time That I Fancied a Girl… -- Making Sense of Same-Sex Attraction at School -- Heteronormativity's Effects on Sexuality -- Previous Heterosexual Relationships -- Struggling with Heteronormativity -- Strategy One: De-Gendering/Exceptionalising the Objects of Desire (Jules and Tina).

New Perspectives on Cybercrime -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Introduction -- Structure of the Book -- References -- Part I Law and Order in Cyberspace -- Neuro-Agency, Neuro-Ethics and Cybercrime -- Introduction -- The Neuroscience of Free Will -- Embodied Cognition -- Epigenetics -- Neuroscience, Culpability and the Law -- Concluding Observations -- References -- Biology and Cybercrime: Towards a Genetic-Social, Predictive Model of Cyber Violence -- Introduction -- Genetic-Social Framework -- Forms of Cyber Violence and Some Possible Explanations -- Building a Possibly Predictive Model of Cyber Violence -- Concluding Observations -- References -- Cyber Vigilantism - How the Cyber Mob Behaves -- Introduction -- False Accusation and the Presumption of Innocence -- Deviancy Amplification, Safe Spaces and Offence -- Trial by Twitter -- #Anonymous Is at War with #Daesh -- Vigilantism and the Paedophile Hunters -- Stinson Hunter - Paedophile Hunter -- Dark Justice -- Daemon Hunter Organisation: Public Against Paedos -- Letzgo Hunting: Covert Internet Investigations -- Paedophiles Unmasked -- Police Reaction -- TV Entertainment? -- To Catch a Predator -- Tatort Internet -- Truth and Fiction -- Conclusion -- Internet Links -- Bibliography -- Cyber Armies - The Growth of the Cyber Defence Industry -- Introduction -- Threats Online -- What Defences Do We Have? -- Growth Industry of Cyber Security as an Economically Significant Trend Within the Economy -- Cyber Defence and Territorial Boundaries, Who Are We Defending Against? -- Have We Become More Sensitised Towards Deviance Online? -- What Role Can the Individual Play in the Defence of the (Cyber) Realm? -- Panopticism, Are We All Being Watched? -- Cyberterrorism -- Terrorism and Surveillance -- Criminology and Cybercrime -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part II Gender and Deviance in Cyberspace

Pain and Disability -- Copyright -- PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Contents -- SUMMARY -- CHRONIC PAIN -- SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION DISABILITY PROGRAMS -- Problems in the System -- CRITICAL GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1 Introduction -- Overview of the Report -- A Note about Definitions -- References -- PART I THE PROBLEM OF PAIN FOR THE SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION -- 2 The Sociopolitical Background of the Pain Issue -- THE LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND OF THE PAIN PROBLEM IN DISABILITY INSURANCE -- Early History of Social Security Disability -- Physicians' Concerns About Medically Determined Disability -- The Concept of Impairment -- Disability and the Labor Market -- The 1984 Amendments -- DISABILITY, PAIN, AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE -- References -- 3 Disability Determination and the Role Of Pain -- OVERVIEW OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY DISABILITY SYSTEM -- The Programs -- Program Definitions -- The Application and Evaluation Process -- The Appeals Process -- Program Benefits -- Incentives for Rehabilitation and Return to Work -- PAIN'S ROLE IN THE DETERMINATION OF DISABILITY -- Pain in Social Security Law and Regulation -- Pain and the Application Process -- Pain and the Sequential Evaluation Process -- Pain and the Courts -- COMPARISON WITH OTHER DISABILITY COMPENSATION PROGRAMS -- Veterans Administration -- The Role of Pain -- Workers' Compensation -- The Role of Pain -- Private Disability Insurance -- The Role of Pain -- Disability Compensation Programs in Western Europe -- References -- 4 Conflicts And Contradictions In The Disability Program -- CONGRESS AND THE SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION -- TENSIONS WITHIN THE PROGRAM -- Medical Definitions Versus Functional Concept -- Income Support Versus Rehabilitation -- Physicians, Claimants, and Administrators -- Administrative Law Judges Versus Program Administrators.

Governments and financial institutions in several jurisdictions are planning or implementing nonmedical/'forced' switches by cutting drug coverage for reference biologics and funding only less expensive biosimilars. Switches raise numerous ethical and legal challenges, as the drugs are framed as not being identical and, despite strong evidence for noninferiority of some biosimilars, there is controversy over whether switching can sometimes lead to adverse events. Canadian law generally requires physicians to give precedence to their patients' best interests over social interests such as cost containment. The primacy of patients' interests is also clearly reflected in professional policies and codes of ethics. Moreover, physicians are obligated to disclose everything a reasonable person in the patient's position would want to know when obtaining informed consent for treatment, including addressing not only scientific information but also relevant social controversy about nonmedical switches. Under Canadian law, physicians may be obligated to tell patients about the ability to access unfunded biologics, even if patients lack the resources to obtain them. In sum, while there is no inherent right to funding for reference biologics in Canada, physicians in some circumstances may have a legal obligation as fiduciaries to advocate on behalf of patients to remain on a reference biologic. At a minimum, the controversy surrounding switching will necessitate, as part of the consent process, a robust and thorough disclosure of relevant risks, benefits and reasonable alternatives.

AbstractThe Court of Justice of the European Union has historically rejected references to preparatory work in the interpretation of EU Treaties. However, the preparatory work for the EURATOM, Maastricht, and Constitutional Treaties have played a role in recent judgments. The 'explanations' to the Charter of Fundamental Rights are expressly approved in the current Treaties. We examine the emerging case law on preparatory work. Reference to the drafters' intent does not necessarily support dynamic interpretation, and may potentially even ossify historical interpretations. Even if the consequence of their introduction is a conservative interpretation, their use raises questions of transparency and democracy, and complicates the already difficult task of interpreting the EU constitution.

Claims — Foreign claims — Compensation for assets nationalized — Agreement between Canada and Czechoslovakia for assets nationalized by Czechoslovakia — Canadian citizens to claim from Foreign Claims Commission — Dual nationals — Regulations — Interpretation — Absence of ambiguity in words used — Whether reference to extraneous materials permissible — Foreign Claims (Czechoslovakia) Settlement RegulationsNationality — Individuals — Dual nationality — Claims — Whether dual national excluded from claiming from compensation fund in respect of expropriated property — Concept of dominant nationality — Whether applicableTreaties — Implementation — Agreement between Canada and Czechoslovakia for assets nationalized by Czechoslovakia — Foreign Claims (Czechoslovakia) Settlement Regulations implementing provisions of the Agreement — Compensation claims by Canadian citizens — Interpretation — Whether reference to report of negotiators of the Agreement necessary — The law of Canada

Intro -- Foreword by Prof. Qianhong Qin -- Foreword by Assoc. Prof. Norbert Varga -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Brief Introduction to Comparative Constitutional Law -- 1.1.1 History of Comparative Constitutional Law -- 1.1.2 Concept of Comparative Constitutional Law -- 1.1.3 Value of Comparing Constitutional Law -- 1.2 Methodology -- 1.3 Terminology -- 1.3.1 Brief Introduction to Visegrad and the Visegrad Group -- 1.3.2 Central Europe or Eastern Europe? -- 1.3.3 Definition of the Visegrad States in This Research -- 1.3.4 China and Its Constitutions -- 1.3.5 Same Terminology in the Constitutional Text, Different Practical Effects -- 1.4 Structure of This Research Work -- References -- 2 Birth of the Communist Party and Its Early Activities in China and the Visegrad States -- 2.1 Birth of the Communist Party of China and Its Early Activities -- 2.1.1 Birth of the Communist Party of China -- 2.1.2 First United Front -- 2.1.3 End of First United Front and "White Terror"? -- 2.1.4 Reason for the Breakup of the First United Front -- 2.1.5 Communist-Controlled China and the Chinese Soviet Republic -- 2.2 Birth and Early Activities of the Communist Parties in the Visegrad States -- 2.2.1 Spread of Communist Ideology in the Visegrad States -- 2.2.2 Birth of the Hungarian Communist Party and Its Early Activities -- 2.2.3 Birth of the Communist Parties and Their Early Activities in Czechoslovakia and Poland -- 2.3 Conclusion -- References -- 3 The First Written Communist Constitutions in China and the Visegrad States -- 3.1 First Communist Constitution in China -- 3.1.1 Adoption of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China -- 3.1.2 Analysis of the Text and Structure of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China -- 3.2 First Written Communist Constitutions in the Visegrad States.

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Aim and Research Question -- 1.2 The Economic Aim of Creating the Internal Market and Welfare Services -- 1.3 Moving from Economic Community to Union: Significance for State Welfare Services Provision -- 1.4 The EEA Agreement -- 1.4.1 Scope and Limits to the Dynamic Nature -- 1.4.2 Homogeneity as a Fundamental (Constitutional) Principle of the EEA -- 1.4.3 Law on Treaties: National Legal Autonomy -- 1.5 The EU Based on New Aims and Values: An Overview of Primary Law Changes After the Signing of the EEA Agreement 1 May 1992 -- 1.5.1 The Treaty of Maastricht -- 1.5.2 The Treaty of Amsterdam -- 1.5.3 The Treaty of Nice -- 1.5.4 The Treaty of Lisbon -- 1.6 Relevance, Identifying and Contributing to Closing the Knowledge Gap -- 1.7 Scope and Limitations -- 1.8 Materials, Methodology and Terminology -- 1.9 Parts and Chapters -- References -- Miscellaneous -- Part I: The EEA Integration Process and Free Movement of Services: Patients' and Students' Mobility in Publicly Financed Systems of Healthcare and Education -- Chapter 2: Free Movement of Services and Article 56 TFEU and Article 36 EEA -- 2.1 Aim and Background -- 2.2 Organisational Choices -- 2.3 The Sensitive Character of (Largely) Publicly Financed Health and Educational Systems -- 2.3.1 Closed-in Solidaristic Systems of Providing Healthcare and Educational Services -- 2.3.2 Market Elements in Healthcare and Educational Systems -- 2.4 Structure -- References -- Chapter 3: The Provision of Healthcare Services: Free Movement Rights for Patients -- 3.1 The EU Legal Order -- 3.1.1 The Case Law from the CJEU on Healthcare Services -- 3.1.2 Primary and Secondary Law in the EU Legal Order in the Field of Public Healthcare Services -- The Citizens Directive 2004/38.

"Editorial EYIEL 8 (2017)" -- "Contents" -- "List of Contributors" -- "Part I: Special Focus External Economic Relations of the European Union" -- "Distinguished Essay: A Quiet Revolution-The Changing Nature of the EU´s Common Commercial Policy" -- "1 Introduction" -- "2 The Objectives of the Common Commercial Policy" -- "2.1 Specific Objectives for the Common Commercial Policy" -- "2.2 Internal Policy Objectives" -- "2.3 General External Objectives" -- "2.4 Turning Objectives into Strategy" -- "3 The Scope of the Common Commercial Policy" -- "3.1 From Goods to Services and Intellectual Property Rights" -- "3.2 And Foreign Direct Investment" -- "3.3 Limits to the Common Commercial Policy" -- "4 Decision-Making" -- "4.1 The European Parliament: Consent, Transparency and Public Debate" -- "4.2 The Member States: Exclusivity and Unanimity" -- "5 Conclusion" -- "References" -- "Front-Loading Trade Policy-Making in the European Union: Towards a Trade Act" -- "1 The Problem" -- "2 Forum Shifting in Law-Making" -- "3 The Challenge of Inclusive Participation" -- "3.1 International Law and Diplomacy" -- "3.2 European Union Law Treaty-Making" -- "4 Front-Loading of Trade and Investment Policy-Making" -- "4.1 The Lack of Specific Objectives in Primary Law" -- "4.2 The Role of Negotiating Directives" -- "4.3 The Challenge Ahead" -- "5 The US Trade Act and Trade Promotion Authority (TPA)" -- "5.1 The 1974 Trade Act and Amendments" -- "5.2 Trade Promotion Authority (TPA)" -- "5.3 Assessment" -- "6 Towards an International Trade, Investment and Cooperation Regulation (ITICR)" -- "6.1 Defining Legal Objectives, Goals and Conditions" -- "6.2 The Role of Parliaments of Member States" -- "6.3 Negotiating Mandates" -- "6.4 Package Deal" -- "6.5 Relationship to Mixed Agreements" -- "6.6 The Role of the Judiciary" -- "7 Conclusions" -- "References

Intro -- Introduction -- Contents -- Part I: Personal Data Protection: What Perspectives? -- Chapter 1: The GDPR: New Horizons -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principal Aims of the GDPR -- 3 Understanding the GDPR -- 3.1 Uniform Rules -- 3.2 Existing Rights and Obligations -- 3.3 Introducing New Rights and Obligations -- 3.4 Reducing Burdens and Red Tape -- 3.5 Micro, Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) -- 3.6 Transparency, Accountability and Self-Regulation -- 3.7 Supervisory Role and Cooperation of the DPAs -- 3.8 Responsibilities, Liability and Enforcement -- 3.9 Transfers to Third Countries -- 3.10 Economic Growth and Social Integration -- 4 Closing Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2: The General Data Protection Regulation: A Law for the Digital Age? -- 1 Introduction: New Law to Address New Challenges? -- 1.1 The Emergence of Internet as Challenge for Data Protection Law -- 1.2 Internet: A Field for Pervasive Surveillance and Data Collection -- 1.3 New Law for Responding to Internet Challenges? -- 2 Scope of Application: An Internet Jurisdiction? -- 2.1 An Internet-Conscious Definition of Personal Data -- 2.2 Online Household Exception? -- Household Exception and Social Networks -- 2.3 Digital Territorial Scope? -- The Uncertainties of ``Equipment´´ Criterion -- Functional Approach of Territorial Scope -- 3 The Loss of Control Over Data and the Consent in GDPR -- 3.1 Consent as Tool to Exercise Informational Self-Determination -- 3.2 Normative Requirements and the ``Fallacy´´ of Consent -- 3.3 The Technological Barriers of Free and Informed Consent -- 3.4 Consent and ``By Default´´ Data Protection -- 4 New Digital Rights? -- 4.1 The Right to Be Forgotten -- 4.2 The Right to Data Portability -- 5 Protecting Personal Data on the Internet: A Herculean or a Sisyphean Task? - A Provisional Conclusion -- References

Introduction: History of hate crimes legislation ; Hate crimes statistics act ; Hate crimes sentencing enhancement act ; Violence against women act of 1994 (VAWA) ; Church arson prevention act (18 U.S. code 247) ; Local law enforcement enhancement act ; Executive branch ; U.S. Supreme Court decisions ; Hate crimes legislation at the state level ; Critics of hate crime laws ; Recent hate crimes ; Some major targeted groups ; References -- Hate crimes around the world: Gays and lesbians ; Jews ; References -- Chronology -- Biographical sketches: Zainab Al-Suwaij (1971-) ; Chip Berlet (1949-) ; Kathleen M. Blee (1953-) ; Floyd Cochran (1956-) ; Rabbi Abraham Cooper (1950-) ; Morris S. Dees (1936-) ; Steven Emerson (1954-) ; Gregory Herek (1954-) ; James B. Jacobs (1947-) ; Valerie Jenness (1963-) ; Brian Levin (1963-) ; Jack Levin (1941-) ; Daniel Levitas (1960-) ; Mark Potok (1955-) ; Kenneth Stern (1953-) ; Lu-in Wang (1962-) ; Bill Wassmuth (1941-2001) -- Documents and reports: Statistics on hate crimes ; Training law enforcement to combat hate crimes ; Hate crimes on campus: a growing problem ; Additional methods of combating campus hate ; The growing problem of hate on the web -- Directory of organizations -- Print resources -- Nonprint resources

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to present arguments against the possibility of adoption of a child by a homosexual person in the light of Polish family law. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Since the Polish legislature does not explicitly accept or prohibit the adoption of a child by a homosexual person, the question of the possibility of adoption of a child by such a person is raised in the light of the principles of family law in force in Poland. There has been applied the method of critical and comparative analysis as well as the analysis of the reference literature, rulings of the Polish Supreme Court and Polish reference legislation. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: After having initially defined the aim of the study, the author indicates the function and purpose of the adoption and its premises. Two basic premises of adoption are explained in detail - the premise of the best interests of the child and the appropriate personal qualifications of the adopter. The essential part of the argumentation is to find the answer to the question on whether adoption of a child by a homosexual person in the light of Polish family law is possible or not. RESEARCH RESULTS: The result of this research is the statement of impossibility of adoption of a child by homosexuals in the light of Polish family law. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The analysis confirmed the dominant view in Polish doctrine according to which adoption of a child by homosexuals appears to be in contradiction of the principle of the best interests of the child.

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a constitutional analysis of the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) that has been prepared by a network of European legal scholars. The central question is to what extent the DCFR reflects fundamental values shared by the Member States. In order to answer this question, this paper analyses the relevant DCFR provisions in the light of fundamental rights, such as those laid down in national Constitutions and international treaties. Comparative remarks are made on the effects of fundamental rights in the national contract laws of various Member States (the Netherlands, Germany, England, and Italy), since the DCFR provisions that refer to fundamental rights correspond to some typical cases (or Fallgruppen) of fundamental rights application that have arisen in these countries. The structure of the analysis accordingly follows three main categories: the interpretation of the rules of contract law, non-discrimination in contractual relationships, and the validity of the contract. Attention is paid to direct and indirect effects of fundamental rights in European contract law cases as well as to the legal-political implications of these effects. On the basis of the comparative analysis, finally, it is submitted that choices will have to be made regarding the extent to which legislators and judges have to take into account the values expressed in these rights and, importantly, which form should be given to the provisions of a Common Frame of Reference in order to reach the highest possible level of protection of these values in contract law throughout Europe. Only then will the further harmonisation of European contract law truly contribute to the establishment of a European Constitution.

Includes: Simplification of the machinery of justice with a view to its greater efficiency, by H. W. Jessup; Some observations upon the report of the committee of the Phi Delta Phi with special reference to the typical judiciary article for a constitution, by C. A. Boston; Layman's demand for improved judicial machinery, by W. L. Ransom; Working of the New Jersey short practice act, by Martin Conboy; Progress of the proposal to substitute rules of court for common law practice, by T. W. Shelton; An efficient county court system, by Herbert Harley; Justice factory, by F. D. Wells; Administration of business and discipline of the courts, by Julius Henry Cohen; Organization of the courts, by G. W. Alger; Looking forward in the law, by A. Y. Wood. Includes: Simplification of the machinery of justice with a view to its greater efficiency, by H. W. Jessup; Some observations upon the report of the committee on the Phi Delta Phi with special reference to the typical judiciary article for a constitution, by C. A. Boston; Layman's demand for improved judicial machinery, by W. L. Ransom; Working of the New Jersey short practice act, by Martin Conboy; Progress of the proposal to substitute rules of court for common law practice, by T. W. Shelton; An efficient county court system, by Herbert Harley; Justice factory, by F. D. Wells; Administration of business and discipline by the courts, by Julius Henry Cohen; Organization of the courts, by G. W. Alger; Looking forward in the law, by A. Y. Wood.