Suchergebnisse

Рассматривается роль автомобильной техники в военных операциях Красной Армии 1943 г. Обоснован тезис о том, что функционирование системы «человек-техника» зависит от двух факторов: технической оснащенности вооруженных сил и профессионализма военных, использовавших эту технику. Даны основные характеристики легких и грузовых армейских автомобилей; отображены их достоинства и недостатки; показаны задачи, которые решались автомобильными войсками при организации наступательных действий и влияли соответствующим образом на выбор подхода к использованию автомобильной техники. Проанализировано изменение состава автомобильного парка советской армии за период с 1941 по 1944 г. Аргументировано положение о том, что успех военных операций 1943 г. был обеспечен, в основном, при помощи отечественного автомобильного транспорта. ; The paper examines the role of automotive engineering in the military operations of the Red Army in 1943. It proves the idea that the functioning of the "man-machinery" system depends on two factors: the technical equipment of the armed forces and professionalism of military men, who use this equipment. The author gives the main characteristics of light trucks and army vehicles; he displays their advantages and disadvantages and shows the tasks being solved by motor forces in the organization of offensive actions and their according influence on the approach to the use of motor vehicles. There was a change of the composition of the vehicle fleet of the Soviet Army from 1941 to 1944. It is concluded that the success of military operations in 1943 was achieved mainly by means of domestic road transport.

The criminal prosecution of environmental offenders by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is one of the agency's most politicised yet poorly understood responsibilities. Through content analysis of the Agency's criminal prosecutions in 2001-2011, we undertook analysis of nearly 1000 cases to understand better whether and how the outcomes of the criminal enforcement division change under presidential administrations. Using a principal-agent framework, our results suggest presidents do matter for enforcement outcomes. Yet, the more interesting conclusion is that these outcomes are not extremely divergent, suggesting that the Agency is able to navigate the often conflicting dictates of various political principals, under similar budgetary constraints, and in step with an Agency culture that values strong enforcement. Moreover, we find that such enforcement efforts are substantively valuable, as many of these cases involve serious and willful violations of law that result in significant harm to humans and the environment. Adapted from the source document.

"Ältere ALG-II-Beziehende sind verpflichtet, eine Altersrente auch dann zu beantragen, wenn sie nur vorzeitig, d.h. mit Abschlägen, in Anspruch genommen werden kann. Unter anderem wegen der Fremdbestimmung der ALG-II-Beziehenden durch die Jobcenter und wegen der Fehlanreize für die Jobcenter, die sich aus dieser Regelung ergeben, steht die Pflicht zur vorzeitigen Inanspruchnahme einer Altersrente in der Kritik. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Auswirkungen dieser Regelung für den Zugang in Altersrente von ALG-II-Beziehenden. Grundlage sind Daten der Gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung zum Rentenzugang. Obwohl diese Daten wichtige Informationen über die Absichten des Renteneintritts, den erstmaligen Zeitpunkt der Erfüllung rentenrechtlicher Voraussetzungen und der Einkommenssituation im Haushaltskontext nicht enthalten, erlauben sie doch, den Umfang des vorzeitigen Rentenzugangs und die Bestimmungsgründe dafür abzuschätzen. Die Ergebnisse stützen die Vermutung, dass sich das Rentenzugangsverhalten der ALG-II-Beziehenden nicht grundlegend ändern würde, wenn die Pflicht zur vorzeitigen Inanspruchnahme einer Altersrente abgeschafft werden würde." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Nahezu alle (evangelischen) Großkirchen in Deutschland haben nach der Jahrtausendwende flächendeckend Mitarbeiter- oder Personalentwicklungsgespräche eingeführt. In der Hannoverschen Landeskirche wurde deren Einführung als "Jahresgespräche" besonders breit diskutiert. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht diese Diskussionen als Ausdruck eines veränderten Selbstverständnisses der gesamten Leitungspraxis der evangelischen Kirchen und stellt sie in den Kontext der Debatten zur kirchlichen "Organisationsreform", die seit den 1990er Jahren die Praxis und Theorie der Kirche beschäftigen. Anhand der Visitation wird ein Modell entwickelt, das kirchliches Leitungshandeln und die damit verbundenen Konflikte und Spannungsfelder in drei Grunddimensionen beschreibt und differenziert. In Anwendung auf die Jahresgespräche werden damit Konfliktstrukturen und Problemfelder sichtbar gemacht. Auf diese Weise werden Personalentwicklung und Personalführung der Kirchen einer tiefergehenden praktisch-theologischen Reflexion unterzogen.

A growing number of Payments for Environmental Services (PES) schemes are being implemented at the community level in developing countries, especially in the context of climate change mitigation efforts to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD). In parallel, there is vigorous commentary about the implications of market-based or neoliberal conservation strategies, and their potential effects on communities that depend on natural resources. This article explores the political dimensions of community-level PES in Cambodia, where contracts for 'avoided deforestation' and 'biodiversity conservation' were implemented in five communities. The research examines three aspects of the community-level PES model that are inherently political: the engagement of communities as single homogeneous entities, capable of entering PES contracts; the simplification of land-use practices and resource rights; and the assumption that contracts are voluntary or reflect 'community choice'. These elements of PES work both discursively and practically to silence certain voices and claims, while privileging others. Therefore, the problematic nature of community-level PES is not that it is a market per se, but that it is a powerful intervention masquerading as a market. This process of 'market masquerades' emerges as a key element in the politics of neoliberal conservation in practice.

Who drives domestic institutional change in the face of international economic crisis? For materialists, self-interested actors struggle for material gains during exogenously generated crises. For constructivists, norm entrepreneurs strategically construct how crises should be interpreted to justify certain institutional reforms. While both these approaches are analytically powerful, they suffer from an implicit view of legitimacy as established by elite command or proclamation during periods of uncertainty. This article adds an extra piece to the puzzle of which institutional reforms are selected in the construction of a crisis. It suggests that everyday discourses constructed by mass public agents, or non-elites, provide impulses for elite actors to select institutional reforms that will receive social legitimacy. The article re-examines the case of interwar Britain, arguing that a "legitimacy gap" between elite and mass understandings informed institutional experimentation during the 1920s and 1930s, fertilizing the eventual "Keynesian Revolution." In this way, this article seeks to show how the expressive practices and changing conventions of non-elite agents can shape institutional development. It also suggests that an "agent-centered constructivism" interested in explaining institutional change may be well served by taking into account popular as well as elite views.

Recent impacts from the Mountain Pine Beetle epidemic, the lack of available timber in areas of lower elevation, and the reduction in back-country timber has pushed forest operations into publicly significant and visible landscapes. When these become the stage for operations they can be a source of public backlash. These kinds of landscapes are carefully protected by governments, yet, this protection may reduce timber availability. We have developed a new GIS-based tool to aid planners in designing harvests in these areas. Our tool is applied to three case studies in British Columbia to showcase how it can reduce planning time, increase timber availability and limit the negative visible effects of operations.

Who drives domestic institutional change in the face of international economic crisis? For materialists, self-interested actors struggle for material gains during exogenously generated crises. For constructivists, norm entrepreneurs strategically construct how crises should be interpreted to justify certain institutional reforms. While both these approaches are analytically powerful, they suffer from an implicit view of legitimacy as established by elite command or proclamation during periods of uncertainty. This article adds an extra piece to the puzzle of which institutional reforms are selected in the construction of a crisis. It suggests that everyday discourses constructed by mass public agents, or non-elites, provide impulses for elite actors to select institutional reforms that will receive social legitimacy. The article re-examines the case of interwar Britain, arguing that a "legitimacy gap" between elite and mass understandings informed institutional experimentation during the 1920s and 1930s, fertilizing the eventual "Keynesian Revolution." In this way, this article seeks to show how the expressive practices and changing conventions of non-elite agents can shape institutional development. It also suggests that an "agent-centered constructivism" interested in explaining institutional change may be well served by taking into account popular as well as elite views.