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This paper focuses on Antarctica and its status as a commons area with potential to facilitate both the human rights objectives and development agendas of global south states. It suggests that, using a combined and complementary environmental justice, just sustainability and cosmopolitan democracy (EJJSCD) framework, global south states can advance a human rights-based approach to development using monies generated from resource extraction in Antarctic waters. In this framework, environmental justice, just sustainability, and cosmopolitan democracy serve as new or emerging paradigms that offer previously untried ways of addressing issues of inter and intra-generational equity, democracy beyond borders, marginalization of global south states in environmental governance regimes, and lack of ongoing capital funding for development projects (both large and small scale) in the global south. The paper argues that the uncertain legal status of Antarctica, the presence of two separate, overlapping legal regimes in the area south of 60º South (the Antarctic Treaty System and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)), and rapid technological advances have permitted resource extraction in the form of bio-prospecting to occur without appropriate environmental governance oversight or regulation. This opens up opportunities for global south states, building both upon the concept of sustainable development embedded in the Brundtland Commission report and their common rights and development objectives, to collectively press for regulation of the industry and equitable benefit-sharing from resource extraction utilizing the EJJSCD framework in order to achieve the vital outcomes outlined in the UN Millennium Development Goals.

Рассматриваются определяющие условия и факторы развития Аландских островов, описываются основные международно-правовые акты, регламентирующие современный статус данных территорий; выявляются тенденции изменения объема и структуры экономической деятельности; анализируются процессы изменения численности населения по регионам и коммунам, особенности миграционного обмена населения; характеризуются правовые основы социально-экономического развития этого региона Финляндии. Утверждается, что главным фактором, определяющим современное благополучие островов, является не их политический статус или институциональные особенности, а экономико-географическое положение, «эффект концентрации» и приток населения извне. Указывается, что имеющиеся даже в пределах столь небольшой территории значительные региональные различия свидетельствуют о том, что пространственная структура общества формируется в первую очередь под воздействием естественных тенденций, преодолеть которые вряд ли возможно. ; This article considers key conditions and factors of the development of Aland Islands, describes main international legal regulations determining current status of the islands, identifies the trends in volume and structure of economic activities, analyzes processes of population change by regions and communes, as well as migration flows. The article also characterizes legal framework for socioeconomic development of the Finnish region. It is argued that the key factor behind modern welfare of the islands is not their political status or institutional makeup, but rather their economic and geographical position, the 'concentration effect', and the population influx. It is stressed that wide regional disparities observed within such small territory are indicative of the spatial structure of society development primarily under the influence of natural features, which are nearly impossible to disregard.

Проанализированы основные положения Закона Украины «О высшем образовании» от 01.07.2014 года, который узаконил концептуальные основы образовательной реформы, направленной на инновационное развитие украинской экономики и общества, углубление евроинтеграционного процесса в Украине. ; The law of Ukraine "On Higher Education" from July 1, 2014 determined the structure, content and standards of higher education in Ukraine; principles of State Policy on Education; types of higher education institutions and their legal status; management structure of higher education institutions; foundations of scientific, technical and innovative activities of universities; financial and economic relations between universities; rights and obligations of participants of the educational process; issues of international cooperation in higher education.The new law contains a number of innovations which provides: Autonomy, academic freedom and financial independence of universities; Strengthening public control over the quality of training, the establishment of the National Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education; Fixation in law the external independent evaluation of knowledge and skills of persons; Unification of Ukrainian higher education levels, degrees and academic status of scientific and teaching staff with appropriate educational systems of European countries; Establishing effective cooperation between higher education and the labor market, involvement of employers into the educational process.Consequently, higher education in Ukraine has received an updated legal framework that could ensure the implementation of educational reforms aimed at innovative development of the Ukrainian economy and society, strengthening the link between education, science, government and business, improving the quality of training, their competitiveness in the labor market, deepening of European integration and strengthening cultural cooperation of European nations.

This article surveys the changing gender images in Japanese teaching materials by examining the family- and work-related content of civics textbooks for Japanese middle schools of two major publishers and the corresponding educational guidelines by the Ministry of Education. In analyzing the »official view« and the actual social development during the past six decades, two results are prominent: First, even though Japanese textbooks are often seen as extremely uniform due to the detailed guidelines and rigorous examination process of the Ministry of Education, this analysis identifies differences in content and even in formal structure of the subject matter presented by the two private publishers. Second, in general the major changes in the portrayal of gender role models can be described in the following manner. The first two decades of postwar civics were dominated by an attempt to establish in Japan democracy and equality of legal status in principle between men and women. The Western middle-class family ideal, based on a general division of labour (man as breadwinner, woman as housewife), was adopted and adjusted to traditional Japanese gender concepts, serving at the same time to stabilize the new social order and reaching a peak in the seventies. The idea that the social emancipation of women should extend beyond mere legal status has vividly been reflected in textbooks only since the eighties. The most recent texts of 1993 have at last cautiously turned to a new male role model, seeing men explicitly in their roles as fathers and partners in organizing family life as well as employment.

"As frustration mounts in some quarters at the perceived inadequacy or speed of international action on climate change, and as the likelihood of significant impacts grows, the focus is increasingly turning to liability for climate change damage. Actual or potential climate change liability implicates a growing range of actors, including governments, industry, businesses, non-governmental organisations, individuals and legal practitioners. Climate Change Liability provides an objective, rigorous and accessible overview of the existing law and the direction it might take in seventeen developed and developing countries and the European Union. In some jurisdictions, the applicable law is less developed and less the subject of current debate. In others, actions for various kinds of climate change liability have already been brought, including high profile cases such as Massachusetts v. EPA in the United States. Each chapter explores the potential for and barriers to climate change liability in private and public law"--

Purpose: This paper presents a multi-objective programming model for selection of projects for financing new enterprise smes in colombia with objectivity and transparency in every call. approach: the model has four social objectives, subject to constraint budget and to the requirements of every summons. the resolution procedure for the model is based on principles of goal programming. findings: selection projects subject to the impact within the country. research limitations: the selection of the projects is restricted by a legal framework, the terms of reference and the budget of the summons. practical implications: the projects must be viable according to the characteristics of every summons. originality/value: the suggested model offers an alternative for entities that need to evaluate projects of co-financing for the managerial development of the smes with more objectivity and transparency in the assignment of resources.

Introduction -- Fundamentals of Understanding Interpersonal Violence -- Human Rights Framework -- Adverse Childhood Experience -- Trauma-informed Issues -- Systems Responses to Interpersonal Violence -- and Abuse -- National Plan -- Integration of the Types of Interpersonal Violence Across the Lifespan -- Introduction -- Vulnerable Populations, Multicultural Issues, Immigration -- Historical Trauma -- Intergenerational Transmission of Abuse and Trauma -- Polyvictimization and Intersectionality -- Risk Assessment, Mental Health, and Substance Abuse -- Connections to Other Types of Maltreatment -- Child Maltreatment: Victimization and Perpetration -- Introduction -- Physical Abuse -- Abusive Head Trauma -- Neglect and Failure to Thrive -- Corporal Punishment -- Sexual Abuse in Childhood -- Missing and Exploited Children -- Emotional Abuse -- Sibling Abuse in Early Childhood -- Exposure to Violence in the Family during Childhood -- Neuropsychological Effects -- Policies & Laws -- Child Protective Services, Child Welfare, and Foster Care -- System Responses to Child Maltreatment -- Abuse in Institutional Settings -- Child Abuse Offenders -- Youth/Adolescent Maltreatment: Victimization and Perpetration -- Introduction -- Bullying -- Technology Facilitated -- Teen Dating Violence and Stalking -- Sexual Abuse in Adolescence (familial, stranger, etc.) -- Compliant Victims (legal issues associated with consent/statutory rape) -- Missing and Exploited Youth -- Emotional Abuse During Adolescence -- Corporal Punishment in Youth & Adolescence -- Youth & Adolescent Sibling Abuse -- Exposure to Family Violence During Adolescence -- Forced Marriage, Female Genital Mutilation, and Cultural Violence -- Date/Acquaintance Sexual Assault -- Youth with Sexual Behavioral Problems -- Abuse in Institutional Settings -- Outcomes -- Substance Abuse/Addictions -- System Responses to Maltreatment of Adolescents -- Community Violence and Abuse -- Introduction -- Gangs -- Organized Crime -- School Violence -- Mass Violence -- Homicide and Home Invasions -- Sex and Labor Trafficking -- Long-term Missing Youth -- Hate Crimes -- System Response to Community Violence -- Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and Abuse -- Introduction -- Overview of Types of Abuse -- Theories of IPV Causation -- Intersectionality -- System Responses -- IPV Offenders -- Dynamics of Victimization -- IPV Victim Interventions -- Adult Sexual Harassment and Assault -- Introduction -- Identification and Continuum -- Betrayal Trauma -- Institutional Betrayal Trauma -- Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault -- Technology Facilitated -- Pornography -- Sexual Harassment in the Workplace -- Sex Offenders -- Institutional Settings -- Outcomes/Long-term Effects -- System Responses to Sexual Assault -- Older Adult/Elder Abuse -- Introduction -- IPV of Older Adults -- Sexual Assault of Older Adults -- Parent Abuse -- Financial Abuse -- Abandonment & Neglect -- Older Adult/elder Abuse in Institutional and Care Settings -- Mandated Reporting -- Polyvictimization in Later Life -- Outcomes and Long-term Effects -- Perpetrators of Older Adults -- System Responses to Older Adults -- International Perspectives -- Adult Survivors of Abuse.-Introduction -- Betrayal trauma -- Institutional betrayal trauma -- Legal issues and statute of limitations -- Outcomes -- Repressed/Recovered Memories -- Neuropsychological/Neurobiological Effects -- Head Traumas -- Treatment of Adult Survivors -- System Responses of Adult Survivors of Abuse -- Next Steps: Summary and Interconnections -- Introduction -- National Plan -- Future Directions in Research -- Future Directions in Interventions -- Future Directions in Policies -- Future Directions in Advocacy -- Future Directions in Prevention. .

Раскрываются основные теоретические аспекты норм международного права в рамках ответственности за фальшивомонетничество, возможные санкции, специфика их применения, перспективы совершенствования законодательства. Отражается специфика привлечения физических лиц к уголовной ответственности за подделку денежных знаков в рамках норм международного уголовного права. Проводится анализ санкций, применяемых государствами в национальном законодательстве, рассматривается их соотношение. Рассматриваются вопросы эффективного применения Международной конвенции по борьбе с подделкой денежных знаков, возможность изменения ряда норм; анализируются смягчающие и отягчающие обстоятельства, в том числе их влияние на назначение наказания. Проводится разграничение ответственности физических лиц за государственное и индивидуальное фальшивомонетничество и рассматриваются проблемы разграничения такой ответственности в международном праве. ; This article reveals the basic content of international law under the responsibility of individuals for counterfeiting, the specifics of its application, and the prospects for improving the legislation. The principle of personal liability of individuals is given. Preventive value of international law in combating crime depends on the joint efforts of states in the elaboration of measures to bring individuals to international criminal liability. International crimes are committed by people, not by abstract entities, and only by punishing individuals who committed them, the instructions of international law can be observed. Consequently, along with the responsibility of the state the principle of personal responsibility of individuals is recognized. The subjects of the crime, along with the states, are individuals who are also responsible. This is a correct and fair position, as the state involved in counterfeiting always acts through its officers. Thus, the crime is committed as a result of actions or omissions of individuals. The article presents the delimitation of personal criminal responsibility of individuals for counterfeiting individual criminal responsibility under state counterfeiting. Since the problem of punishment of individuals for counterfeiting is quite complex, national legislations should develop penal provisions, which would reflect the relevant international legal norms and should allow punishment of offenders. In this connection it is expedient to establish the same penalties for similar crimes under international regulations in different states. The article discusses the possibility of signing agreements between states of a partial harmonization of national criminal laws, including in the area of penalties for counterfeiting. This would create a legal framework, which other states could join. In imposing sentence, all the circumstances are to be considered: the severity of the danger of this crime for interstate relations, damage, etc. If in this regard to consider not only mitigating, but also aggravating circumstances, we should say that the list of circumstances existing in national law is not always sufficient to assess the crimes and criminals, as well as to sentence them properly.

Целью статьи является рассмотрение системы судоустройства в Калмыцком ханстве в XVIII в. В статье на основе анализа историографических источников был реконструирован порядок формирования, состав и полномочия калмыцкого суда Зарго. При этом подчеркивается, что Зарго являлось совещательным органом, имевшим административно-судебные полномочия. Источниками права, на основании которых осуществлялось правосудие, являлись Великое Уложение 1640 г., принятое на съезде ойратских и монгольских феодалов, «Токтолы» Дондук-Даши (с середины 1740-х гг.) и нормы обычного права. В последующем имперские власти, стремившиеся ограничить ханскую власть, изменили порядок формирования Зарго, после ликвидации Калмыцкого ханства подчинили его местной администрации, а в 1786 г. и вовсе упразднили. В ходе последовавших затем различных реформ судоустройства калмыцких улусов была признана ошибочность данного решения, и в 1800 г. суд Зарго вновь восстановили. ; The purpose of this article is to review the judiciary system in the Kalmyk society of the 18th century. Based on the analysis of legislative and historiographical sources, the author reconstructed the order of the formation and powers of Zargo. In 1771 when the greater part of Kalmyk uluses migrated to Dzungaria, the Kalmyk khanate was liquidated by a rescript of Catherine II, which resulted in the restructuring of the Kalmyk People Administration (UKN). The Commission for Kalmyk Affairs was attached to the office of the Governor of Astrakhan, where in 1772 the Kalmyk court Zargo was founded, consisting of three members by one representative from the three sub-ethnic groups of the Kalmyk people. Instead of the Commission for Kalmyk Affairs, the Kalmyk Military Chancellery was established. However, the reform of P. S. Potemkin proved to be unsuccessful, as well as the decision to delegate the functions of Zargo to the Russian district courts. Having lost the ability to exercise civil proceedings by its own laws, Kalmyks without knowing the Russian language and Russian laws appeared to be vulnerable in legal terms. Having superseded the Governor-General of the Caucasus and the Astrakhan Governor P. S. Potemkin, the State Counsellor L. S. Alekseev tried to rectify the situation of his predecessor. All civil judicial cases related to the Kalmyk people were transferred to the Kalmyk Chancellery from the lower courts. Though, the land law, criminal and other important cases were in charge of the Caucasian Governor-General and his government. After the tsarist government had abolished the institution of the vicegerency in 1796, Astrakhan and the Caucasus regions regained the status of independent provinces. In 1797 the Kalmyk Chancellery was renamed to the Kalmyk Board and under this title, it continued to combine administrative and judicial functions up to August 1800. Thus, the authors conclude that during the 18th century, as a result of the imperial policy of the authorities, the judiciary system in the Kalmyk society underwent the transformation process.