Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ramatirth Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 689 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 56 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 33 per cent by rock outcrops and 11 per cent by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire cultivated area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 9 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 4 per cent are sandy soils at the surface, 10 per cent are loamy soils and 42 percent soils are clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 48 per cent is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 54 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 2 per cent area is gently sloping (3-5% slope) soils.  An area of about 48 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 8 per cent is severely eroded (e3) soils in the microwatershed.  An area of 8 per cent in the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 17 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 31 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) soil reaction  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 24 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and about 32 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 10 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and about 45 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in 51 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 34 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 41(6) 74(11) Guava - 45(6) Maize 41(6) 74(11) Sapota - 45(6) Bajra 45(6) 70(11) Pomegranate - 63(9) Groundnut 4(1) 87(12) Musambi - 63(9) Sunflower - 63(9) Lime - 63(9) Redgram - 69(10) Amla 45(6) 59(9) Bengal gram 13(2) 5(1) Cashew - 4(1) Cotton - 59(9) Jackfruit - 45(6) Chilli 41(6) 68(10) Jamun - - Tomato 41(6) 50(7) Custard apple 4(1) 104(15) Brinjal 41(6) 50(7) Tamarind - - Onion 41(6) 50(7) Mulberry - 45(6) Bhendi 41(6) 68(10) Marigold 41(6) 68(10) Drumstick - 58(8) Chrysanthemum 41(6) 68(10) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 7 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Ramatirth is located at North latitude 160 59' 26.672" and 160 57' 19.615" and East longitude 770 11' 39.441'' and 770 8' 32.977" covering an area of about 685.96 ha coming under Ramathirtha and Allura .B villages of Chithapura taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Ramatirth micro watersheds of Chikka Alur subwatershed, Chithapura taluk & Kalaburagi District indicated that, out of the total sample of 33 farmers were sampled in Ramatirth micro-watershed among households surveyed 13 (39.39%) were marginal, 11 (33.33%) were small and 4 (12.12 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 79 (53.02%) men and 70 (46.98 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.4, marginal farmers were 4.8, small farmers were 4.7 and semi medium farmers were 4.5.  Majority of the respondents (42.95%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 43.62 per cent illiterates, 44.97 per cent pre university education and 7.38 per cent attained graduation.  About, 30.30 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 42.42 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 20.81 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 93.94 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 9.09 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 93.94 per cent possess TV, 30.30 per cent possess mixer grinder, 109.09 per cent possess mobile phones and 12.12 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 21.21 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 33.33 per cent possess plough, 36.36 per cent possess Weeder and 12.12 per cent possess Thresher.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 6.06 per cent possess local cow and 3.03 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.54, women available in the micro watershed was 1.43, hired labour (men) available was 8.89 and hired labour (women) available was 14.56.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 94.06 per cent (31.73 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 5.56 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 1.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 3.03 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Jowar and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 90.91 percent possessed bank account and 42.42 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 27.27 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100.00 per cent from cooperative/ Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Jowar and Green gram was Rs.30724.65 , 41187.76 and 58993.49, with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 0.80 and 1: 1.30 respectively.  Further, 27.27 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 69121.21 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 34575.76 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 79 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 6.06 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2242.42 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 39.39 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 36.36 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 48.48 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 81.82 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (81.82%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 84.85 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 84.85 per cent of the households and 30.30 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households. 3  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 57.58 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (69.70%), pulses (63.64%) and oilseeds (36.36%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (81.82 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (81.82%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (42.42%), inadequacy of irrigation water (60.61%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (81.82%), high rate of interest on credit (81.82%), low price for the agricultural commodities (75.76 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (57.58%), inadequate extension services (60.61 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (75.76%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 789 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 77 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 23 per cent by rock outcrops, others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire cultivated area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 5 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 4 per cent are sandy soils at the surface, 12 per cent are loamy soils and 61 percent soils are clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 48 per cent is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of 77 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands soils.  An area of about 4 per cent is slightly (e1) eroded, 72 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 1 per cent is severely eroded (e3) soils in the microwatershed.  About an area of 39 per cent in the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 35 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 4 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 21 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and about 56 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 43 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and about 35 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in 74 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 20 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 1 (<1) 211 (27) Guava - 67 (8) Maize 59 (8) 152 (19) Sapota - 67 (8) Bajra 59 (8) 152 (19) Pomegranate - 111 (14) Groundnut 59 (8) 65 (8) Musambi - 111 (14) Sunflower - 112 (14) Lime - 111 (14) Redgram - 141 (18) Amla 59 (7) 79 (10) Bengal gram - 44 (6) Cashew - - Cotton - 67 (9) Jackfruit - 67 (8) Chilli 59 (7) 123 (15) Jamun - - Tomato 59 (7) 79 (10) Custard apple 59 (7) 123 (15) Brinjal 59 (7) 79 (10) Tamarind - - Onion 59 (7) 79 (10) Mulberry - 67 (8) Bhendi 59 (7) 123 (15) Marigold 59 (7) 123 (15) Drumstick - 67 (8) Chrysanthemum 59 (7) 123 (15) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 9 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yadgir-3 is located at North latitude 160 59' 12.832" and 160 57' 2.636" and East longitude 770 12' 16.869'' and 770 9' 22.368" covering an area of about 790.04 ha coming under Ramathirtha, Alur. B and Bheemanahalli Villages of Chithapura taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yadgir-3 micro watersheds of Chikka Alur subwatershed, Chithapura taluk & Kalaburagi District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Yadgir-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 10 (28.57%) were marginal, 13 (37.14%) were small, 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 94 (58.39%) men and 66 (40.99 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5.2, marginal farmers were 3.4, small farmers were 5, semi medium farmers were 4.8 and medium farmers were 6.  Majority of the respondents (43.48%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 47.83 per cent illiterates, 0.62 percent were functional literates, 48.45 per cent pre university education and 4.35 per cent attained graduation.  About, 65.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 28.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 42.24 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 65.71 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.14 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 25.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 11.43 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.54, women available in the micro watershed was 1.26, hired labour (men) available was 8.03 and hired labour (women) available was 7.43  Further, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 1.86 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 2040.00 kms for about 7.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (48.30 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.13 per cent.  Out of the sample households 82.86 percent possessed bank account and 40.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 45.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 6.25 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 43.75 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 87.50 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 12.50 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram and Jowar was Rs.19867.45 and 17752.28 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30 and 1: 2.00 respectively.  Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 57361.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 36361.43 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 12 horticulture trees and 66 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1800.00 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 45.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 28.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (45.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 45.71 per cent of the households and 54.29 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. 3  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (48.57%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (88.57 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (88.57%), inadequate extension services (88.57 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Samanapur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 594 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 198 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 281 ha is covered by rock outcrops and 115 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 450 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 2 per cent of area is very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 2 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 17 per cent loamy soils and 14 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 26 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in the microwatershed.  About 24 per cent of area is under very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 9 per cent area is nearly level (0-1%) lands.  An area of about 24 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 9 per cent area is slightly eroded (e1) soils.  Entire area of the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 30 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 26 per cent of area and high (>337 kg/ha) in 7 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 17 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in an area of 15 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 14 (2) 121 (20) Guava - 23 (4) Maize 21 (4) 112 (19) Sapota - 23 (4) Bajra 21 (4) 112 (19) Pomegranate - 23 (4) Groundnut 9 (2) 14 (2) Musambi - 23 (4) Sunflower - 23 (4) Lime - 23 (4) Redgram - 135 (23) Amla 23 (4) - Bengal gram - - Cashew - 9 (2) Cotton - 14 (2) Jackfruit - 23 (4) Chilli 21 (4) - Jamun - 23 (4) Tomato 21 (4) - Custard apple 9 (2) 14 (2) Brinjal 21 (4) - Tamarind - - Onion 23 (4) - Mulberry - 23 (4) Bhendi 21 (4) - Marigold 23 (4) - Drumstick - 23 (4) Chrysanthemum 23 (4) - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Somanapur-1 is located at North latitude 160 53' 45.837" and 160 52' 10.568" and East longitude 770 9' 53.37'' and 770 7' 48.858" covering an area of about 593.72 ha coming under Samanapura, Hatthakuni and Yakkihalli villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 respondents, - 17 (47.22%) were marginal, 8(22.22%) were small and 2 (5.56%) were semi medium and 6 (16.67%) were medium.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 111 (59.04%) men and 77 (40.96%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (37.77%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 43.62 per cent illiterates, 1.60 per cent attained graduation.  About, 61.11 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 38.89 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 31.38 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 58.33 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.56 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 58.33 per cent possess TV, 52.78 per cent possess mixer grinder and 91.67 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 41.67 per cent of the households possess plough and only 2.78 per cent sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 19.44 per cent possess local cow and 2.78 per cent possess buffalo respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.47, women available in the micro watershed was 1.36, hired labour (men) available was 6.19 and hired labour (women) available was 10.78.  Further, 83.33 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 16.67 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 5.85 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1135.71 kms for about 4.14 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (55.89 ha), 83.95 per cent of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 16.05 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 8 bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 22.22 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and Horse gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.92 per cent.  The sample households possessed 88.89 per cent bank account and 30.56 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 75 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 55.56 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 33.33 per cent from Cooperative bank.  Majority of the respondents (100 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 87.50 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and Horse gram was Rs.31814.64, 51835.16, 64185.51, 74934.73, and 22243.98 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1, 1: 0.90, 1: 0.70, 1: 0.30, and 1:0.90 respectively.  Further, 55.56 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 16.67 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 60138.89 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 43444.44 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown coconut (3) and Mango (1) in the fields and forest species have grown 3 teak, 48 neem, 4 tamarind, 1 banyan trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6944.44 for land development, Rs. 444.44 for creation of irrigation facility, Rs.7055.56 for adoption of improved livestock breeds, Rs.1638.89 for adoption of improved crop production activities and Rs. 138.89 for investment for orchard development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned the sources of finance raised from government sources for improved crop production was 2.78 per cent. Loan from bank for 13.89 per cent for land development, 5.56 per cent for irrigation facility and 25 per cent per cent for improved crop production. Own funds for 63.89 per cent for land development, 2.78 per cent for irrigation facility and 44.44 per cent for improved crop production.  Regarding marketing channels, 33.33 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 75 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 47.22 per cent of the households have used tractor and 61.11 per cent have used cart for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (88.89%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 83.33 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 86.11 per cent of the households and 13.89 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 72.22 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 52.78 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Cereals (102.78%), pulses (88.89%), oilseeds (61.11%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (102.78%) wild animal menace on farm field (80.56%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (72.22%), inadequacy of irrigation water (30.56%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (66.67%), high rate of interest on credit (66.67%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.78%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (75%), inadequate extension services (58.33%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (72.22%), Less rainfall (8.33%) and Source of Agritechnology information (Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (5.56%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ghanapur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 416 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 397 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, an area of about 19 ha by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 397 ha (95%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  Entire area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm).  About 17 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 79 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 79 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) land and 17 per cent is nearly level sloping (0-1%) soils.  An area of about 78 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and 17 percent soils are slightly eroded (e1).  An area of about 6 per cent soil is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 89 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominately 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, about 43 percent medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 50 percent soils are low (337kg/ha) in available potassium and 83 percent of the soils are medium (145-337kg/ha) in available potassium.  An area of about 10 per cent soils are medium (10-20 ppm) in available sulphur and 85 percent is low (4.5ppm) in about 24 per cent and deficient (<4.5ppm) in an area of 72 percent in the microwatershed  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 372(89) 26(6) Sapota - - Maize - 398(95) Pomegranate - 398(95) Bajra - 397(95) Musambi 354(85) 43 (10) Groundnut - - Lime 354(85) 43 (10) Sunflower 326(78) 72(17) Amla 9(2) 388(93) Redgram - 398(95) Cashew - - Bengal gram 398(95) - Jackfruit - - Cotton 347(83) 50(12) Jamun - 398(95) Chilli - 378(91) Custard apple 396(95) 1(<1) Tomato - 327(79) Tamarind - 398(95) Drumstick - 398(95) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 398(95) Guava - 1(<1) Chrysanthemum - 398(95) Brinjal 42(10) 355(85) Bhendi 50(12) 347(83) Onion 42(10) 77(19)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Ghanapur-1 is located at North latitude 160 46' 46.668" and 160 44' 29.281" and East longitude 770 19' 10.73" and 770 18' 2.17" covering an area of about 416.09 ha coming under Ganapura, Kandhakura and Gopalapura Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Ghanapur-1 micro watersheds of Gopalapur subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 20 were marginal, (58.82 %) were small 6 (17.65%), 5 (14.71 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.88 %) were medium.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 86 (54.43%) men and 72 (45.57 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.04%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 37.34 per cent illiterates, 54.43 percent pre university education and 2.53 per cent attained graduation.  About, 29.41 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 34.18 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 21.52 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 55.88 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 20.59 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 76.47 per cent possess TV, 44.12 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.18 per cent possess mobile phones and 35.29 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 47.06 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent possess tractor, 11.76 per cent possess bullock cart and 17.65 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.71 per cent possess local cow and 26.47 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 9.44 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.38.  Further, 0.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 2.53 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 2800.00 kms for about 6.00 months. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 91.20 per cent (42.20 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 8.80 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 2.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 1.00 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Maize, Paddy, Sorghum Green gram and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.09 per cent.  Out of the sample households 94.12 percent possessed bank account and 23.53 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 97.06 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 17.65 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 2.94 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (93.75%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 0.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 0.00 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Maize, Paddy, Sorghum, Green gram and Cotton was Rs.26613.11 , 92463.62, 265712.31, 40810.55, 43180.21 and 37818.89 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.8 , 1:1.4 , 1:1.7 , 1:1.0 , 1:1.9 and 1:1.4 respectively.  Further, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.76 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 85030.15 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 53704.41 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 10 horticulture trees and 93 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8970.59 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned 38.24 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 108.82 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 0.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (79.41%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.12 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 91.18 per cent of the households and 20.59 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 44.12 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.06 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 73.53 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card,  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.06%), pulses (97.06%) and oilseeds (38.24%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (76.47%) wild animal menace on farm field (76.47%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.35%), inadequacy of irrigation water (55.88%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (55.88%), high rate of interest on credit (76.47%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (73.53%), inadequate extension services (55.88%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (58.82%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nilahalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 611 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 590 ha (97%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 21 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 51 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 45 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 51 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 43 per cent clayey soils and 3 per cent are sandy at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 21 per cent are nearly level (0-1 %) and 76 per cent area are very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 21 per cent are slightly (e1) eroded, 73 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 3 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 16 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 30 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 31 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 - 8.4), 13 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 6 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About12 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 16 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 8 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in an area of 83 per cent.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 40(7) 343(57) Sapota - 43(7) Maize 40(7) 69(12) Pomegranate - 313(51) Bajra 40(7) 343(56) Musambi - 313(51) Groundnut - 90(15) Lime - 313(51) Sunflower - 314(51) Amla 40(7) 342(56) Redgram - 314(51) Cashew - - Bengal gram 40 (7) 340(56) Jackfruit - 43(7) Cotton - 381(62) Jamun - 185(30) Chilli - 383(63) Custard apple 40(7) 342(57) Tomato 40(7) 72(12) Tamarind - 185(30) Drumstick - 314(51) Mulberry - 43(7) Mango - - Marigold - 383(63) Guava - 43(7) Chrysanthemum - 383(63)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Nilahalli-2 is located at North latitude 160 38' 8.364" and 160 36' 13.15" and East longitude 770 17' 43.492'' and 770 16' 4.204" covering an area of about 611.58 ha coming under Neelahalli, Kanikal and Killanakera Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Nilahalli-2 micro watersheds of Kilankeri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 32 farmers were sampled in Nilahalli-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 9 (28.13%) were marginal, 10 (31.25%) were small, 5 (15.63 %) were semi medium, 3 (9.38 %) were medium and 1 (3.13 %) were large farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 90 (52.02%) men and 83 (47.98 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 5.8, small farmers were 5.5, semi medium farmers were 6, medium farmers were 3.3 and large farmers were 10.  Majority of the respondents (41.04%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 43.93 per cent of illiterates, 27.75 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.73 per cent middle school education, and 15.03 per cent high school education, 4.05 per cent of them had PUC education and 6.94 per cent attained graduation.  About, 53.13 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 43.75 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 33.53 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 68.75 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 6.25 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 43.75 per cent possess TV, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 18.75 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 50.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 12.50 per cent possess tractor, 25.00 per cent possess bullock cart and 46.88 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 15.63 per cent possess local cow and 15.63 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.52, women available in the micro watershed was 1.56, hired labour (men) available was 8.11 and hired labour (women) available was 14.29. 2  In the study area, about 2.31 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 175.00 kms for about 12.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 72.37 per cent (49.50 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 27.63 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 7.00 live bore wells and 8.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 21.88 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy and Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 96.88 percent possessed bank account and 43.75 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 56.25 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 81.82 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy and Jowar was Rs.22360.83, 37436.51, 37856.35, 149498.39 and 18450.25 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.20, 1: 0.70 and 1:0.90 , respectively.  Further, 43.75 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 124154.38 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 63075.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 57 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 6.25 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1156.25 for land development and Rs. 12031.25 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 18.18 per cent depends on own funds.  Regarding marketing channels, 93.75 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 87.50 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (34.38%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 78.13 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 65.63 per cent of the households and 40.63 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 87.50 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 46.88 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (78.13%), pulses (71.88%) and oilseeds (43.75%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (87.50%) wild animal menace on farm field (81.25%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (81.25%), inadequacy of irrigation water (40.63%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (87.50%), high rate of interest on credit (81.25%), low price for the agricultural commodities (84.38%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (84.38%), inadequate extension services (75.00%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (81.25%) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chyamanahalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 486 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 425 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, a area about 12 ha in the microwatershed is covered by rock outcrops and about 49 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 425 ha (87%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 67 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 20 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm).  About 12 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 75 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 85 per cent area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 14 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 33 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 87 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) land.  An area of about 72 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and 15 percent soils are slightly eroded (e1).  An area of about 40 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 48 per cent soil are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 38 percent soils are medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 49 percent soils are high (>57kg/ha)in available phosphorus.  About 51 percent of the soils are medium (145-337kg/ha) in available potassium and 36 percent area high(>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 247(51) 178(36) Sapota - 62(13) Maize 9(2) 415(85) Pomegranate - 327(67) Bajra 9(2) 415(85) Musambi 242(50) 85 (17) Groundnut - 75(16) Lime 242(50) 85 (17) Sunflower 221(45) 106(22) Amla 9(2) 415(85) Redgram - 320(66) Cashew - 9(2) Bengal gram 265(54) 159(33) Jackfruit - 62(13) Cotton 221(45) 204(42) Jamun - 265(54) Chilli - 424(87) Custard apple 321(66) 104(21) Tomato 9(2) 325(67) Tamarind - 265(54) Drumstick - 327(67) Mulberry - 62(13) Mango - 109(22) Marigold - 424(87) Guava - 62(13) Chrysanthemum - 424(87) Brinjal 134(27) 290(60) Bhendi 162(33) 262(54) Onion 100(20) 185(38)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chyamanahalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 48' 37.299" and 160 46' 29.854" and East longitude 770 9' 6.087'' and 770 7' 26.747" covering an area of about 486.12 ha coming unde Yadhagiri. B, Dastharabadha, Bandhalli and Yadhagiri. K villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Chyamanahalli-1 micro watersheds of Yadgir subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Chyamanahalli-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 9 (25.71%) were marginal, 14 (40.00%) were small, 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium and 4 (11.43 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 101 (56.42%) men and 78 (43.58 %) were women. The average population of landless was 2.4, marginal farmers were 6.2, small farmers were 5.3, semi medium farmers were 5.7 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (38.55%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 55.31 per cent illiterates, 44.69 per cent pre university education and 4.47 per cent attained graduation.  About, 74.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.14 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 45.25 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 28.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 25.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 80.00 per cent possess TV, 31.43 per cent possess mixer grinder, 74.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 34.29 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess tractor, 17.14 per cent possess bullock cart and 8.57 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow and 5.71 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.06, women available in the micro watershed was 1.50, hired labour (men) available was 7.46 and hired labour (women) available was 10.86.  Further, 40.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 54.14 per cent (38.09 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 45.86 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 13.00 live bore wells and 8.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 42.86 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Green gram, Cotton, Jowar and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 123.19 per cent.  Out of the sample households 80.00 percent possessed bank account and 60.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 57.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 10.71 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 66.67 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Green gram, Cotton, Jowar and Groundnut was Rs.25178.85, 32130.92, 63568.73, 51453.66 and 66625.57 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.60, 1: 2.20, 1: 2.40, 1: 1.00 and 1:1.60 respectively.  Further, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 145071.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 100071.43 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 24 horticulture trees and 56 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2428.57 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 11.43 per cent depends on own funds and 5.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 11.43 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 71.43 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (51.43%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.57 per cent of the households and 25.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 25.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.29 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 5.71 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (94.29%) and oilseeds (37.14%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (77.14%) wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (54.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (40.00%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (74.29%), high rate of interest on credit (48.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (60.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (48.57%), inadequate extension services (25.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (57.14%), Less rainfall (8.57%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (17.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Basavanthapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 725 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 93 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 7 ha by railway, rock outcrop and others (Habitation and waterbodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 3 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 1 per cent are sandy, 58 per cent soils are loamy and 34 per cent are clayey soils at the surface.  About 89 per cent is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 84 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 10 per cent area is nearly level (0-1% slope) soils.  An area of about 84 per cent area is moderately (e2) and 10 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) soils in the microwatershed.  About an area of 4 per cent in the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 45 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 36 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 8 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 5 percent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in 68 per cent and 25 per cent is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 222 (31) 83 (11) Guava - 107 (15) Maize 107 (15) 198 (27) Sapota - 107 (15) Bajra 107 (15) 198 (27) Pomegranate - 222 (31) Groundnut - 120 (17) Musambi 115 (16) 107 (15) Sunflower 115 (16) 107 (15) Lime 115 (16) 107 (15) Redgram - 292 (40) Amla 107 (15) 128 (18) Bengal gram 115 (16) - Cashew - 56 (8) Cotton 115 (16) 107 (15) Jackfruit - 107 (15) Chilli 107 (15) 128 (18) Jamun - 115 (16) Tomato 107 (15) 13 (2) Custard apple 170 (24) 64 (9) Brinjal 107 (15) 13 (2) Tamarind - 115 (16) Onion 107 (15) 13 (2) Mulberry - 107 (15) Bhendi 107 (15) 128 (18) Marigold 107 (15) 128 (18) Drumstick - 222 (31) Chrysanthemum 107 (15) 128 (18) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 7 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Basavanthapur is located at North latitude 160 50' 36.18" and 160 48' 58.005" and East longitude 770 4' 34.164'' and 770 2' 0.183" covering an area of about 723.95 ha coming under Balajinagara, Kyasavanahalli, Kanahalli and Hedagimadra villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Basavanthapur micro watersheds of Thanagunda sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Basavanthapur micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (23.53%) were marginal, 17 (50.00%) were small, 5 (14.71 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.94 %) were medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 96 (56.47%) men and 73 (42.94 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.3, marginal farmers were 5.1, small farmers were 5.3, semi medium farmers were 5 and medium farmers were 1.  Majority of the respondents (44.12%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 57.06 per cent illiterates, 38.23 per cent pre university education and 7.65 per cent attained graduation.  About, 100.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 69.41 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 58.82 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 76.47 per cent possess TV, 100.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 38.24 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.71 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 44.12 per cent possess plough and 2.94 per cent possess Sprayer, 79.41 per cent possess Weeder, 11.76 per cent possess Harvester and 32.35 per cent possess Thresher.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 0.00 per cent possess local cow and 14.71 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.47, women available in the micro watershed was 1.24, hired labour (men) available was 11.35 and hired labour (women) available was 9.26.  Further, 11.76 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 1.76 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 733.33 kms for about 9.33 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 73.26 per cent (41.85 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 23.81 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 7.00 live bore wells and 6.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 20.59 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 82.35 percent possessed bank account and 0.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 82.35 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 50.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 21.43 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (92.86%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 57.14 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut and Sorghum was Rs.32645.44, 35533.97, 64938.73 and 37645.94 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 1.10, 1: 0.60, 1: 0.70, and 1:0.00 respectively.  Further, 32.35 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.65 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 52823.53 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 30411.76 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 17 horticulture trees and 91 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 12352.94 for land development and Rs. 794.12 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 97.06 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 11.76 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 20.59 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 88.24 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (94.12%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 88.24 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.06 per cent of the households and 5.88 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (2.94%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (102.94 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (97.06%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (41.18%), inadequacy of irrigation water (88.24%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (73.53%), high rate of interest on credit (97.06%), low price for the agricultural commodities (97.06 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (91.18%), inadequate extension services (88.24 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (91.18%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mailapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 174 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 122 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 35 ha by rock outcrops and about 16 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 61 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 10 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  About 19 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 2 per cent sandy soils and 50 per cent clayey soils.  About 66 per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 39 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 12 per cent area very low (0.75).  About 3 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About an area of 6 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) is low and 65 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in entire area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the whole area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 34(20) 69(39) Guava - 52(30) Maize - 103(59) Sapota - 52(30) Bajra - 123(71) Pomegranate - 86(50) Groundnut - 83(47) Musambi - 86(50) Sunflower 1(<1) 86(50) Lime - 86(50) Redgram - 52(30) Amla 86(50) 37(21) Bengal gram 34(20) 69(39) Cashew - 52(30) Cotton 34(20) 69(39) Jackfruit - 52(30) Chilli - 103(59) Jamun - 34(20) Tomato - 69(39) Custard apple 86(50) 37(21) Brinjal 86(50) 37(21) Tamarind - 34(20) Onion 52(30) 37(21) Mulberry - 72(41) Bhendi 86(50) 37(21) Marigold - 103(59) Drumstick - 106(61) Chrysanthemum - 103(59) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Mailapur is located at North latitude 160 45' 2.399" and 160 44' 7.414" and East longitude 770 14' 58.725'' and 770 13' 44.826" covering an area of about 484.18 ha coming under Mylapura and Hakagera villages of Yadgiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Mailapur micro watersheds of Haligeri sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 total respondents, 8 (22.22 %) were marginal, 16 (44.44%) were small and 7 (19.44 %) were Semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 132 (62.56%) men and 79 (37.44 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (52.61%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 60.19 per cent illiterates, 8.53 per cent of them had primary school education, 9.48 per cent middle school education, 10.90 per cent high school education, 5.21 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.84 per cent attained graduation  About, 25.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 58.33 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 26.54 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 69.44 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 19.44 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 38.89 per cent possess TV, 11.11 per cent possess mixer grinder, 77.78 per cent possess mobile phones and 5.56 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 41.67 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.78 per cent possess tractor, 13.89 per cent possess bullock cart and 19.44 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 22.22 per cent possess local cow and 16.67 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 8.47 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 2.08.  Further, 27.78 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 5.21 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1204.00 kms for about 10.60 months. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 73.35 per cent (36.95 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 26.65 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 9.00 live bore wells and 8.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 27.78 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Sorghum, Red gram, Cotton, Green gram and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 97.77 per cent.  Out of the sample households 80.56 percent possessed bank account and 38.89 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 38.89 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 35.71 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 14.29 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (92.31%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 61.54 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 30.46 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Sorghum, Red gram, Cotton, Green gram and Paddy was Rs.35389.85, 23614.96, 54124.28, 29600.52 and 40141.37 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 2.20, 1: 2.40, 1: 2.20 and 1:1.90 respectively.  Further, 16.67 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.78 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 127463.89 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 77919.44 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 45 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 888.89 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 11.11 per cent depends on own funds for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 66.67 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 19.44 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 61.11 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (69.44%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.56 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 83.33 per cent of the households and 8.33 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.22 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 86.11 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.22 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.78 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (91.67%), pulses (88.89%) and oilseeds (36.11%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (83.33%) wild animal menace on farm field (66.67%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (80.56%), inadequacy of irrigation water (61.11%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.78%), high rate of interest on credit (44.44%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.78%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (58.33%), inadequate extension services (22.22%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (66.67%), Less rainfall (2.78%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (2.78%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Turk Madhawar-3Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 411 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 392 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 19 ha area is covered by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 392 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 28 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 22 per cent of area is moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 28 per cent of area is moderately deep (75-100 cm), 8 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 9 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 4 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 72 per cent loamy soils and 19 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 28 per cent area is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 4 per cent of area is low (51-100 mm/m) and 46 per cent of area is very low (0.75%), 47 per cent area is medium (0.5-0.75%) and 37 per cent area is low (1 ppm) in an area of 1 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in an area of 53 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in an area of 42 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 114 (28) 86 (21) Guava - 114 (28) Maize 114 (28) 86 (21) Sapota - 114 (28) Bajra 114 (28) 86 (21) Pomegranate - 114 (28) Groundnut - 114 (28) Musambi - 114 (28) Sunflower - 114 (28) Lime - 114 (28) Redgram - 183 (45) Amla - 114 (28) Bengal gram - 34 (8) Cashew - - Cotton - 131 (32) Jackfruit - 114 (28) Chilli 114 (28) 17 (4) Jamun - - Tomato 114 (28) 17 (4) Custard apple - 131 (32) Brinjal 114 (28) 17 (4) Tamarind - - Onion 114 (28) 17 (4) Mulberry - 114 (28) Bhendi 114 (28) 17 (4) Marigold 114 (28) 17 (4) Drumstick - 114 (28) Chrysanthemum 114 (28) 17 (4) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Turk Madhawar-3 is located at North latitude 160 40' 45.259" and 160 39' 18.32" and East longitude 770 20' 39.786'' and 770 19' 24.974" covering an area of about 420.22 ha coming unde Madhwara, Yalasatti and Thotalura villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Turk Madhawar-3 micro watersheds of Turk Madhawar sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Turk Madhawar-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 11 (31.43%) were marginal, 15 (42.86%) were small, 4 (11.43 %) were semi medium and 3 (8.57 %) were medium farmers. 2 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 110 (55.84%) men and 87 (44.16 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3, marginal farmers were 5.4, small farmers were 6.7, semi medium farmers were 4.3 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (49.75%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 62.94 per cent illiterates, 2.03 percent were functional literates, 37.06 per cent pre university education and 1.02 per cent attained graduation.  About, 100.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 75.13 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 80.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.29 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.57 per cent possess TV, 25.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 11.43 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess plough, and 22.86 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.03, women available in the micro watershed was 1.80, hired labour (men) available was 6.57 and hired labour (women) available was 6.57.  Further, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 0.51 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 800.00 kms for about 4.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 91.34 per cent (52.84 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 8.66 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 4.00 live bore wells and 4.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 11.43 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sugarcane and Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 94.68 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 100.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 25.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 50.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 137.50 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sugarcane and Jowar was Rs.26712.06, 34854.65, 51940.42, 83049.00 and 36461.10 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.40, 1: 1.20, 1: 2.60, 1: 3.10 and 1:0.80 respectively.  Further, 48.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 77585.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 60842.86 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 3 horticulture trees and 112 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 8.57 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10257.14 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 94.29 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 88.57 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.86 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 31.43 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (97.14%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  About, 57.14 per cent of farmers practicing summer ploughing as soil and water conservation practice.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 5.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 88.57 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 51.43 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.29%), pulses (77.14%) and oilseeds (60.00%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (77.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (88.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80.00%), inadequate extension services (57.14%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (71.43%), Less rainfall (80.00%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (40.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mundal-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 633 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 586 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 5 ha by railway line, 5 ha by rock outcrops and 37 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 93 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (150 cm).  About 4 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 25 per cent area in loamy and 64 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum of 82 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 3 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 15 per cent area low (51- 100 mm/m) and 11 per cent area very low (9.0) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75), 82 per cent are medium (0.5-0.75%) and less than 1 per cent low (57 kg/ha) in 27 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 75 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) 18 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 42 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 15 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 37 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 180(28) 302(48) Guava - 102(16) Maize 102(16) 380(60) Sapota - 102(16) Bajra 102(16) 380(60) Pomegranate - 180(28) Groundnut <1(<1) 114(18) Musambi 78(12) 102(16) Sunflower 78(12) 106(16) Lime 78(12) 102(16) Redgram - 470(74) Amla 102(16) 90(14) Bengal gram 78(12) 110(17) Cashew - 81(13) Cotton 78(12) 102(16) Jackfruit - 102(16) Chilli 102(16) 90(14) Jamun - 78(12) Tomato 102(16) 12(2) Custard apple 160(25) 33(5) Brinjal 102(16) 12(2) Tamarind - 78(12) Onion 102(16) 12(2) Mulberry - 102(16) Bhendi 102(16) 90(14) Marigold 102(16) 90(14) Drumstick - 180(28) Chrysanthemum 102(16) 90(14) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Mundal-2 is located at North latitude 160 47' 38.47" and 160 45' 0.508" and East longitude 770 7' 50.52'' and 770 5' 59.846" covering an area of about 632.43 ha coming under Mudhanala, Bheemanagara and Yadhagiri B Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Mundal-2 micro watersheds of Yadgir sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 12 (35.29 %) were marginal, 9 (26.47%)were small, 6 (17.65 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.94 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 107 (55.15%) men and 87 (44.85 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (35.57%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 55.15 per cent illiterates, 11.86 per cent of them had primary school education, 12.89 per cent middle school education, and 10.31 per cent high school education, 3.61 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.52 per cent of them had Diploma, 3.09 per cent attained graduation.  About, 8.82 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 73.53 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 3.61 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 58.82 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 26.47 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 73.53 per cent possess TV, 58.82 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.18 per cent possess mobile phones and 50.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.59 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.88 per cent possess tractor, 11.76 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.88 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.88 per cent possess local cow and 8.82 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 6.38 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was1.61.  Further, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 61.47 per cent (32.68 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 34.82 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 7.00 live bore wells and 8.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 20.59 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Redgram, Cotton, Groundut, Green gram and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.94 per cent.  Out of the sample households 79.41 percent possessed bank account and 17.65 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 17.65 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 90.91 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 18.18 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 50.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 50.00 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Redgram, Cotton, Groundut, green gram and Paddy was Rs.57461.85, 29614.81, 30531.65, 46693.23, 35397.22 and 30444.71 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.70, 1: 1.90, 1: 1.60, 1: 1.50, 1:1.6 and 1:1.30 respectively.  Further, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.94 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 80176.47 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 45411.76 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 4 horticulture trees and 77 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5464.71 for land development and Rs. 3735.29 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 29.41 per cent depends on own funds and 23.53 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 76.47 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.94 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 76.47 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (67.65%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 76.47 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  About, 100.00 per cent of farmers practicing Field Bunding as soil and water conservation practice.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 67.65 per cent of the households and 32.35 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 58.82 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 44.12 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.06 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 5.88 per cent of the household's possessed APL.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (91.18%), pulses (94.12%) and oilseeds (11.76%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (82.35%) wild animal menace on farm field (67.65%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.35%), inadequacy of irrigation water (67.65%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (76.47%), high rate of interest on credit (70.59%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (41.18%), inadequate extension services (11.76%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (26.47%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Nala-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 461 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 382 ha (83%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 68 ha (15%) by rock outcrops and 11 ha (2%) by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 57 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm), 13 per cent soils are deep (100 to 150 cm), 10 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 3 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm).  About 52 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 31 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 74 per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 43 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 40 per cent area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 43 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 40 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded in the microwatershed.  An area of about 39 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 44 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 65 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 18 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 4 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in available sulphur.  Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area of about 38 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in an area of 45 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient in an area of 52 per cent and sufficient in 31 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 322(70) 45(10) Guava - - Maize - 368(80) Sapota - - Bajra - 368(80) Pomegranate - 322(70) Groundnut - 45(10) Musambi 288(62) 35(8) Sunflower 288(62) 35(8) Lime 288(62) 35(8) Redgram - 323(70) Amla - 367(80) Bengal gram 322(70) 45(10) Cashew - - Cotton 288(62) 80(18) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 368(80) Jamun - 322(70) Tomato - 272(59) Custard apple 322(70) 45(10) Brinjal 35(8) 333(72) Tamarind - 322(70) Onion 35(8) 45(10) Mulberry - - Bhendi 262(57) 106(23) Marigold - 368(80) Drumstick - 323(70) Chrysanthemum - 368(80) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yadgir Nala-1 is located at North latitude 160 52' 25.18" and 160 51' 10.235" and East longitude 770 9' 47.358" and 770 8' 6.025" covering an area of about 461.31 ha coming under Hatthakuni and Horunacha villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yadgir Nala-1 micro watersheds of Hattikuni subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 11 were marginal, (31.43 %) were small 10 (28.57%), 6 (17.14 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 100 (57.47%) men and 74 (42.53 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (38.51%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 52.30 per cent illiterates, 5.75 per cent pre university education and 4.02 per cent attained graduation.  About, 91.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 45.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 18.39 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 40.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 51.43 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 91.43 per cent possess TV, 45.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 85.71 per cent possess mobile phones and 62.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households possess plough, 11.43 per cent possess tractor, 2.86 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.71 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 20.00 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 7.74 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.43.  Further, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 38.24 per cent (30.00 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 61.76 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 11.00 live bore wells and 11.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy, Papaya and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 94.87 per cent.  Out of the sample households 77.14 percent possessed bank account and 77.14 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 77.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 3.70 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 3.7 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy, Green gram and papaya was Rs. 41288.68, 63392.27, 39091.61, 47918.04 and 64184.02 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.1, 1:1.5, 1:3.9, 1: 2.4, 1:1.6 and 1:5 respectively.  Further, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 208760.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 153331.43 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 67 horticulture trees and 122 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 13022.86 for land development and Rs. 2857.14 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on own funds and 22.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 40.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 45.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (80.0 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households. 3  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 31.43 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (71.43%), pulses (85.71%) and oilseeds (45.71%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (82.86%) wild animal menace on farm field (80.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (22.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (28.57%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (14.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (2.86%), inadequate extension services (20.00%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25.71%), Less rainfall (31.43%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (42.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Malkapalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 836 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 801 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 16 ha by rock outcrops and about 19 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 46 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to deep (75 - 150 cm) and 50 per cent soils are very shallow to shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 15 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 3 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 50 per cent area very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content.  About 2 per cent area is low ( 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area 86 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 10 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in less than 1 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) 93 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 87 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 162(19) 224(27) Guava - 146(17) Maize 123(15) 263(31) Sapota - 146(17) Bajra 146(17) 240(29) Pomegranate - 386(46) Groundnut 23(3) 123(15) Musambi 39(5) 347(42) Sunflower 39(5) 347(42) Lime 39(5) 347(42) Redgram - 386(46) Amla 146(17) 39(5) Bengal gram 39(5) 201(24) Cashew - 23(3) Cotton 39(5) 324(39) Jackfruit - 146(17) Chilli 123(15) 263(31) Jamun - 39(5) Tomato 123(15) 23(3) Custard apple 61(7) 324(39) Brinjal 123(15) 23(3) Tamarind - 39(5) Onion 123(15) 23(3) Mulberry - 146(17) Bhendi 123(15) 263(31) Marigold 123(15) 263(31) Drumstick - 185 (22) Chrysanthemum 123(15) 263(31) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Malkapalli is located at North latitude 160 56' 3.172" and 160 54' 55.689" and East longitude 770 20' 50.652'' and 770 19' 45.408" covering an area of about 183.35 ha coming under Mitathapadamapalli and Siddapura. B villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Malkapalli micro watersheds of Mothakapalli subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Malkapalli micro-watershed among households surveyed 15 (42.86%) were marginal, 8 (22.86%) were small, 8 (22.86 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 2 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 75 (52.82%) men and 67 (47.18 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.5, marginal farmers were 4.1, small farmers were 3.9, semi medium farmers were 4.3 and medium farmers were 4.5.  Majority of the respondents (39.44%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 66.20 per cent of illiterates, 21.83 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.11 per cent middle school education, 4.93 per cent high school education, 0.70 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.41 per cent of them had Diploma, 1.41 per cent attained graduation and 1.41 them had other education.  About, 97.14 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 68.31 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.86 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 8.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 31.43 per cent possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess Sprayer, 14.29 per cent possess Weeder and 2.86 per cent possess Sprinkler.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow and 8.57 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.71, women available in the micro 2 watershed was 1.63, hired labour (men) available was 6.6 and hired labour (women) available was 6.60.  Further, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 60.08 per cent (42.93 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 34.26 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 12.00 live bore wells and 8.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 34.29 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy and Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.49 per cent.  Out of the sample households 91.43 percent possessed bank account and 20.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 71.43 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy and Jowar was Rs.28862.38 , 23932.90, 59387.59, 63260.36, and 11566.09 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.70, 1: 2.40, 1: 1.10, 1: 1.60, and 1:1.10 , respectively.  Further, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 20.00 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 81257.14 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 45414.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 39 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1285.71 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 22.22 per cent depends on own funds and 2.78 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 82.86 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 11.43 per cent have sold in regulated markets. 3  Further, 65.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 102.86 per cent of the households and 8.57 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 85.71 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 34.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (108.57%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (91.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (100.00%) wild animal menace on farm field (80.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (91.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (91.43%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (91.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (94.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (88.57%), inadequate extension services (62.86%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (91.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mundragi-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 452 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 409 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 19 ha by rock outcrops and about 24 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About88 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 3 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  About 45 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 46 per cent clayey soils.  About 90 per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 15 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 36 per cent soils are nearly level (0-1%) and 55% area of microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 36 per cent is slightly (e1) eroded, 55 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 44 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction and 47 per cent soils are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75) in organic carbon content.  About 80 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 10 per area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About an area of 41 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 50 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 77 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 14 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 341(76) 50(11) Guava - 54(12) Maize - 391(87) Sapota - 54(12) Bajra - 409(91) Pomegranate - 395(88) Groundnut - 57(13) Musambi 240(53) 156(34) Sunflower 243(54) 135(30) Lime 240(53) 156(34) Redgram - 395(88) Amla 108(24) 282(62) Bengal gram 341(76) 37(8) Cashew - 23(5) Cotton 328(73) 49(11) Jackfruit - 36(8) Chilli - 409(91) Jamun - 359(80) Tomato - 289(64) Custard apple 356(79) 35(8) Brinjal 143(32) 267(59) Tamarind - 359(80) Onion 88(20) 100(22) Mulberry - 36(8) Bhendi 262(58) 147(32) Marigold - 409(91) Drumstick - 395(88) Chrysanthemum - 409(91) Mango - 21(5)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Mundragi-1 is located at North latitude 160 48' 22.633" and 160 45' 58.37" and East longitude 770 10' 52.633'' and 770 8' 22.747" covering an area of about 451.37 ha coming under Mundaragi, Dastharabadha and Yadhagiri. B Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Mundragi-1 micro watersheds of Belagiri sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 farmers were sampled in Mundragi-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 18 (50.00%) were marginal, 9 (25.00%) were small, 2 (5.56 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.56 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 75 (55.97%) men and 59 (44.03 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3, marginal farmers were 3.8, small farmers were 3.1, semi medium farmers were 6.5 and medium farmers were 4.5.  Majority of the respondents (47.76%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 67.91 per cent illiterates, 28.36 per cent pre university education and 3.73 per cent attained graduation.  About, 69.44 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 16.67 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 47.76 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 72.22 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 25.00 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 83.33 per cent possess TV, 8.33 per cent possess mixer grinder, 88.89 per cent possess mobile phones and 5.56 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 22.22 per cent of the households possess plough, 8.33 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.78 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 13.89 per cent possess local cow and 8.33 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.71, women available in the micro watershed was 1.39, hired labour (men) available was 5.48 and hired labour (women) available was 8.74.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 63.47 per cent (26.74 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 36.53 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 9.00 live bore wells and 6.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 25.00 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundut, Green gram, Sorghum and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.50 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 36.11 per cent of them have savings in the account. About 30.56 per cent of the respondents 2 borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 7.69 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 23.08 per cent from cooperative/ Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 66.67 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundut, Green gram, Sorghum and Cotton was Rs.43279.56, 119183.08, 44891.32, 30259.60 and 58983.03 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.60, 1: 0.80, 1: 0.80, 1: 1.40 and 1:1.40 respectively.  Further, 16.67 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.33 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 106666.67 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 48361.11 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 8 horticulture trees and 57 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. About 5.56 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1250.00 for land development and Rs. 833.33 for irrigation facility. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 8.33 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 25.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 63.89 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 86.11 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (83.33%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 86.11 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 66.67 per cent of the households and 36.11 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.22 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 97.22 per cent of the households. In the study area, 30.56 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.22%), pulses (94.44%) and oilseeds (66.67%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.89%) wild animal menace on farm field (83.33%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (66.67%), inadequacy of irrigation water (38.89%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (88.89%), high rate of interest on credit (80.56%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.56%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (83.33%), inadequate extension services (13.89%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (86.11%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Muradihalli microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 591 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 580 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 11 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 3 per cent area are shallow (25 - 50 cm), 40 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 23 per cent area soils area moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 31 per cent area are deep (100 - 150 cm).  About 14 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 45 per cent area loamy and 39 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum of 95 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 7 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 64 per cent area low (51- 100 mm/m) and 3 per cent area very low (0.75%) in 8 per cent area.  About 67 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha), 23 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) available phosphorus.  About 86 per cent area is medium (145 – 337 kg/ha) and 12 per cent area is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 32 per cent.  About 81 per cent area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 44(7) 413(70) Guava - 130(22) Maize 130(22) 335(57) Sapota - 130(22) Bajra 130(22) 328(55) Pomegranate - 219(37) Groundnut 130(22) 135(23) Musambi 44(7) 175(30) Sunflower 44(7) 175(30) Lime 44(7) 175(30) Redgram - 219(37) Amla 130(22) 283(48) Bengal gram 44(7) 45(8) Cashew - 130(22) Cotton 44(7) 148(25) Jackfruit - 130(22) Chilli 130(22) 312(53) Jamun - 44(7) Tomato 130(22) 223(38) Custard apple 174(29) 284(48) Brinjal 130(22) 223(38) Tamarind - 44(7) Onion 130(22) 223(38) Mulberry - 130(22) Bhendi 130(22) 312(53) Marigold 130(22) 312(53) Drumstick - 174(29) Chrysanthemum 130(22) 312(53) Mango - 218(37)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Muradihalli is located at North latitude 160 33' 25.84" and 160 32'10.098" and East longitude 770 23' 17.872'' and 770 21' 4.201" covering an area of about 590.22 ha coming under Chandapura, Duppalli, Baddepalli and Kadechoora Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Muradihalli micro watersheds of Ajalapur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Muradihalli micro-watershed among households surveyed 6 (17.14%) were marginal, 10 (28.57%) were small, 15 (42.86 %) were semi medium and 3 (8.57 %) were medium farmers. 1 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 84 (62.69%) men and 50 (37.31 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 3, small farmers were 3.8, semi medium farmers were 4.1 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (37.31%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 64.18 per cent of illiterates, 21.64 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.24 per cent middle school education, and 8.21 per cent high school education, 1.49 per cent of them had PUC education and 1.49 them had other education.  About, 88.57 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 78.36 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 82.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 85.71 per cent possess TV, 74.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 25.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 22.86 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 28.57 per cent possess plough, 8.57 per cent possess Power Tiller, 2.86 per cent possess Thresher, 34.29 per cent possess Weeder, 5.71 per cent possess tractor and 5.71 per cent possess Sprinkler.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.89, women available in the micro watershed was 1.49, hired labour (men) available was 6.49 and hired labour (women) available was 6.49. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 97.80 per cent (73.43 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram and Cotton, cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 31.43 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 77.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100 per cent have borrowed loan from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 50.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram and Cotton was Rs.27720.80 and 20643.65 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.90 and 1: 2.10 respectively.  Further, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 113685.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 77914.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 11 horticulture trees and 80 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7685.71 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 65.71 per cent depends on own funds and 5.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 71.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 28.57 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 94.29 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 11.43 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households. 3  In the study area, 37.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.29%), pulses (94.29%) and oilseeds (77.14%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (94.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (91.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (91.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (91.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (94.29%), inadequate extension services (65.71%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (91.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nazarapur-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 539 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 404 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 123 ha by rock outcrops and 12 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 6 per cent area is very shallow (150 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 10 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 51 per cent loamy soils and 14 per cent clayey soils at the surface  An area of 30 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 11 per cent area in the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands, 29 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) and 35 per cent has gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 64 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 11 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 3 per cent area is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5) in soil reaction, 8 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 63 per cent soils is slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4)  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%).  42 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha)in available phosphorus and 33 per cent area is high (> 57 kg/ha).  About 63 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 12 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed  Available boron is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 8 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 106 (20) - Guava - - Maize - 106 (20) Sapota - - Bajra - 106 (20) Pomegranate - 106 (20) Groundnut - - Musambi 106 (20) - Sunflower 106 (20) - Lime 106 (20) - Redgram - 105 (20) Amla 19 (3) 87 (16) Bengal gram 106 (20) - Cashew - - Cotton 106 (20) - Jackfruit - - Chilli - 105 (20) Jamun - 106 (20) Tomato - 87 (16) Custard apple 106 (20) - Brinjal 87 (16) 19 (3) Tamarind - - Onion 60 (11) - Mulberry - - Bhendi 87 (16) 19 (3) Marigold - 105 (20) Drumstick - 105 (20) Chrysanthemum - 105 (20) Mango - 87 (16)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Nazarapur-1 is located at North latitude 160 50' 1.92" and 160 48'28.869" and East longitude 770 25' 14.222'' and 770 23' 14.268" covering an area of about 538.42 ha coming under under Najarapura, Keshawar and Borabanda Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Nazarapur-1 micro watersheds of Gurmatkal subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 19 (55.88 %) were marginal and 12 (35.29%) were small farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 86 (55.84%) men and 68 (44.16 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (47.40%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 61.04 per cent of illiterates, 14.94 per cent of them had primary school education, 9.09 per cent middle school education, and 8.44 per cent high school education, 3.25 per cent of them had PUC education and 2.60 per cent attained graduation  About, 85.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 62.99 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 61.76 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.65 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 70.59 per cent possess TV, 14.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.18 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.65 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess plough, 14.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 17.65 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 23.53 per cent possess local cow and 26.47 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 6.73 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.59.  Further, 2.94 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 84.58 per cent (27.27 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 15.42 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 7.00 live bore wells and 5.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 20.59 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 70.59 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 20.59 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 52.63 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 26.32 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 89.47 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy and Green gram was Rs.40948.74, 74253.61, 57058.51, 89347.24 and 39386.59 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30, 1: 3.40, 1: 2.00, 1: 1.50 and 1:1.30 respectively.  Further, 52.94 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 0.00 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 123908.82 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 49932.35 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 4 horticulture trees and 65 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10617.65 for land development and Rs. 4411.76 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 23.53 per cent depends on own funds and 11.76 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 64.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 32.35 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 73.53 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (58.82%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.18 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 73.53 per cent of the households and 38.24 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 55.88 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.12%), pulses (97.06%) and oilseeds (79.41%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (105.88%) wild animal menace on farm field (91.18%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (97.06%), inadequacy of irrigation water (76.47%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.18%), high rate of interest on credit (91.18%), low price for the agricultural commodities (91.18%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (55.88%), inadequate extension services (50.00%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (88.24%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project