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AbstractWhile international relations scholarship has taken a "temporal turn," foreign policy decision-making (FPDM) research reveals little explicit theoretical attention to time. Time is an important aspect of several prominent frameworks, yet these either fail to make explicit their conception of time or fail to reflect upon the implications of their temporal assumptions and understandings. We address this lacuna by developing a timing perspective on FPDM. We present the central features of this perspective, including the nature of timing agency, temporal motivations, the timing of decision-making processes, and timing as a foreign policy tool. Illustrated with empirical examples, we show how timing plays out in FPDM and helps to shed new light on our understanding of crises and ways decision-makers may grapple with them. We conclude by considering the theoretical and empirical benefits and challenges of bridging FPDM with theoretical approaches to time.

In response to growing demographic diversity, European countries have selectively implemented political multiculturalism, a set of policies that seek to redefine prevailing conceptions of national identity. We explore the consequences of such policies for mass political support. Applying multi-level modeling to the 2002 and 2010 waves of the European Social Survey and analyzing multiple dependent variables including trust in regime institutions and assessments of the government of the day and the political system's performance, we show that the extensive adoption of multicultural policies magnifies the degree to which hostility to immigration is negatively associated with political support. This finding, robust to multiple specifications, is corroborated using European Values Survey data. It underscores how policies that challenge citizens' conceptions of national identity strengthen the link between opposition to immigration and political discontent, furnishing ongoing opportunities for rightist fringe parties to capitalize on anti-immigrant sentiment among the politically alienated.

Europe is increasingly confronted with China's footprint in different geostrategic spaces. This publication offers analysis on major competitive dynamics. Accordingly, the team of the Institute for Peace Support and Conflict Management (IFK) examines soft power outreach, economic facts, socio-economic trends and monetary policy in tandem with military capacities. Six authors provide analysis for their areas of expertise, covering a wide geographical range. In addition, four authors explore strategic narratives shaping China's current foreign policy, in order to make the political moves of a new global power easier to understand. What are the strategic convergence points for the EU in a competitive environment or rival setting with Beijing? The present volume highlights this crucial question, but also addresses options for cooperation.

The debate over Growth, regional disparities and social inequalities within the European Union (EU) has originated much attention amongst academics and policy makers. This is only so, as there is a clear causal relationship between these and quality of life in general. Public intervention, which can and have been directed both at the supply and the demand side of the economy, has proved necessary, although insuficient as market forces per se have proven inefficient in terms of resource allocation. The objective of the present paper is to analyse, at the regional level, trends in income levels per capita, human capital measured with an education proxy, material deprivation and general well-being. Markov transition matrices will first be used to compare cluster dynamics, using local indicators of spatial autocorrelation (following Rey, 2001). This analysis will be extended to include analysis of within-quadrant movements. A growth model including human capital and material deprivation allowing for spatial lags will be used to evaluate te impact of education and poverty on income levels. The dataset used is taken from the Cambridge Econometrics database, Eurostat and the European Social Survey, for a total of 192 NUTS2 EU regions.

Although the roots of the European Union lie in economic integration, the EU's economic policy competences and possibilities are narrowly limited in European primary law. Nevertheless, the influence of the EU, and in particular the European Commission, on economic policies of the member states is clearly visible and tangible. The focus of European economic policy is on the coordination of member state policies by the European Commission. It uses strategic planning in­struments such as 10-year strategies, guidelines, and reform recommen­dations, which it bundles within the European Semester. European economic policy-makers are actually faced with the task of limiting the acute socio-economic consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic on the one hand, and finding answers to the structural challenges posed by globalisation, digitisation, and climate change on the other. A com­mon European economic policy is becoming increasingly necessary, and expectations are growing. The European Commission is trying to combine these two tasks – the stimulation of the European economy and the sustainable transformation of national economies – with the new European recovery fund "Next Generation EU". The European Green Deal will become the guiding prin­ciple for both economic policy coordination and economic policy at the national level. This reorientation of European economic policy towards sustainable and decarbonised growth will promote the Europeanisation and, in the long term, the unitarisation of national economic policies. (Autorenreferat)

Anderson reviews THE EMPIRE HAS NO CLOTHES: U.S. FOREIGN POLICY EXPOSED by Ivan Eland.

Analysis of the foreign policy behavior of "weak" states in the context of dependency theory.