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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belur-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 773 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 74 per cent is covered by soil and 26 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 5 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 3 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 71 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 53 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 14 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 60 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 59 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 15 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  Entire cultivated area of the soils in the microwatershed are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3-9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in 5 per cent area.  An area of about 17 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 57 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 23 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 51 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) and 65 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 169(22) 118(15) Sapota 56(7) 92(12) Maize 56(7) 231(30) Pomegranate 56(7) 307(40) Bajra 72(9) 275(36) Guava - 148(19) Groundnut - 227(29) Jackfruit 56(7) 92(12) Sunflower 102(13) 185(24) Jamun 56(7) 206(27) Cotton 169(22) 118(15) Musambi 102(13) 261(34) Red gram 56(7) 226(29) Lime 102(13) 261(34) Bengalgram 113(15) 174(23) Cashew - 148(19) Chilli 56(7) 16(2) Custard apple 185(24) 257(33) Tomato 56(7) 16(2) Amla 72(9) 370(48) Brinjal 16(2) 350(45) Tamarind 56(7) 130(17) Onion - 151(20) Marigold 56(7) 231(30) Bhendi - 367(47) Chrysanthemum 56(7) 231(30) Drumstick 72(9) 294(38) Jasmine 56(7) 16(2) Mulberry 72(9) 286(37) Crossandra 56(7) 37(5) Mango 56(7) 16(2)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Belur-3 is located at North latitude 150 14' 19.625" and 150 12' 17.551" and East longitude 760 8' 41.954'' and 760 6' 2.989" covering an area of about 772.99 ha coming under Gudlanura and Akkapura villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Belur-3 micro watersheds of Katarki subwatershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 12 (34.29 %) were marginal, 8 (22.86%) were small, 9 (25.71 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 93 (59.62%) men and 63 (40.38 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.4, marginal farmers were 4.8, small farmers were 4.3, semi medium farmers were 4.1 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (48.08%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 27.56 per cent illiterates, 26.28 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.69 per cent middle school education and 14.10 per cent high school education, 14.10 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.64 per cent of them had Diploma, 4.49 per cent attained graduation and 5.13 them had other education.  About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 19.87 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 85.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 11.43 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 71.43 per cent possess TV, 5.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.43 per cent possess mobile phones and 42.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 8.57 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 22.86 per cent possess local cow and 11.43 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.92, women available in the micro watershed was 1.20, hired labour (men) available was 13.22 and hired labour (women) available was 13.43.  Further, 102.86 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 76.16 per cent (42.76 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 23.84 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 11.00 live bore wells and 8.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 34.29 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Onion, Cotton, Groundnut and Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 91.62 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 85.71 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 85.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 10.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Onion, Cotton, Groundnut and Sorghum was Rs.27331.63 , 35492.45, 23968.40, 51700.52, and 114699.18 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30, 1: 3.20, 1: 2.10, 1: 2.70, and 1:1.00 , respectively.  Further, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 91371.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 73657.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 133 horticulture trees and 125 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 800.00 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 5.71 per cent depends on own funds and 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 5.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 80.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire wood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (91.43%), pulses (88.57%) and oilseeds (25.71%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (48.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (25.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (20.00%), high rate of interest on credit (8.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (40.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (40.00%), Less rainfall (54.29%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (40.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Shethalli-3Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 762 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 403 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 5 ha area is covered by railway line, 323 ha area is covered by mining/industrial and 31 ha area is covered by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 403 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent of area is moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 30 per cent of area is moderately deep (75-100 cm), 10 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 3 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 6 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 30 per cent area is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 10 per cent of area is low (51- 100 mm/m).  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 47 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 6 per cent of area is severely (e3) eroded.  About 19 per cent area is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 35 per cent area is strongly alkaline to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4->9) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) is 0.75%), 35 per cent area is medium (0.5-0.75%) and 5 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur content is low (1 ppm) in an area of 8 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in an area of 41 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in an area of 12 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 371 (49) Guava - - Maize - 371 (49) Sapota - - Bajra - 371 (49) Pomegranate - 200 (26) Groundnut - 77 (10) Musambi - 200 (26) Sunflower - 200 (26) Lime - 200 (26) Redgram - 294 (39) Amla - 272 (35) Bengal gram 195 (26) 99 (13) Cashew - - Cotton - 200 (26) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 277 (36) Jamun - - Tomato - 77 (10) Custard apple - 277 (36) Brinjal - 77 (10) Tamarind - - Onion - 77 (10) Mulberry - 195 (26) Bhendi - 277 (36) Marigold - 277 (36) Drumstick - 196 (26) Chrysanthemum - 277 (36) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Shethalli-3 is located at North latitude 160 31' 50.879" and 160 29' 29.691" and East longitude 770 18' 30.581'' and 770 16' 48.138" covering an area of about 772.15 ha coming under Shettilli, Kadechoora and Badiyala villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Shethalli-3 micro watersheds of Kadechur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Shethalli-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (23.53%) were marginal, 11 (32.35%) were small, 11 (32.35 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.94 %) were medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 71 (54.20%) men and 60 (45.80 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 4.1, small farmers were 3.5, semi medium farmers were 4 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (41.98%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 41.98 per cent illiterates, 54.21 per cent pre university education and 1.53 per cent attained graduation.  About, 88.24 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.88 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 63.36 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 79.41 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.88 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.24 per cent possess TV, 32.35 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 2.94 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent possess tractor, 26.47 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.94 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.88 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.31, women available in the micro watershed was 1.25, hired labour (men) available was 5.78 and hired labour (women) available was 6.09. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 98.24 per cent (50.54 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 1.76 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 2.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 5.88 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton and Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 80.63 per cent.  Out of the sample households 94.12 percent possessed bank account and 26.47 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 67.65 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 66.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 16.67 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Sorghum was Rs.20437.92 , 25768.30 and 11224.23 with benefit cost ratio of 1:5.40, 1: 1.70 and 1: 2.10 respectively.  Further, 23.53 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.94 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 84117.65 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 57205.88 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 25 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 2.94 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3485.29 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 38.24 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 58.82 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 32.35 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 76.47 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (97.06%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 88.24 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.12 per cent of the households and 5.88 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.06 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 35.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.06 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (94.12%) and oilseeds (88.24%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (100.00 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (88.24%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.35%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (88.24%), high rate of interest on credit (85.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (91.18 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (61.76%), inadequate extension services (41.18 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (50.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Buragapalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 391 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 375 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soil and 16 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 375 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 41 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) and 55 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm).  About 55 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 41 per cent has clayey soils.  About of 38 per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) and 55 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area falls under very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 11 per cent is slightly (e1) eroded and 85 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  About 56 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 40 per cent area is slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  About 58 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha), 10 per cent area is low ( 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Available potassium is high (>337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Except one ha where it is medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 64 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 32 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 86(22) 31(8) Guava - - Maize - 117(30) Sapota - - Bajra - 117(30) Pomegranate - 117(30) Groundnut - - Musambi 86(22) 31(8) Sunflower 86(22) 31(8) Lime 86(22) 31(8) Redgram - 117(30) Amla - 86(22) Bengal gram 86(22) 31(8) Cashew - - Cotton 86(22) 31(8) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 117(30) Jamun - 86(22) Tomato - - Custard apple 86(22) 31(8) Brinjal - - Tamarind - 86(22) Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - 117(30) Marigold - 117(30) Drumstick - 86(22) Chrysanthemum - 117(30) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Buragapalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 54' 42.322" and 160 53' 23.247" and East longitude 770 26' 57.655'' and 770 25' 40.042" covering an area of about 388.59 ha coming unde Buragapalli Village of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Buragapalli-1 micro watersheds of Gurmatkal subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Buragapalli-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 6 (17.14%) were marginal, 14 (40.00%) were small, 8 (22.86 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 59 (50.00%) men and 59 (50.00 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3, marginal farmers were 3.3, small farmers were 3.5, semi medium farmers were 3.3 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (40.68%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 37.29 per cent illiterates, 61.87 per cent pre university education and 6.78 per cent attained graduation.  About, 91.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 28.81 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 68.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 97.14 per cent possess TV, 45.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 65.71 per cent possess mobile phones and 20.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.71 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.38, women available in the micro watershed was 1.24, hired labour (men) available was 15.18 and hired labour (women) available was 15.35.  Further, 91.43 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 0.85 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 500.00 kms for about 6.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 97.48 per cent (51.56 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 2.52 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 1.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 5.72 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Bengal gram, Sorghum and Onion and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 85.71 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 85.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 36.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 46.67 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (96.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 96.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Bengal gram, Sorghum and Onion was Rs.20883.79, 10823.21, 23248.08, 14623.48 and 362565.84 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.40, 1: 5.70, 1: 0.92, 1: 2.10 and 1:0.72 respectively.  Further, 80.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 83515.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 62572.86 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 13 horticulture trees and 42 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 28.57 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 428.57 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities. 3  Regarding marketing channels, 51.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 37.14 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 80.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (80.00%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.29 per cent of the households and 8.57 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 48.57 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (82.86%), pulses (82.86%) and oilseeds (14.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (82.86%) wild animal menace on farm field (60.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (42.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (25.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (20.00%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (8.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43%), inadequate extension services (14.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (34.29%), Less rainfall (45.71%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (40.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Tatalageri-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 488 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 301 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 91 ha by forest, 87 ha by rock outcrops and about 9 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 17 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to deep (75 - 150 cm) and 45 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 15 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 34 per cent area very low (0.75%) and 40 per cent is medium (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content.  About 1 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About an area of 10 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 52 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 64(13) 71(15) Guava - 17(4) Maize - 135(28) Sapota - 17(4) Bajra - 135(28) Pomegranate - 81(17) Groundnut - 17(4) Musambi 53(11) 28(6) Sunflower 64(13) 17(4) Lime 53(11) 28(6) Redgram - 81(17) Amla - 135(28) Bengal gram 64(13) 71(15) Cashew - - Cotton 64(13) 71(15) Jackfruit - 17(4) Chilli - 135(28) Jamun - 64(13) Tomato - 124(26) Custard apple 70(14) 65(13) Brinjal 64(13) 71(15) Tamarind - 64(13) Onion 11(2) 71(15) Mulberry - 17(4) Bhendi 64(13) 71(15) Marigold - 135(28) Drumstick - 81(17) Chrysanthemum - 135(28) Mango - 64(13)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Tatalageri-1 is located at North latitude 160 50' 1.629" and 160 48' 42.931" and East longitude 770 18' 4.419" and 770 16' 11.331" covering an area of about 487.74 ha coming under Tatalagera, Mugadhamapoora, Kandhakura, Chinthanapalli and Yampada Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 32 respondents, - 10 (31.25%) were marginal, 9(28.13%) were small and 7 (21.88%) were semi medium and 1 (3.13%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 112 (54.90%) men and 92 (45.10 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (48.04%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 67.65 per cent illiterates, 28.42 per cent pre university education and 1.96 per cent attained graduation.  About, 78.13 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 10.78 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural laborers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 66.67 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 59.38 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 21.88 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 71.88 per cent possess TV, 12.50 per cent possess mixer grinder, 93.75 per cent possess mobile phones and 37.50 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 56.25 per cent of the households possess plough, 3.13 per cent possess tractor, 15.63 per cent possess bullock cart and 28.13 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 37.50 per cent possess local cow and 25.00 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 13.47 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 2.71.  Further, 3.13 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 1.96 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1200.00 kms for about 6.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 67.83 per cent (36.88 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 32.17 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 11.00 live bore wells and 3.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Jowar, Cotton, Paddy and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.91 per cent.  Out of the sample households 93.75 percent possessed bank account and 31.25 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 93.75 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 21.88 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks, 3.12 per cent from Cooperative bank and 18.75 per cent from grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (86.67%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 0.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 0.00 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Jowar, Cotton, Paddy and Green gram was Rs.51814.70 , 30754.26, 79012.15, 62877.45 and 46302.23 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.2 , 1:0.8 , 1:1.2 , 1:0.9 and 1:4 , respectively.  Further, 31.25 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 25.00 per cent of them opined dry fodder was inadequate. With respect to green fodder availability, 3.13 percent of them opined it was adequate and 3.13 percent of them opined it was inadequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 172312.50 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 61335.94 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have horticulture species growm coconut, Mango and sapota trees in the fields.  Sample households have forest species grown 24 neem, 2 tamarind, acacia and banyan trees and 1 pongamia trees in their field.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs 4062.5. for land development. Rs 6562.5 for irrigation facility creation and Rs. 5000 for improved crop production.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 9.09 per cent for land development and 12.1 per cent for irrigation facility depends on Government subsidy activities 3.03 per cent for improved crop production depend on loan from bank activities  Regarding marketing channels, 96.88 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 96.88 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (59.3%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 84.38 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  About, 12.50 and 6.25 per cent of farmers practicing feld bunding and graded bund as soil and water conservation practice.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 81.25 per cent of the households and 25.00 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 84.38 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 75.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 93.75 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 3.13 per cent of the household's possessed APL card and 6.25 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (68.75%), pulses (71.88%) and oilseeds (40.63%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (59.38%) wild animal menace on farm field ( 59.38%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (84.38%), inadequacy of irrigation water (53.13%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (84.38%), high rate of interest on credit (87.50%), low price for the agricultural commodities (84.38%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (56.25%), inadequate extension services (43.75%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (53.13%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Keyword: widening participation, non-traditional students, teacher strategies, postnational educational system According to Hickling-Hudson et al. (2004:6) 'Indigenous peoples and Indigenous knowledges are marginalized by a view of the world through 'imperial eyes', a view which (re)inscribes the dominant, exclusionary Western beliefs'. Other things being equal, teachers in general are said to draw on three main interrelated and changing knowledge bases: knowledge of content, knowledge of teaching processes and knowledge of their students (Shulman, 1987; Turner-Bisset, 1999). As a dimension of pedagogic practice, the management of non-compliant classroom behavior is varied and historically shaped, subject to ideological, legislative and policy shifts over time. The relation between university teachers and students has to all times been characterized as an asymmetric relation since the teachers have the power of definition of what counts as academic standards. We have seen considerable studies on student perspectives (Stuart, et al 2012). However, a review reveals scarce knowledge about how university teachers try to compensate and include the non-traditional and first-generational students. In this paper, we pay special attention to curricular and pedagogical traditions or management strategies in postnational educational systems, where the majority of students are first-generation and at higher risk of attrition. Assuming that the academic staff (Both Greenlandic and Danish) has bodily incorporated an awareness of these circumstances since they are part of common knowledge of Greenlandic history, an ideal of emancipatory approach derives from compensating both teacher- and postcolonial dominance. The research question asked is how university teachers navigate in this context, what are their experiences and how do they manage to integrate and make students participate more actively and achieve what they consider to be academic standards? The experiences of teachers working in these contexts have rarely been reported in the literature. Our aim is to highlight the ambiguous nature of change of a particular educational system, the Greenlandic University which can be considered a representative of a neocolonial university with Western conceptions of curriculum, pedagogy, and language. In this way the Greenlandic case can be seen as an institution struggling to match western/European standards and at the same time acknowledging the non-traditional behavior. The theoretical framework is based on Bourdieus theory of practice and selective concepts. To understand how the teachers act when teaching, the notion of strategy is used referring to something that rests on a practical 'feel for the game.' Strategies are the result of combining practical good sense with commonly accepted practices. Symbolic power is used to understand and explain the nature of the strategies. The structures of the field arise from differentiation, which is grounded in a defining principle of what is of value. Thus, teachers have the authority and the means to assess students, and do so based on a certain set of assumptions, expectations, and values that are not always explicit. The notion of cultural capital is therefore used to understand the experiences of teachers' strategies in higher education. (Bourdieu, 1986). Methods This study is based on classroom observations and interviews of teachers who joined a university requested pedagogic course to improve their teaching. 18 teachers participated in the course. The teacher participants (of both Danish and Greeenlandic origin) taught in their practices a range of subjects and used Danish, Greenlandic (and English) as the medium of instruction. In order to explore the types of knowledges taught, categories of teaching process knowledge, and the range of pedagogic identities made available to teachers and students, lectures focused on the teachers' descriptions of the learner characteristics of Greenlandic students, their professional roles whilst teaching at the university, and curriculum and pedagogic design. We were interested in understanding how the various teachers are actually working and exploring their various ethical and epistemological stands on the nature of 'true' knowledge, on the 'right' teacher and the 'right' student. To this end, our interviews focused on episodes of classroom trouble that provoked the respondent's intervention and what moral expectations the teachers invoked and legitimated in their efforts to regulate student behaviour (ex. increase participation or student activation). In the interviews, we also queried the two groups of teachers (Danish and Greenlandic) on the students they taught, their own role, professional and social identity, the knowledge transmitted, and their pedagogical strategies whilst teaching. Expected outcomes / results We have identified 4 teacher strategies which have not yet been refined. Here we present 3. Zero-fault on Greenlandic language-strategy in contrast to "teaching in the dark". A Greenlandic teacher expresses a distinct awareness of how she masters her Greenlandic language when teaching students in her mother tongue, Greenlandic. When she writes major pieces/instructions, she consults what she considers "language experts" within and outside the university. During lectures, she enhances her students to correct her if she uses "wrong" words or grammar. In contrast to this rigorous self-policing, we see how Danish teachers on the opposite are ready to give up on the use of understandable language. Several Danish teachers frame disciplinary discussions followed up by plenary sessions where the students are allowed to discuss and work in Greenlandic which is a language the teacher does not understand. The teachers argue that activating the students is crucial in spite of the fact that they are unable to validate or respond to the academic content. One teacher talks about "teaching in the dark". Teaching formalia-strategy A Greenlandic female teacher in her 50's tries to neutralize a classic problem with students not knowing what is expected from them by making an effort teaching in explaining the learning goals. She makes exercises on how to translate the Danish concepts of the learning goals and the key concepts. She makes a virtue out of the semantic translation of the concepts from Danish to Greenlandic, and argues within the framework of Biggs and Blooms taxonomy. She argues theoretically with the concept of "parallel languaging" where the idea is to use both mother tongue and the second language intertwined or parallel. References: A. Marshall, C. (2016). Barriers to accessing higher education. Widening participation, higher education and non-traditional students: Supporting transitions through foundation programmes (pp. 1-18). Macmillan Publishers Ltd. London: Springer Nature. Ball, S., Hoskins, K., Maguire, M., & Braun, A. (2011). Disciplinary texts: A policy analysis of national and local behaviour policies. Critical Studies in Education, 52(1), 1-14. Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice Cambridge university press. Bourdieu, P. (1990a). In other words: Essays towards a reflexive sociology Stanford University Press. Bourdieu, P. (1990b). The logic of practice Stanford University Press. Bowl, M. (2003). Non-traditional entrants to higher education: "They talk about people like me.". PO Box 605, Herndon, VA 20172-0605.: Stylus Publishing. Chen, X., & Carroll, C. D. (2005). First-generation students in postsecondary education: A look at their college transcripts. postsecondary education descriptive analysis report. NCES 2005-171. (). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Hemsley-Brown, J. (2012). 'The best education in the world': Reality, repetition or cliché? international students' reasons for choosing an english university. Studies in Higher Education, 37(8), 1005-1022. Hickling-Hudson, A., Matthews, J. M., & Woods, A. (2004). Education, postcolonialism and disruptions. Disrupting preconceptions: Postcolonialism and education (pp. 1-16). Flaxton: Post Pressed. Langgård, P. (2002). Greenland and the university of. In D. C. Nord, & G. R. Weller (Eds.), Higher education across the circumpolar north: A circle of learning (1st ed., pp. 77-99). New York: PALGRAVE MACMILLAN. greenland Scott, I. (2012). Access, success and curriculum: Aspects of their organic relationship. Alternative Access to Higher Education: Underprepared Students Or Underprepared Education, , 25-49. Shulman, L. (1987). Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1-23. doi:10.17763/haer.57.1.j463w79r56455411 Shulman, L. (1987). Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1-23. doi:10.17763/haer.57.1.j463w79r56455411 Skatte- og Velfærdskommissionen. (2010). Hvordan sikres (). Denmark: Skatte- og Velfærdskommissionen. vækst og velfærd i Grønland? Spiegler, T., & Bednarek, A. (2013). First-generation students: What we ask, what we know and what it means: An international review of the state of research. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 23(4), 318-337. doi:10.1080/09620214.2013.815441 Thomas, L. (2002). Student retention in higher education: The role of institutional habitus. Journal of Education Policy, 17(4), 423-442. Turner-Bisset, R. (1999). The knowledge bases of the expert teacher. British Educational Research Journal, 25(1), 39-55. doi:10.1080/0141192990250104 ; According to Hickling-Hudson et al. (2004:6) 'Indigenous peoples and Indigenous knowledges are marginalized by a view of the world through 'imperial eyes', a view which (re)inscribes the dominant, exclusionary Western beliefs'. Other things being equal, teachers in general are said to draw on three main interrelated and changing knowledge bases: knowledge of content, knowledge of teaching processes and knowledge of their students (Shulman, 1987; Turner-Bisset, 1999). As a dimension of pedagogic practice, the management of non-compliant classroom behavior is varied and historically shaped, subject to ideological, legislative and policy shifts over time. The relation between university teachers and students has to all times been characterized as an asymmetric relation since the teachers have the power of definition of what counts as academic standards. We have seen considerable studies on student perspectives (Stuart, et al 2012). However, a review reveals scarce knowledge about how university teachers try to compensate and include the non-traditional and first-generational students. In this paper, we pay special attention to curricular and pedagogical traditions or management strategies in postnational educational systems, where the majority of students are first-generation and at higher risk of attrition. Assuming that the academic staff (Both Greenlandic and Danish) has bodily incorporated an awareness of these circumstances since they are part of common knowledge of Greenlandic history, an ideal of emancipatory approach derives from compensating both teacher- and postcolonial dominance. The research question asked is how university teachers navigate in this context, what are their experiences and how do they manage to integrate and make students participate more actively and achieve what they consider to be academic standards? The experiences of teachers working in these contexts have rarely been reported in the literature. Our aim is to highlight the ambiguous nature of change of a particular educational system, the Greenlandic University which can be considered a representative of a neocolonial university with Western conceptions of curriculum, pedagogy, and language. In this way the Greenlandic case can be seen as an institution struggling to match western/European standards and at the same time acknowledging the non-traditional behavior. The theoretical framework is based on Bourdieus theory of practice and selective concepts. To understand how the teachers act when teaching, the notion of strategy is used referring to something that rests on a practical 'feel for the game.' Strategies are the result of combining practical good sense with commonly accepted practices. Symbolic power is used to understand and explain the nature of the strategies. The structures of the field arise from differentiation, which is grounded in a defining principle of what is of value. Thus, teachers have the authority and the means to assess students, and do so based on a certain set of assumptions, expectations, and values that are not always explicit. The notion of cultural capital is therefore used to understand the experiences of teachers' strategies in higher education. (Bourdieu, 1986).

A Thesis for applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Sciences ; This study is concerned with the questions: how tourism players perceive sustainable tourism and whether sustainable tourism planning practices include virtual travel as a means to improve visitor experiences. Furthermore, how efficient and satisfactory a substitute, virtual experience may be, as an alternative to a real visit to a nature destination. The goal was set to research the drivers that may favour tourists' acceptance of virtual substitutions over real experiences. Travel often means transportation and need for place change, but travelling to a destination gives this sense of place change, and a VR facility in that place could provide tourist's experiences that local nature could give. It is postulated that when compared to individuals with weaker pro-ecological attitudes, those with stronger pro-ecological attitudes are more likely to accept the virtual tourism (VT) opportunities, research suggests that there are some VT features which are not accepted and others which are accepted by tourists The study focussed on the issue of virtual travel advantages and disadvantages and the role of pro-ecological motivations behind the choices between real travel and virtual travel. Research questions: • How tourism managers' perceptions of sustainable tourism affect sustainable tourism and sustainable tourism planning? (I, II) • How three-dimensional visualisation can facilitate sustainable tourism development and sustainable tourism planning? (I, II, III) • How tourist perceptions of virtual travel vary according to their individual need for emotional arousal from mediated experience, socio-demographic background, travel preferences, and pro-ecological motivations? (III) Documentary analysis (I) and interviews (I,II) were employed. Content analysis technique (I,II) was used. All answers were audio recorded, typed, divided into categories and sorted according to the main topic. 299 questionnaires were collected from tourists visiting Piusa Cave, GLM was employed to analyse results. This study indicated that comprehensive sustainable tourism practices are lacking in Russia. Russian tourism managers' attitudes towards sustainable tourism are mostly influenced by their personal background in the industry and less by internationally adopted concepts. Even though Russian tourism managers personal attitudes varied significantly and our findings demonstrated contradictory understandings of sustainable tourism phenomena among them, the consensus search rounds showed that the managers do recognise the possible negative impact of tourism on nature, and see sustainable tourism as part of their future business development strategies. The observed lack of understanding about sustainable tourism principles and the perceived low demand for such initiatives in state regulations and among potential clients, are the key reasons for Russian tourism managers' low motivation towards creating their own sustainable tourism initiatives. They also proposed that virtual travel may be a feasible strategy for destination management where carrying capacities are exceeded or where nature conservation measures are required (I). An individual's motivation to take part in sustainable tourism planning using three-dimensional visualization may be derived from such social structures as interest, desire, challenge or curiosity. While inclusion of interest groups in three-dimensional visualisation planning may significantly influence the flow and the value of the results of sustainable tourism planning, the same also happens when actually using the three dimensional visualisation tool. Integration of three-dimensional visualisation into sustainable tourism planning from the initialisation of the participatory development process provides more opportunities for comprehensive planning outcomes (II). Provision of several alternative landscape three-dimensional visualisation scenarios provides better sustainable tourism planning results. Virtual travel plays a positive role as a sustainable tourism planning facilitator in participatory development. Factors to consider in maintaining a quality sustainable tourism planning experience include: precise selection of objects for three dimensional visualisation, idealization level and an intuitive user interface. A neutral moderator in three dimensional visualisation planning is thus a prerequisite and is especially important when dealing with the problem of conflicting interests in sustainable tourism planning. This study revealed that tourists accepting of a low level of arousal from virtual travel have lower socio-economic security, they are also less motivated by social interaction and adventure. Tourists most accepting of virtual travel are less striving, and less interested in the societal impact of their lives. It was proposed that virtual travel may serve as a substitute for nature-based travel. The study shows that at the current state of three dimensional visualization technologies, virtual travel is capable of satisfying sophisticated hedonic needs of tourists. Those who like active outdoors, are unsurprisingly, less satisfied with virtual travel. Virtual travel also could be instrumental in nature experiences to tourists with lower travel budgets. Sustainable tourism development within nature-based tourism may reduce damage to the natural environment and local culture by minimising the impact of physical tourism infrastructure (roads, path, buildings) construction in cases where tourists can be offered alternative experiences of virtual travel as complementarities to conventional tourism. Virtual travel may show landscapes and enable tourists to get an impression of natural sightseeing without physical visits to real destinations. This in turn may increase opportunities for virtual tourism activity and benefit local communities. An encountered weakness of virtual travel is that tourists may perceive such travel experiences as less satisfactory in comparison to real trips. This study revealed potential key strategies for overcoming the obstacles for sustainable tourism development in Eastern Europe. Firstly, significant cooperation is required among stakeholders (local authorities, tourism managers, tourists, local population) to tailor more effective international and local legislation in the field of sustainable tourism, and for ensuring proper enforcement of this legislation. Secondly, the promotion of environmental education, including sustainability training among Russian tourism players, is highly recommended. Thirdly, virtual travel even though not an equal substitute for real visits, is a potential solution for implementing sustainable tourism strategies. Thus, further research could aim to establish whether virtual travel derived from real destinations where carrying capacities are exceeded may benefit nature conservation, and could be a means to raising tourists' awareness of tourism's environmental and social impacts. ; Käesolev uurimus otsib vastust küsimusele: kuidas turismi huvirühmad tajuvad säästvat turismi ja säästva turismi planeerimispraktikate parendamist virtuaalse reisimise abiga. Lisaks uuritakse kui tõhusalt ja rahuldavalt asendab virtuaalne kogemus loodusliku sihtkoha tegelikku külastamist. Uurimuse eesmärgiks seati uurida ajendeid, mis soodustavad seda, et turistid eelistavad reaalsetele kogemustele nende virtuaalset asendust. Reisimine tähendab sageli transporti ja asukoha muutust, ning reisimine sihtkohta annab muutuse toimumise tunde ja virtuaalne külastus annab turistile võimaluse kogeda, mida kohalik loodus suudaks pakkuda. Töös postuleeritakse, et tugevama ökoloogilise hoiakuga isikud on suurema tõenäosusega avatud virtuaalse reisimise võimaluste kasutamisele võrreldes isikutega, kel ökoloogiline suhtumine on nõrgem. Uuringud on näidanud, et turistid aktsepteerivad mõningaid virtuaalse reisimise viise, kuid eitavad teisi. Uurimus keskendub virtuaalse reisimise eeliste ja puuduste uurimisele ja ökoloogiliste motiivide rollile, mis mõjutavad reaalse ja virtuaalse reisimise valikuid. Töö väljendab kolmes artiklis kajastatud uurimusi ja nende tulemusi, need on tähistatud vastavalt I, II ja III. Uurimisküsimused: • Kuidas turismi korraldajate säästva turismi tajumine mõjutab säästva turismi pakkumist ja säästva turismi planeerimist? (I, II) • Kuidas kolmemõõtmeline visualiseerimine (3D) soodustab säästva turismi arendamist ja säästva turismi planeerimist? (I, II, III) • Kuidas turistid tajuvad virtuaalset reisimist olenevalt nende elamusvajadusest , sotsiaal-demograafilisest taustast, reisimiseelistustest ja ökoloogilistest hoiakutest? (III) Metoodika Uurimisandmed koguti dokumendianalüüsist (I), süvaintervjuudes ja küsitlusest. Töö jaoks uuriti Venemaal praktiseeritavat säästva turismi korraldamist dokumentide (ametlikud turismitegevust suunavad dokumendid, arengustrateegiad, õigusaktid jt) analüüsi abil. Kasutati ka kontentanalüüsi (II). Intervjuud (I, II) turismiga seonduvate huvirühmade ja kohaliku kogukonna esindajatega lindistati, transkribeeriti, kodeeriti ja kategoriseeriti. Intervjueeriti Moskva (Venemaa) turismiettevõtjaid ja Eesti ettevõtjaid ja kogukonnaliikmeid. Lõuna-Eestis Piusa koobaste külastuskeskuses külastajate seas läbiviidud 299 küsitluse tulemusi analüüsiti üldistatud lineaarse mudeli abil (III). Virtuaalse reisimise vastuvõetavust kontrolliti rakendades väärtuste-uskumuste-normi teooria (Stern et al., 1995) edasiarendust, tuvastamaks, kuidas vastuvõetavust mõjutavad elamusvajadus, ökoloogilised väärtused, uskumused, normid ja kavatsused. Tulemused Uuring tõi välja, et Venemaal puuduvad komplekssed säästva turismi praktikad. Venemaa turismikorraldajate hoiakuid säästva turismi suhtes mõjutab peamiselt nende enda taust selles sektoris ja mitte nii palju rahvusvaheliselt omaksvõetud kontseptsioonid. Kuigi Venemaa turismikorraldajate isiklikud hoiakud varieerusid märgatavalt ja saadud tulemused demonstreerisid vastuolulisi arusaamu säästva turismi fenomeni olemusest, näitas Delphi meetodi rakendamine, et korraldajad tunnevad ära turismi võimaliku negatiivse mõju loodusele ja näevad säästvat turismi ühe osana oma tulevastest äri arendamise strateegiatest. Üksmeele puudumine säästva turismi põhimõtete suhtes ja tunnetatud vähene nõudlus selliste algatuste suhtes riiklikes õigusaktides ja võimalike klientide seas on peamised põhjused, miks vene turismikorraldajatel on madal motivatsioon ise säästva turismi algatustega välja tulla. Nad esitasid seisukoha, et virtuaalne reisimine on sihtkoha juhtimise puhul otstarbekas strateegia, kui piirkonna taluvusvõime on ületatud või vajaks looduskaitse alla võtmist (I). Üksikisiku motivatsioon säästva turismi planeerimises osalemiseks kui kasutatakse kolmemõõtmelist visualiseerimist tuleneb sellistest sotsiaalsetest motivatsiooni allikatest nagu osalussoov, väljakutse või uudishimu. Ehkki kolmemõõtmelise visualiseerimise planeerimise juures osalevad huvigrupid võivad märkimisväärselt mõjutada säästva turismi planeerimise kulgu ja väärtust, toimub sama ka siis, kui kasutatakse kolmemõõtmelise visualiseerimise tööriista. Kolmemõõtmelise visualiseerimise integreerimine säästva turismi planeerimisse kaasava arendamise protsessi algusest peale annab rohkem võimalusi igakülgsete planeerimistulemuste saamiseks (II). Mitme alternatiivse maastiku muutmise 3D-stsenaariumi kasutamine annab paremad säästva turismi planeerimise tulemused. Virtuaalne reisimine mängib kaasava arendamise protsessis soodustab säästva turismi planeerimist. Objektide täpne valimine kolmemõõtmelise visualiseerimise jaoks, detailsuse aste ja intuitiivne kasutaja liides on tegurid, mis teenivad kvaliteetse säästva turismi planeerimise eesmärki. Neutraalne moderaator on kolmemõõtmelise visualiseerimise planeerimise protsessi juures hädavajalik, eriti tähtis on ta siis, kui on tegu huvide konfliktiga säästva turismi planeerimises. Uurimus tõi välja, et virtuaalne reisimine on enam aktsepteeritav inimestele, kel on madal elamusvajadus, ja kes ei hooli sellest, et virtuaalne reisimine pakub vähem elavaid muljeid, koha vahetuse tunnet, ja kokkupuudet loodusega. Virtuaalne reisimine on aktsepteeritavam turistidele, kelle reisivalikute ajendite seas on sotsiaalne suhtlemine ja seikluslikkus vähem olulised. Virtuaalsest reisimisest enam huvitatud turistidväärtustavad vähem edasipüüdlikkust ja sotsiaalset mõjukust. Pakuti välja, et virtuaalne reisimine võiks olla looduspõhise reisimise asenduseks. Uurimus näitas, et kolmemõõtmeliste visualiseerimistehnoloogiate praeguses seisus on virtuaalne reisimine võimeline rahuldama hedonistlikumate, suurema mugavusvajadusega turistide vajadusi. Need, kellele meeldib aktiivne tegevus looduses, on vähem rahul virtuaalse reisimisega. Säästva turismi areng loodusturismi raames võib vähendada looduskeskkonnale ja kohalikule kultuurile tehtavat kahju, minimeerides kahju, mis tekib turismi füüsilise infrastruktuuri rajamisest (teed, rajad, hooned) neil juhtudel, kui turistidele saab pakkuda alternatiivseid kogemusi virtuaalsest reisimisest tavaturismi täiendusena. Virtuaalne reisimine saab näidata maastikke ja võimaldab turistidel koguda muljeid ilma reaalset sihtkohta füüsiliselt külastamata. See omakorda suurendab võimalusi virtuaalse turismi tegevusteks ja on soodne kohalikule kogukonnale. Virtuaalne reisimine on aktsepteeritav alternatiiv suurema mugavusvajadusega inimestele ja vanemaealistele inimestele. Uurimus tõi välja võimalikud peamised strateegiad, kuidas tulla toime takistustega säästva turismi arengus Ida-Euroopas. Esiteks on vaja märkimisväärset koostööd huvigruppide (kohalikud omavalitsused, turismikorraldajad, turistid, kohalikud elanikud) vahel, et luua tõhusamaid rahvusvahelisi ja kohalikke õigusakte säästva turismi valdkonnas ning tagada nende õigusaktide asjakohane ellurakendamine. Teiseks on äärmiselt vajalik edendada keskkonnaharidust, sh säästlikkuse koolituse pakkumist Venemaa turismitegijate seas. Kolmandaks, ehkki virtuaalne reisimine ei ole ehtsa reisimise samaväärne asendaja, on see ikkagi võimalik lahendus, et ellu viia säästva turismi strateegiaid. Seega võiks edaspidine uurimistöö püüda välja selgitada, kas virtuaalne reisimine, mis põhineb reaalsetel sihtkohtadel, kus taluvusvõime on ületatud, võiks tuua kasu loodushoiule ja olla vahend, millega tõsta turistide teadlikkust turismi keskkonna- ja sotsiaalsetest mõjudest. ; Publication of this thesis is supported by the Estonian University of Life Science and by the Doctoral School of Earth Science and Ecology created under the auspices of European Social Fund. This study was supported by the Estonian Ministry of Science and Education (institutional grant IUT-8-3), the European Commission through the European Regional Development Fund (Centre of Excellence EcolChange, TK 131), and the European Research Council (advanced grant 322603, SIP-VOL+).

El Departamento Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina es una región que cuenta con una dotación de recursos naturales, una comunidad étnica rica en cultura e identidad, y una localización estratégica, que le permite estar bien posicionada para competir en el Siglo XXI. Después de algunos años de iniciado el proceso de apertura, y de cambios sistemáticos de su modelo económico, aún padece de problemas fundamentales en el medio ambiente competitivo colombiano que deben ser resueltos de manera decidida y oportuna. Siendo el único departamento Insular necesita explorar y diversificar su base exportadora. Desarrollar el recurso humano avanzado, superar sus deficiencias de infraestructura y mejorar sus condiciones internas para atraer inversión extranjera directa y desarrollar capacidades estratégicas que le permita ser un territorio competitivo. Sin embargo lo más importante y significativo, será el desarrollo de una actitud más agresiva hacia el aprendizaje, el desarrollo de capacidades y la modernización institucional para enfrentar los retos de desarrollo sostenible que le demanda su condición de Reserva de Biosfera. La dependencia de las islas a su modelo tradicional de comercio y turismo, está cambiando, no obstante mientras las exportaciones son casi inexistentes, su naturaleza no refleja un significativo conocimiento nuevo por reorientar su modelo económico, exponiéndose a riesgos asociados al deterioro de su capital natural y una dependencia absoluta a la importación. El estudio presentado a continuación ha mostrado que mientras el volumen absoluto del comercio nacional se ha incrementado, la composición de las exportaciones desaparece, desaprovechando una serie de oportunidades posibles en el territorio. En otras palabras, el archipiélago no ha aprendido a incursionar en mercados sofisticados con productos sofisticados que protejan su capital natural y patrimonio étnico, como elemento diferenciador en el país. Las razones del estancamiento y la inexistencia de la exportación, es la confianza o dependencia que se tiene en las fuentes tradicionales de su modelo económico, no permitiéndole desarrollar ventaja competitiva. Cada vez es más difícil competir si no se cuenta con capacidades estratégicas, ventajas competitivas y un sistema de apoyo de categoría mundial al interno del territorio. En efecto, las capacidades del tejido empresarial de las islas, para desarrollar y mantener estrategias agresivas, se ven limitadas por las restricciones y falencias que encuentran en su medio ambiente competitivo. El tejido empresarial insular continúa adoptando tácticas basadas en las ventajas comparativas que están siendo lesionadas por otras regiones competidoras, que cuentan con iguales ventajas naturales y estrategias similares. Para motivar a las empresas a desarrollar estrategias más sofisticadas, el sector privado y el sector público deben trabajar unidos para mejorar el medio ambiente competitivo y facilitar la creación de ventajas competitivas sustentables o sostenibles, que se basen en el conocimiento y en el continuo mejoramiento. Es imperativo desarrollar objetivos nacionales en torno a los acuerdos de integración comercial sin contemplar las competencias y capacidades locales de aquellos territorios que por su ubicación tienen proximidad con los territorios pactados; esto debería ser una prioridad de aprovechamiento del estado colombiano de utilizar las ventajas comparativas que le da la condición de contar con territorios fronterizos que faciliten procesos de articulación. Por otro lado, las políticas de estado cambian en periodos cortos y no permiten lograr una alineación a largo plazo, omitiendo que fenómenos como la apertura económica demandará competencia internas de adaptación, y las empresas no contaran con la capacidad de elegir opciones estratégicas y desarrollar las capacidades necesaria para defender y expandir su mercados, un ejercicio visible en la balanza comercial de las islas las cuales analizamos en el presente estudio donde se exploraron sus capacidades estratégicas para sostener o realizar una articulación con el Caribe Occidental como zona fronteriza del territorio colombiano, en el marco de los acuerdos existentes. El análisis permitió no solo identificar su capacidad, sino las condiciones de comercio exterior que se están obviando desde el gobierno central en este tipo de estrategias económicas. Para el departamento Insular, como para el país es urgente tomar decisiones que le permitan al sector productivo de las islas competir sosteniblemente, y visibilizar los riesgos a los que podría estar expuesta el modelo económico actual del archipiélago y el poco aprovechamiento que se tiene de las vocaciones locales para generar capacidades que le permita esa sostenibilidad. Es aquí donde lo más importante y necesario es estructurar un proceso en el cual el gobierno y el sector privado trabajen unidos con el objetivo de desarrollar y definir las prioridades locales y al mismo tiempo, garantizar que el sector privado se comprometa a alinear un proceso de desarrollo común y focalizado a las condiciones y capacidades del territorio. Como territorio fronterizo, llego de particularidades por su condición insular, requiere de un mayor entendimiento de las fortalezas competitivas que posee, y de sus debilidades, para hacer clara la selección de una política de comercio y articulación local asertiva. Estas condiciones facilitarán en el largo plazo no solo definir las estrategias que le permitan al sector privado invertir en ventajas sostenibles y fortalecer su capacidad para atender a los consumidores más sofisticados del mundo, sino para responder a las condiciones que la insularidad le establece. El estudio que se presenta, examina en detalle sectores específicos de la economía en las islas y los sitúa en un contexto más amplio de competitividad y capacidades estrategias existentes o posibles de desarrollo, para el aprovechamiento de los acuerdos con países y territorios vecinos. El territorio insular hoy se enfrenta a grandes retos que requieren de grandes decisiones que lo empoderen de un modelo económico decidido y no impuesto, donde es importante tener presente que la competitividad no es algo estático, es un proceso continuo de mejoramiento y de innovación que requiere objetivos precisos, amplios insumos (recursos naturales, recursos humanos, capital, infraestructura), claras estrategias y un medio ambiente que permita adoptar con rapidez aquellas innovaciones que estén basadas en el conocimiento y que se determinen para un proceso de ajuste ; Abstract: The Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina is a region that has natural resources, an ethnic community rich in culture and identity, and a strategic location that allows it to be well positioned to compete in the 21st Century. After a few years of initiating the process of opening up and systematic changes in its economic model, it still suffers from fundamental problems in the competitive Colombian environment that must be resolved in a decisive and timely manner. Being the only insular department, it needs to explore and diversify its export base. Develop the advanced human resource, overcome its infrastructure deficiencies and improve its internal conditions to attract foreign direct investment and develop strategic capabilities that allow it to be a competitive territory. However, the most important and significant will be the development of a more aggressive attitude towards learning, capacity building and institutional modernization to face the challenges of sustainable development that demands its status as a Biosphere Reserve. The dependence of the islands on their traditional model of trade and tourism is changing, yet while exports are almost non-existent, their nature does not reflect significant new knowledge by reorienting their economic model, exposing themselves to risks associated with the deterioration of their natural capital And an absolute dependency on imports. The study presented below has shown that while the absolute volume of domestic trade has increased, the composition of exports disappears, missing a number of possible opportunities in the territory. In other words, the archipelago has not learned to venture into sophisticated markets with sophisticated products that protect its natural capital and ethnic heritage as a differentiating element in the country. The reasons for the stagnation and the non-existence of the export are the confidence or dependence that one has in the traditional sources of his economic model, not allowing him to develop competitive advantage. It is becoming increasingly difficult to compete without strategic capabilities, competitive advant ages and a world-class support system within the territory. In fact, the capacity of the islands' business fabric to develop and maintain aggressive strategies is limited by the restrictions and shortcomings they encounter in their competitive environment. The insular business fabric continues to adopt tactics based on the comparative advantages being hurt by other competing regions, which have the same natural advantages and similar strategies. To motivate companies to develop more sophisticated strategies, the private sector and the public sector must work together to improve the competitive environment and facilitate the creation of sustainable or sustainable competitive advantages based on knowledge and continuous improvement. It is imperative to develop national objectives around trade integration agreements without considering the local competencies and capacities of those territories that, because of their location, are close to the agreed territories; This should be a priority for the Colombian state to use the comparative advantages provided by the condition of having border territories that facilitate articulation processes. On the other hand, state policies change over short periods and do not allow for long-term alignment, omitting that phenomena such as economic openness will require internal adaptive competition, and companies will not have the ability to choose strategic options and develop The necessary capacities to defend and expand their markets, a visible exercise in the trade balance of the islands, which we analyzed in the present study where their strategic capacities were explored to support or articulate with the Western Caribbean as a border area of the Colombian territory, Framework of existing agreements. The analysis allowed not only to identify its capacity, but the foreign trade conditions that are being ignored from the central government in this type of economic strategies. For the Insular Department, as for the country, it is urgent to make decisions that allow the productive sector of the islands to compete sustainably, and to make visible the risks to which the current economic model of the archipelago could be exposed and the little use made of the Local vocations to generate capacities that allow this sustainability. This is where the most important and necessary thing is to structure a process in which the government and the private sector work together with the objective of developing and defining local priorities and, at the same time, ensuring that the private sector is committed to aligning a process of Common development and focused on the conditions and capabilities of the territory. As a frontier territory, it comes from particularities because of its island condition, it requires a greater understanding of the competitive strengths it possesses, and of its weaknesses, to make clear the selection of an assertive local trade and articulation policy. These conditions will facilitate in the long term not only to define the strategies that allow the private sector to invest in sustainable advantages and strengthen their capacity to serve the most sophisticated consumers in the world, but to respond to the conditions that insularity establishes. This study examines in detail specific sectors of the economy in the islands and places them in a broader context of competitiveness and existing or potential development strategies for the exploitation of the agreements with neighboring countries and territories. The island territory today faces major challenges that require major decisions that will empower it with a decided and untaxed economic model, where it is important to keep in mind that competitiveness is not static, it is an ongoing process of improvement and innovation that requires (Natural resources, human resources, capital, infrastructure), clear strategies and an environment that allows rapid adoption of those innovations that are based on knowledge and that is determined for a process of adjustment ; Maestría

La presente Tesis titulada "Modelo Metodológico de la Auditoría Financiera con Enfoque Integral para el Sistema Nacional de Control", es de carácter descriptivo y explicativo fundamentada en la experiencia profesional obtenida en el campo de la auditoría financiera y las investigaciones realizadas en torno a la labor de fiscalización y control que viene desarrollando el ente rector del Sistema Nacional de Control, en cumplimiento de lo establecido en los artículos 81° y 82° de la Constitución Política del Perú, y la atribución conferida en el artículo 22° literal f) de la Ley N° 27785 de 22.Jul.2002, Ley Orgánica del Sistema Nacional de Control y de la Contraloría General de la República. Actualmente, la Contraloría General de la República como ente técnico rector del Sistema Nacional de Control, viene modificando las normas de control gubernamental y procedimientos técnicos correspondientes al ejercicio del control gubernamental, de conformidad con el artículo 14° de la Ley N° 27785, Ley Orgánica del Sistema Nacional de Control y de la Contraloría General de la República; afectando directamente el enfoque metodológico de la auditoría financiera y otras auditorías, al haber aprobado las Normas Generales de Control Gubernamental (NGCG), a través del cual dejan sin efecto la aplicación de las Normas de Auditoría Gubernamental (NAGUs), el Manual de Auditoría Gubernamental (MAGU), la Guía de Planeamiento de Auditoría Gubernamental, y la Guía para la Elaboración del Informe de Auditoría Gubernamental. Posteriormente la Contraloría General de la República, aprobó el Manual de Auditoría Financiera Gubernamental, que es un documento normativo, de obligatorio cumplimiento, que define el proceso para el ejercicio de la auditoría a los estados financieros y presupuestales, y ha sido diseñado para su aplicación por las Sociedades de Auditoría, los Órganos de Control Institucional, así como la Contraloría General de la República en la ejecución de la auditoría financiera y presupuestaria, de conformidad con las normas de control gubernamental, concordado con las normas internacionales de auditoría vigentes. Sin embargo, pese a los cambios que viene realizando el ente rector del Sistema Nacional de Control, estos no resuelven el problema planteado en la Tesis titulada "Modelo Metodológico de la Auditoría Financiera con Enfoque Integral para el Sistema Nacional de Control", la misma que debe ser superado con el modelo metodológico que se propone en la Tesis, la misma que prioriza la validación integral de los actos y resultados de la gestión pública, el uso eficiente, eficaz y económico de los recursos y bienes del Estado, así como del cumplimiento de las normas legales y de los lineamientos de política y planes de acción establecidos por las entidades públicas en sus Planes Estratégicos. Por ello, señalamos que el Sistema Nacional de Control, no tiene un modelo metodológico de auditoría financiera que tienda a transparentar la información presupuestaria y financiera del Estado peruano, identificando los actos de corrupción y promoviendo la mejora continua de la gestión pública; asuntos que se superaría de aplicarse la metodología y herramientas modernas que proponemos, a través de la implantación y aplicación de la Auditoría Financiera Gubernamental con Enfoque Integral, la cual busca aplicar un control de advertencia o de prevención para que el administrador público conozca en tiempo real las inconsistencias detectadas en su gestión y proceda a subsanarlas, con lo finalidad de convertir a las entidades públicas en entes eficientes y eficaces, que cumplan con el fin último del control que es su mejoramiento continuo y modernización que asegure el cumplimiento de su misión, visión y objetivos en bien de los ciudadanos de nuestro país. Esta gran diferencia entre lo que se aplica en el Perú y lo que se aplica por ejemplo en Colombia, en materia de control gubernamental, ha conllevado a que se efectúe esta investigación que tiene por objetivo general, identificar y aplicar modernos enfoques de auditoría financiera integral que permita obtener resultados de la evaluación de gestión de las entidades públicas y promueva su mejora continua. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación se ha considerado tomar en cuenta el universo que conforman el Sistema Nacional de Control (empresas, entidades, ministerios y gobiernos regionales y locales) de los cuáles tomamos como muestra la información financiera auditada de 15 entidades: 05 Ministerios, 02 Universidades, 03 Gobiernos Regionales, 02 Gobiernos Locales, y 03 Empresas del Estado. Además, consideraremos entrevistarnos con 10 socios de firmas de auditores que auditaron esas entidades que representan la muestra de estudio, 10 funcionarios de entidades auditadas y 10 contadores públicos. Para cumplir con nuestro objetivo, se procedió a efectuar una encuesta a los participantes de nuestra muestra y cuyo principal dato obtenido es que el Sistema Nacional de Control actualmente no permite la evaluación integral de la gestión y sus efectos financieros y presupuestarios, plasmados en los estados financieros y estados presupuestarios; a fin de validar el uso eficiente, eficaz y económico de los recursos del Estado, por lo que es prioritario que la Auditoría Financiera Gubernamental con enfoque Integral, sea aplicada con prontitud, para lo cual deberá modificarse la normatividad actual vigente, que permita a la Contraloría General de la República, su modernización y aplicación herramientas tecnológicas y enfoques modernos de auditoría en las actividades y acciones de control que programe y ejecute en el ámbito del sector gubernamental. El enfoque de auditoría integral propuesto se fundamenta en el conocimiento integral de la entidad gubernamental a ser auditada en su entorno sistémico, el cual conlleva a evaluar la planificación de su gestión verificando el cumplimiento de su misión, visión y objetivos, a través de los documentos de gestión que generan, y su alineamiento con las políticas públicas del gobierno, asimismo, evaluar los resultados de la gestión a través de los procesos que desarrolla, identificando y proponiendo recomendaciones que superen los riesgos internos y/o externos que los hayan afectado. Este cambio metodológico se efectúa en cinco fases que explicamos ampliamente en este trabajo, el cual buscamos se formalice mediante normas que aseguren la reforma integral del Sistema Nacional de Control en el Perú. Palabras claves: Enfoque, Sistema, Auditoría, Integral, Control. ; --- This thesis titled "Model methodological of the audit financial with approach Integral to the National Control System", is character descriptive and explanatory grounded in professional experience obtained in the field of the financial audit and investigations around the work of control and control being developed by the governing body of the national system of Control in compliance with provisions in articles 81 ° and 82 ° of the Constitution politics in Peru, and attribution in article 22 literal ° f) of the Act N ° 27785 22.Jul.2002, organic law of the system National Control and the Comptroller General of the Republic. Actually, the General Comptroller of the Republic as a technical entity rector of the National Control System , it comes by modifying the rules of Government control and technical procedures for the exercise of Government control, in accordance with article 14 of the law N ° 27785, organic law of the system National Control and the Office of the Comptroller General; directly affecting the methodology of the financial audit and other audit approach, adopting general rules of governmental Control (NGCG), through which they leave without effect the application of the rules of audit Government (NAGUs) and Manual of governmental audit (MAGU), governmental audit planning guide, the Guide to the preparation of the report of audit Government. Subsequently the Office of the Comptroller-General approved the audit financial Government Manual, which is a normative, binding document, which defines the process for the exercise of the audit the financial and budget States, and has been designed for its application, audit companies, the institutional supervisory bodies, as well as the Comptroller General of the Republic in the implementation of the audit financial and budgetary in accordance with the rules of Government control, agreed with the international standards of audit. However, despite the changes being the governing body of the national system of Control, these do not solve the problem raised in the thesis entitled "Methodological model of auditing financial with comprehensive approach to national Control System", which should be overcome with the methodological model proposed in the thesis, which prioritises the comprehensive validation of acts and results of public management, the efficient, effective and economic use of the resources and assets of the State, as well as the compliance with legal norms and policy guidelines and action plans established by public entities in their plans Strategic. By this, we emphasize that the identified problems would be overcome to apply modern tools we propose, through the implementation and application of the governmental financial audit with Integral approach and methodology which it seeks to apply a warning or prevention control so the public administrator know real-time inconsistencies detected in its management and appropriate to remedy them, with the purpose of converting to public entities in efficient and effective, entities that comply with the ultimate aim of the control which is its continuous improvement and modernization that will ensure the fulfillment of its mission vision and goals for the good of the citizens of our country. This difference between what applies in the Peru and which applies for example in Colombia, in terms of Government control, has led to this investigation that general objective, identify and implement modern approaches to comprehensive financial audit that allows results of the evaluation of management of public entities and promote continuous improvement. To carry out this investigation has been considered taking into account the universe that make up the national system of Control (companies, institutions, ministries and regional and local governments) which we take as a sample 15 entities: 05 ministries, universities 02, 03 regional Governments, local government 02, and 03 State enterprises. In addition, we will consider interview 10 partners of firms of Auditors which trail those entities that represent the study sample, 10 officials from auditees and 10 public accountants. To achieve our objective, we proceeded to carry out a survey to participants in our sample and whose main retrieved data is that national Control system currently does not allow the comprehensive assessment of the management and their financial and budgetary, effects reflected in the financial statements and budget States; in order to validate the use of efficient, effective and economic resources of the State, so it is a priority that the governmental financial audit with Integral approach is applied promptly, for which need to modify the current regulations, which allow the Comptroller General of the Republic, its modernization and application technology tools and modern approaches of auditing activities and control actions that you schedule and execute in the scope of the sector government. The proposed comprehensive audit approach is based on the comprehensive understanding of the Government entity to be audited in their systemic environment, which leads to evaluate its management planning by verifying the fulfillment of its mission, vision and objectives, through documents management generated, and their alignment with the policies of the Government, also evaluate the results of management through processes that developed, identifying and proposing recommendations that exceed the internal and/or external risks that have affected them. This methodological change is carried out in five phases which widely explained in this work, which seek to formalize rules that ensure the comprehensive reform of the national system of Control in the Peru. Key words: approach, system, audit, comprehensive Control. ; Tesis

La presente Tesis titulada "Modelo Metodológico de la Auditoría Financiera con Enfoque Integral para el Sistema Nacional de Control", es de carácter descriptivo y explicativo fundamentada en la experiencia profesional obtenida en el campo de la auditoría financiera y las investigaciones realizadas en torno a la labor de fiscalización y control que viene desarrollando el ente rector del Sistema Nacional de Control, en cumplimiento de lo establecido en los artículos 81° y 82° de la Constitución Política del Perú, y la atribución conferida en el artículo 22° literal f) de la Ley N° 27785 de 22.Jul.2002, Ley Orgánica del Sistema Nacional de Control y de la Contraloría General de la República. Actualmente, la Contraloría General de la República como ente técnico rector del Sistema Nacional de Control, viene modificando las normas de control gubernamental y procedimientos técnicos correspondientes al ejercicio del control gubernamental, de conformidad con el artículo 14° de la Ley N° 27785, Ley Orgánica del Sistema Nacional de Control y de la Contraloría General de la República; afectando directamente el enfoque metodológico de la auditoría financiera y otras auditorías, al haber aprobado las Normas Generales de Control Gubernamental (NGCG), a través del cual dejan sin efecto la aplicación de las Normas de Auditoría Gubernamental (NAGUs), el Manual de Auditoría Gubernamental (MAGU), la Guía de Planeamiento de Auditoría Gubernamental, y la Guía para la Elaboración del Informe de Auditoría Gubernamental. Posteriormente la Contraloría General de la República, aprobó el Manual de Auditoría Financiera Gubernamental, que es un documento normativo, de obligatorio cumplimiento, que define el proceso para el ejercicio de la auditoría a los estados financieros y presupuestales, y ha sido diseñado para su aplicación por las Sociedades de Auditoría, los Órganos de Control Institucional, así como la Contraloría General de la República en la ejecución de la auditoría financiera y presupuestaria, de conformidad con las normas de control gubernamental, concordado con las normas internacionales de auditoría vigentes. Sin embargo, pese a los cambios que viene realizando el ente rector del Sistema Nacional de Control, estos no resuelven el problema planteado en la Tesis titulada "Modelo Metodológico de la Auditoría Financiera con Enfoque Integral para el Sistema Nacional de Control", la misma que debe ser superado con el modelo metodológico que se propone en la Tesis, la misma que prioriza la validación integral de los actos y resultados de la gestión pública, el uso eficiente, eficaz y económico de los recursos y bienes del Estado, así como del cumplimiento de las normas legales y de los lineamientos de política y planes de acción establecidos por las entidades públicas en sus Planes Estratégicos. Por ello, señalamos que el Sistema Nacional de Control, no tiene un modelo metodológico de auditoría financiera que tienda a transparentar la información presupuestaria y financiera del Estado peruano, identificando los actos de corrupción y promoviendo la mejora continua de la gestión pública; asuntos que se superaría de aplicarse la metodología y herramientas modernas que proponemos, a través de la implantación y aplicación de la Auditoría Financiera Gubernamental con Enfoque Integral, la cual busca aplicar un control de advertencia o de prevención para que el administrador público conozca en tiempo real las inconsistencias detectadas en su gestión y proceda a subsanarlas, con lo finalidad de convertir a las entidades públicas en entes eficientes y eficaces, que cumplan con el fin último del control que es su mejoramiento continuo y modernización que asegure el cumplimiento de su misión, visión y objetivos en bien de los ciudadanos de nuestro país. Esta gran diferencia entre lo que se aplica en el Perú y lo que se aplica por ejemplo en Colombia, en materia de control gubernamental, ha conllevado a que se efectúe esta investigación que tiene por objetivo general, identificar y aplicar modernos enfoques de auditoría financiera integral que permita obtener resultados de la evaluación de gestión de las entidades públicas y promueva su mejora continua. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación se ha considerado tomar en cuenta el universo que conforman el Sistema Nacional de Control (empresas, entidades, ministerios y gobiernos regionales y locales) de los cuáles tomamos como muestra la información financiera auditada de 15 entidades: 05 Ministerios, 02 Universidades, 03 Gobiernos Regionales, 02 Gobiernos Locales, y 03 Empresas del Estado. Además, consideraremos entrevistarnos con 10 socios de firmas de auditores que auditaron esas entidades que representan la muestra de estudio, 10 funcionarios de entidades auditadas y 10 contadores públicos. Para cumplir con nuestro objetivo, se procedió a efectuar una encuesta a los participantes de nuestra muestra y cuyo principal dato obtenido es que el Sistema Nacional de Control actualmente no permite la evaluación integral de la gestión y sus efectos financieros y presupuestarios, plasmados en los estados financieros y estados presupuestarios; a fin de validar el uso eficiente, eficaz y económico de los recursos del Estado, por lo que es prioritario que la Auditoría Financiera Gubernamental con enfoque Integral, sea aplicada con prontitud, para lo cual deberá modificarse la normatividad actual vigente, que permita a la Contraloría General de la República, su modernización y aplicación herramientas tecnológicas y enfoques modernos de auditoría en las actividades y acciones de control que programe y ejecute en el ámbito del sector gubernamental. El enfoque de auditoría integral propuesto se fundamenta en el conocimiento integral de la entidad gubernamental a ser auditada en su entorno sistémico, el cual conlleva a evaluar la planificación de su gestión verificando el cumplimiento de su misión, visión y objetivos, a través de los documentos de gestión que generan, y su alineamiento con las políticas públicas del gobierno, asimismo, evaluar los resultados de la gestión a través de los procesos que desarrolla, identificando y proponiendo recomendaciones que superen los riesgos internos y/o externos que los hayan afectado. Este cambio metodológico se efectúa en cinco fases que explicamos ampliamente en este trabajo, el cual buscamos se formalice mediante normas que aseguren la reforma integral del Sistema Nacional de Control en el Perú. Palabras claves: Enfoque, Sistema, Auditoría, Integral, Control. ; --- This thesis titled "Model methodological of the audit financial with approach Integral to the National Control System", is character descriptive and explanatory grounded in professional experience obtained in the field of the financial audit and investigations around the work of control and control being developed by the governing body of the national system of Control in compliance with provisions in articles 81 ° and 82 ° of the Constitution politics in Peru, and attribution in article 22 literal ° f) of the Act N ° 27785 22.Jul.2002, organic law of the system National Control and the Comptroller General of the Republic. Actually, the General Comptroller of the Republic as a technical entity rector of the National Control System , it comes by modifying the rules of Government control and technical procedures for the exercise of Government control, in accordance with article 14 of the law N ° 27785, organic law of the system National Control and the Office of the Comptroller General; directly affecting the methodology of the financial audit and other audit approach, adopting general rules of governmental Control (NGCG), through which they leave without effect the application of the rules of audit Government (NAGUs) and Manual of governmental audit (MAGU), governmental audit planning guide, the Guide to the preparation of the report of audit Government. Subsequently the Office of the Comptroller-General approved the audit financial Government Manual, which is a normative, binding document, which defines the process for the exercise of the audit the financial and budget States, and has been designed for its application, audit companies, the institutional supervisory bodies, as well as the Comptroller General of the Republic in the implementation of the audit financial and budgetary in accordance with the rules of Government control, agreed with the international standards of audit. However, despite the changes being the governing body of the national system of Control, these do not solve the problem raised in the thesis entitled "Methodological model of auditing financial with comprehensive approach to national Control System", which should be overcome with the methodological model proposed in the thesis, which prioritises the comprehensive validation of acts and results of public management, the efficient, effective and economic use of the resources and assets of the State, as well as the compliance with legal norms and policy guidelines and action plans established by public entities in their plans Strategic. By this, we emphasize that the identified problems would be overcome to apply modern tools we propose, through the implementation and application of the governmental financial audit with Integral approach and methodology which it seeks to apply a warning or prevention control so the public administrator know real-time inconsistencies detected in its management and appropriate to remedy them, with the purpose of converting to public entities in efficient and effective, entities that comply with the ultimate aim of the control which is its continuous improvement and modernization that will ensure the fulfillment of its mission vision and goals for the good of the citizens of our country. This difference between what applies in the Peru and which applies for example in Colombia, in terms of Government control, has led to this investigation that general objective, identify and implement modern approaches to comprehensive financial audit that allows results of the evaluation of management of public entities and promote continuous improvement. To carry out this investigation has been considered taking into account the universe that make up the national system of Control (companies, institutions, ministries and regional and local governments) which we take as a sample 15 entities: 05 ministries, universities 02, 03 regional Governments, local government 02, and 03 State enterprises. In addition, we will consider interview 10 partners of firms of Auditors which trail those entities that represent the study sample, 10 officials from auditees and 10 public accountants. To achieve our objective, we proceeded to carry out a survey to participants in our sample and whose main retrieved data is that national Control system currently does not allow the comprehensive assessment of the management and their financial and budgetary, effects reflected in the financial statements and budget States; in order to validate the use of efficient, effective and economic resources of the State, so it is a priority that the governmental financial audit with Integral approach is applied promptly, for which need to modify the current regulations, which allow the Comptroller General of the Republic, its modernization and application technology tools and modern approaches of auditing activities and control actions that you schedule and execute in the scope of the sector government. The proposed comprehensive audit approach is based on the comprehensive understanding of the Government entity to be audited in their systemic environment, which leads to evaluate its management planning by verifying the fulfillment of its mission, vision and objectives, through documents management generated, and their alignment with the policies of the Government, also evaluate the results of management through processes that developed, identifying and proposing recommendations that exceed the internal and/or external risks that have affected them. This methodological change is carried out in five phases which widely explained in this work, which seek to formalize rules that ensure the comprehensive reform of the national system of Control in the Peru. Key words: approach, system, audit, comprehensive Control. ; Tesis

Résumé : La présente thèse porte sur le développement d'un modèle d'intervention au profit des agents de développement économique méso dans un contexte de co-innovation et au niveau de l'entrepreneuriat technologique. Grâce à une expérience de plus de quinze ans comme agent de développement économique, une problématique managériale a émergé tranquillement. Les agents de développement économique n'avaient pas à leur disposition les outils d'intervention qui leur permettent de faire face aux nouvelles réalités du développement économique par l'innovation. Une première question peut se poser: qu'est-ce qui a changé dans l'innovation ? Tout d'abord, les savoirs sont de plus en plus complexes et diffus. En effet, les sciences et les technologies, surtout si elles ont atteint un certain degré de maturité, se développent de plus en plus en fonction d'usages qu'elles pourraient remplir (ces derniers étant fonction des besoins exprimés par les usagers). Par ailleurs, tout en se complexifiant à cause de leurs ramifications, les technologies sont de plus en plus accessibles aux usagers, ce qui leur permet de ne plus être seulement consommateurs de technologie, mais également producteurs et codéveloppeurs de produits et services. C'est en ce sens que l'on voit exploser le développement des applications mobiles. En définitive, on passe d'une innovation qui est linéaire, développée en vase clos ou en collaboration entre entreprises et centres de recherche triés sur le volet, qui est par la suite valorisée puis éventuellement commercialisée, à une innovation de nature systémique à la fois portée par des entreprises, des gouvernements et des usagers, ce qui est convenu d'appeler désormais la co-innovation. Par contre, les moyens dont disposent les agents de développement économique ne sont plus adaptés à cette nouvelle réalité. En effet, les outils dont bénéficient ces derniers sont basés sur les principes suivants : 1) la spécialisation sectorielle selon le modèle de Porter (1993), avec la stratégie des grappes où les agents de développement économique faisaient de la concertation et de l'animation du milieu ou 2) la diversité sectorielle et individuelle (Florida, 2005; Jacobs, 1969), où l'on s'est concentré sur la formation entrepreneuriale et sur les visites aux entreprises pour les aider dans leur croissance. Ces stratégies ont été payantes en termes de concertation et de développement hyperlocal, mais sont à la recherche d'un nouveau souffle, notamment en matière d'intergrappes et de cohérence supralocale. Au tournant des années 1990, on voit apparaître la notion de systèmes régionaux d'innovation, qui sont une première tentative de penser le développement économique sous forme systémique. En revanche, les aspects normatifs ont vite disparu des recherches universitaires, ce qui n'a pas permis aux agents de développement économique de s'approprier ces notions, la plupart les trouvant trop compliquées pour y voir de réelles applications en matière d'intervention en développement économique. Enfin, depuis les années 2000, la notion d'innovation ouverte apparaît et suscite beaucoup d'intérêt chez les agents de développement économique, mais ceux-ci manquent encore de modèle afin de pouvoir l'utiliser de façon plus structurée, au-delà de la simple stratégie de gestion de la propriété intellectuelle, comme véritable outil de co-innovation. Ainsi, la question de recherche suivante a été dégagée des éléments issus de la profession et d'une revue de littérature exhaustive: quel nouveau modèle de développement économique (DÉ) basé sur la co-innovation et au niveau de l'entrepreneuriat technologique peut-on développer et quelles seront alors les nouvelles méthodes d'intervention pour les agents de DÉ ? Pour répondre à cette question, la théorie enracinée est apparue comme une méthode de recherche appropriée, car elle permettait la théorisation, essentielle dans le développement d'un modèle. Vingt et une entrevues ont été menées entre août et décembre 2012 entre le Québec, les États-Unis et la France. Les résultats de cette recherche sont les suivants : 1) le niveau d'intervention adéquat en matière de développement économique par l'innovation est le niveau régional, soit les agents de développement économique de type méso (entre le macro et le micro), 2) le processus de développement économique par la co-innovation est un processus intermédié en deux temps. En effet, les agents de DÉ méso travaillent à identifier des problématiques et des besoins communs à différents écosystèmes, et ce, en comptant sur leur réseau. Grâce à ce mécanisme, les agents de DÉ créent des communautés (surtout technologiques) autour desquelles des opportunités intrapreneuriales apparaissent. Celles-ci pourront se transformer en projets structurants qui, à leur tour, pourront déboucher sur des opportunités entrepreneuriales. 3) L'agent de développement économique est à la fois un intrapreneur (qui défend ses projets dans sa propre structure organisationnelle) et un exopreneur (qui défend ses projets dans différentes communautés). Les résultats de cette recherche ont d'ores et déjà servi à la mise sur pied de nouvelles formes d'intervention au niveau méso avec le développement du programme de financement de la Ville de Montréal PR@M-Est, qui est basé directement sur les principes de co-innovation. Par ailleurs, les recherches suscitent de l'intérêt dans plusieurs agglomérations en France et auprès des professionnels en développement économique au Québec et en France. Enfin, des recherches subséquentes ont été identifiées afin de venir compléter le corpus de savoir en matière de développement économique par la co-innovation, notamment en ce qui concerne le partage de rente économique (monétisable ou non) entre les initiateurs de démarches co-innovantes et leurs contributeurs. ; Abstract : For a few years, economic developers have integrated innovation to their practice as the engine for economic development. It is now well understood that innovation and economic development are intertwined with the seminal work of Schumpeter more than a century ago. Many researches have been done since, but the very dynamic nature of innovation, and thus the economic developers' actions, needs constant reassessment. Innovation is changing from a linear perspective where firms, research centers and universities try to develop and commercialize new products and services, based on scientific researches, the so-called Public-Private Partnership, to a systemic form where firms, research centers and universities are still involved in the innovation process, but where more and more Public-Private-People Partnerships can occur. Why is innovation becoming a systemic process? One of the explanations lays in the greater complexity of knowledge and a greater distribution of it. In the meantime, more people can access technologies, as it is seen with the blooming of mobile applications. Since then, the way of innovation process occurs is dramatically changing, and more contributors can join the process, including as usual private companies or government, but also users. What is new with the users is that they are not only involved for commercialization purpose, but now also as co-developers and co-creators. By acknowledging those shifts, economic developers should also change the way they are acting to foster economic development and innovation. So, it is time to develop new forms of intervention in a context of co-innovation. They have to step back to see that their actions are done at the macro level (even if it has been practiced at the regional level) and generally based on industrial concentration with MAR and his industrial districts, on one side and specialization, on the other side with Porter and his clusters' strategy. The idea is to nourish innovation by geographical, cultural, institutional and social proximity. In doing so, it helps tacit knowledge to flow from one company to another and to bring to the market new products and services more rapidly. Economic developers works with geographic proximity and implements clusters strategies all over the world with different results. So the mechanistic aspect of the strategy is not that simple. Actually, clusters are now shifting to a systemic perspective and try to open-up collaboration between clusters and enhance cross sectorial projects. It also has been demonstrated that innovation is more about people than organizations. Since Jacobs, and later with Florida, the spotlight has been put on the individual as the engine of creativity and innovation. Jacobs thought that knowledge is embedded in the individual expertise, and Florida worked on the creative class which represent about 30% of the population, and who is made of people who promote creativity and changes in some place, generally cities. With Jacobs and Florida, the quality of place is critical because it can help to attract talents. At that micro level also, works on the entrepreneur-opportunity dyad is important. With the neo-classic theory, entrepreneurs can use information asymmetry to exploit opportunities and bring their creativity to the market. Entrepreneurs are very special in essence, even though it has not been establish that they have some special traits, it seems that they have in common a way to act creatively and transform this creativity into opportunities and economic development. For economic developers, it means to develop supportive actions towards entrepreneurs: training, entrepreneurs club, special funding for example. But, the difficulties lay in: how can economic developers develop a more structured model for their interventions to entrepreneurs? Moreover, some do believe that these micro levels approaches can be self-organized and that there is no need for public policy towards entrepreneurs. At the meso level, economic developers can improve, particularly regarding the Regional Innovation System (RIS), the way they can foster business serendipity across networks. Since Chesbrough has defined the concept of open innovation, a more systemic approach to innovation seems to be accepted by economic developers. But, once again, there is lot of work to do to better understand how economic developers can put into practice those new approaches. Thus, neither the macro level approach, which is too mechanistic, nor the meso approaches level, which is to complex, nor the micro level, which doesn't allow public policy, seem to offer a proper answer to economic developers with the systemic approach of innovation. This dissertation tries to answer the following question: What model can be developed for economic developers in context of co- innovation and technological entrepreneurship? Grounded theory as presented by Corbin and Strauss (2008) was the methodology in this survey. As it is permitted in grounded theory, the literacy has been completed by works on complexity theory, network theory and structural holes and co-innovation. Twenty-one interviews have been conducted in Montréal, the Province of Québec province, France and The United States between August and December 2012 with economic developers, scientific and technological parks managers, co-creation spaces organizers and entrepreneurs. The main conclusions of this research in an academic perspective are: 1. The correct level to support co-innovation is the meso level: this level allows macro and micro level actions to be coherent in a more interdependent perspective. The meso level is a medium term perspective at the regional level. The economic developers mostly use projects and communities of practice to do their actions regarding co-innovation; 2. The process for the economic development through co-innovation is intermediated and two-fold: a) Economic developers identify common needs in their ecosystems through their networks. In doing so, they create communities in which intrapreneurial opportunities occur. Some of these intrapreneurial opportunities lead to structuring projects. b) These projects open-up entrapreneurial opportunities that help regional economic development; 3. Finally, Economic developers are both intrapreneurs (leading project in their own organisations and exopreneurs (leading projects in communities). But as we want to develop something operational for economic developers, we also created an algorithm, which will help them to structure co-innovation actions (how to identify needs, communities, partners, etc.), but also a guide to use the right co-innovative tool at the right moment in their process of co-innovation. Some results of this research has been put into practice with the new program as PR@M-Est at the City of Montréal, this program is based on business serendipity and on co-innovation principles. This research shows some interest in France also. Of course this research has some limits, particularly with the size and the diversity of the sample, but we are confident it could open the way to further research in the field.

Ympäristökysymys ja aseveliakseli on tutkimus suomalaisen kaupunkiympäristön politisoitumisesta. Väitöskirja vastaa kysymykseen miten ympäristöstä tuli politiikkaa? piirtämällä tarkan kuvan neljästä ympäristön politisoitumisen vuosikymmenestä 1960-luvulta lähtien, kasvukonsensuksesta ympäristökiistoihin. Tamperelaisia ympäristökiistoja ja paikallista politiikkaa käytetään teoksessa laboratoriona, jossa tiivistyy laajempia suomalaisen lähihistorian muutostrendejä. Paikallisten ympäristöongelmien synty kietoutuu muuttuvan yhteiskunnan arvostuksiin ja puhetapoihin sekä sukupolvien välisiin jännitteisiin. Erityisesti teos analysoi jännitteitä, joita voimistuva ympäristöliikehdintä synnytti haastaessaan Tampereella pitkään vaikuttaneen valtakoalition, ns. aseveliakselin, paikallisen hallintatavan. Ympäristökysymys ja aseveliakseli sukeltaa ympäristön politisoitumiseen viiden tamperelaisen tapauksen kautta: 1. Pyynikin moottoritiehanke (1959 - 1974) 2. Näsijärven saastuminen ja vedenoton siirtäminen Roineeseen (1960 - 1972) 3. Kauppahallin virastotalon purkamiseen liittynyt kiista (1972 - 1983) 4. Epilän kivihiilivoimalahankkeeseen liittynyt kiista (1981 - 1984) 5. Tampellan alueen kaavoituskiista (1989 - 1995) Tapaukset kertovat ympäristöongelmien yhteiskunnallisesta muotoutumisesta ja oman aikansa toiveista, tavoitteista ja ristiriidoista. Ympäristön pilaantumisen ja -suojelun nousu yhteiskunnalliseksi kysymykseksi liittyy kiinteästi Suomen ja Tampereen sodanjälkeiseen kehitykseen ja vaurastumiseen, jonka kääntöpuolena ympäristöhaittoja voidaan pitää. Useamman paikallisen tapaustutkimuksen yhdistäminen paikallisen hallintatavan analyysiin tuo uuden näkökulman ympäristöongelmien ja paikallisen poliittisen kulttuurin historiallisen rakentumiseen. Ympäristöongelmia käsitellään yhteiskunnallisina ongelmina, joille toimijoiden väliset jännitteet ja määrittelykamppailut sekä erilaisten vaatimusten esittäminen ovat ominaisia. Politisoitumisen analyysissä tukeudutaan sosiologi Pierre Bourdieun ja politiikantutkija Kari Palosen käsitteisiin. Politisoitumisen käsitteellä ei viitata puoluepolitiikkaan, vaan pikemminkin vakiintuneiden ajatus- ja toimintamallien kyseenalaistumiseen. Tutkimus etenee teoreettisten ja metodologisten lähtökohtien kautta tapaustutkimuksiin, joiden lomassa taustoitetaan ympäristöliikehdinnän historiaa paikallisella tasolla. Tapausten jälkeen käsitellään paikallisen hallintatavan teoreettista näkökulmaa ja paikallisen hallinnan historiallisia muotoja Tampereella. Ympäristön politisoituminen tapahtui Tampereella vaiheittain. Ensimmäiset ympäristöliikehdinnän merkit näkyivät Tampereella ns. ympäristöherätyksen myötä 1960- ja 70-luvun taitteessa. Ympäristöliikkeen jakautuminen oikeisto-vasemmisto -ulottuvuudella kuitenkin jarrutti ympäristöjärjestöjen kasvua 1970-luvun puolivälissä. Vuosikymmenen lopulta lähtien alkoi uusi ympäristöprotestien vaihe. Jännite suoraviivaisen johtajakeskeisen hallintavan ja uusien, rauhan aikana kasvaneiden sukupolvien edustajien ­ kuten vihreän liikkeen ­ välillä kävi ilmeiseksi paikallisissa ympäristökiistoissa 1980-luvun alusta alkaen. Tämä jännite huipentui tutkimuksen viimeisessä tapauksessa, Tampellan kiistassa 1980- ja 90-lukujen taitteessa. Sosiaalidemokraattien ja Kokoomuksen muodostaman kunnallispolitiikan valtakoalition, aseveliakselin, näkökulmasta ympäristöprotestit näyttäytyivät vastustuksena, ei uutena yhteiskunnallisena kysymyksenä. Väitämme, että tämä johtui sekä aseveliakselin historiallisesti muodostuneista arvostuksista ja suhtautumistavoista että tamperelaisen politiikan kentän jakautumisesta aseveliakselikoalition ja sen vastustajien välillä. Nämä tekijät vaikeuttivat ympäristökysymysten nostamista paikallisen päätöksenteon piiriin ja supistivat ympäristöliikehdinnän toimintatilaa. Ympäristön politisoituminen ilmeni Tampereella useammalla ulottuvuudella, joista ensimmäisenä voi pitää ympäristöherätyksen synnyttämää uutta tulkintakehystä. Se antoi kaikupohjaa paikallisille ympäristön muuttamista politisoiville vaatimuksille. Luonto politisoitui ympäristöksi ja ympäristö politisoitui yhteiskunnalliseksi protestiksi ja kritiikiksi, joka ilmeni vaatimuksina paikallisissa ympäristökiistoissa. Toiseksi politisoiminen liittyi yksittäisten ympäristön muutoksia koskevien suunnitelmien kyseenalaistamiseen. Tätä tapahtui Tampereella 1970-luvulta alkaen ja selvemmin 1980-luvun ympäristökiistoissa. Määrittelykamppailut koskivat esim. Kauppahallin virastotalon tapauksessa paitsi talon purkusuunnitelmia, myös talon esteettistä arvoa kaupunkimaisemassa. Tampereen kasvoja voimakkaasti muuttanut modernisaatiokehitys ei enää näyttänytkään väistämättömältä. Samalla voidaan puhua myös laajemmasta kaupunkimaiseman muutosten kyseenalaistumisesta. Ympäristöherätys ja yksittäiset tapahtumat kuten Verkatehtaan purkaminen 1970-luvun lopulla muuttivat tamperelaisten tapaa katsoa kaupunkiaan. Kolmanneksi kiistoissa nousi esiin tiedon ja asiantuntemuksen politiikka. Tiedon politiikka ilmeni selvästi 1980-luvun kiistoissa, joissa (tieteellisen) tiedon ja asiantuntijuuden rooli kyseenalaistui. Kauppahallin virastotalon kiistassa kyseenalaistettiin rakennusten huonokuntoisuuden kriteerit. Epilän voimalakiistassa politisoitui asiantuntijoiden tuottama tieto voimalavaihtoehtojen edullisuudesta. Tampellan kiistassa kriisiytyi kaupunkisuunnittelijoiden asiantuntemus ja rooli yleisen edun vaalijoina. Neljäs politisoitumisen ulottuvuus koskee yksittäisten kysymysten toimintavaihtoehtojen kyseenalaistamisen laajenemista koskemaan koko paikallista hallintatapaa ja paikallista poliittista kulttuuria. Selvimmin yksittäiseksi hallintatavan kyseenalaistumisen tapaukseksi muodostui tutkimuksessamme Tampellan tapaus, jossa suuret rakentamissuunnitelmat ja paikallisten poliittisten eliittien toimintamallit joutuivat ennen näkemättömän kritiikin kohteeksi. Paikallinen hallintatapa ei kyseenalaistunut vain ympäristökysymysten vaikutuksesta, mutta ympäristökonfliktit näyttäytyvät kiinnostavina teollisuuskaupungin perinteiden rapautumista ilmentävinä tapahtumina. Viidenneksi ympäristön politisoituminen kosketti laajemmin kaupungin habitusta ­ kaupunkimaiseman, paikallisen perinteen ja itseymmärryksen tasoilla. Kyse ei ole vain ympäristökohteista vaan laajemmin paikallisesta kulttuurista ja identiteetistä. Paikalliset ympäristöliikkeet toimivat kuten yhteiskunnallisilta kaupunkiliikkeiltä voidaan odottaa: ne synnyttivät konflikteja ja muuttivat osaltaan kaupungin merkityksiä. Kaupungin habituksen muutokseen liittyy selvästi perinteisen tamperelaisen ns. savupiipputeollisuuden hiipuminen. Jälkiteollistuvan kaupungin ympäristökonfliktit olivat sekä tämän yhteiskunnallisen murroksen indikaattoreita että sen katalysaattoreita. Teollisuuskaupungin traditioiden kyseenalaistuminen voidaan nähdä osana laajempaa yksinkertaisen modernin projektin kritiikkiä. Tutkimus perustuu laajaan asiakirja- ja lehtiaineistoon sekä ympäristökiistojen ytimessä vaikuttaneiden kansalaisaktivistien ja paikallisten päättäjien haastatteluihin. Paikallisen historian kuvauksessa on käytetty sekundaarilähteitä ja haastatteluja, tapaustutkimukset perustuvat pääasiassa lehti -ja asiakirja-aineistoihin ja haastatteluihin. Tapausten käännekohtia on lisäksi analysoitu määrällisellä sisällönerittelyllä sekä diskurssi -ja argumentaatioanalyysin keinoin. ; ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND THE "BROTHERS IN ARMS AXIS" POLITICISATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN TAMPERE FROM 1959 TO 1995 This study examines the politicisation of the environment in the context of one Finnish locality, Tampere. It is a study on the politics of the environment, i.e. the historical developments and contestations that preceded the institutionalisation of environmental policy. The politics of the environment is examined at the local level in the context of the tension between the rise of environmentalism and the traditions of local politics and governance. The locality of Tampere, thus provides a laboratory for understanding how environmentalism took place and what kind of tensions it caused. Theoretically the study draws on both sociology and political science. The theoretical frame is set by combining Kari Palonen s terminology of politics and Pierre Bourdieu s theory of action. Politicisation is a central notion in the study. It is understood as a process of questioning the rules of the game, i.e. claiming something to be playable and contingent. In Bourdieu s terms this implies a process of questioning the givenness of the doxa and provoking orthodox arguments from the political elite. Politicisation may take place at different scales, from the local disputes to broader patterns of governance and political culture. The central research question was the following: ·How has the environment become politicised at the local level? This question was divided into the following questions: ·What events have contributed to the politicisation of the environment? ·What kinds of disputes and actor coalitions emerged in these events? ·How did the patterns of local governance influence the definition of environmental problems? And, vice versa, how did the environmental problems effect local governance? ·What was the role of environmental movements in the politicisation of the environment? The research was carried out in the form of five case studies, all in the same locality, touching on different aspects of environmental issues, and covering the temporal scope of the study, from the 1960s to the 1990s. The cases studied were the following: 1. The Pyynikki highway construction plan (1959-1974) 2. The pollution of lake Näsijärvi by a local pulp plant and the moving the municipal water intake to lake Roine (1960-1972) 3. The dispute over the planned demolition of the old Jugendstil Office block in the city center (1972-1983) 4. The dispute over the plan to build a coal power plant in Epilä (1981-1984) 5. The conflict over the planning of the Tampella industrial area in the city center (1989-1995) The cases cover the time from the pre-history of environmentalism, i.e. when the environment was still a non-issue, through the rise of environmentalism (the so called environmental awakening ) to the institutionalisation of environmental issues in the 1990s. The research data comprised sources on local history including archives and official documents, newspaper materials and 35 interviews of local actors. Methodologically, the study was structured in relation to different levels: 1) in the context of local history (secondary sources on local history and interviews), 2) the case studies ­ using thick description ­ out of which, 3) detailed instances of discourse analysis, especially argumentation (or claims-making ) were extracted. Environmental problems were studied in a contextual constructivist frame as social problems constructed in processes of claims-making, involving argumentation and discursive struggle. Local environmental movements were studied as urban social movements whose activities affect the collective production of the city while being aimed at contesting and challenging the prevailing social order. The local movements in Tampere were key actors in politicising the environment, contributing to a change whereby previously undisputed environmental change and related social practices were no longer seen as inevitable or normal. Movements created new meanings not only for their participants, but for the larger community, also extending beyond the time frame of their most active presence. Since the late 1960s, the rise of environmentalism became manifest through locally based movements and organizations. The purely scientific orientations of local conservationist associations were challenged by more socially and politically oriented civic activities and associations. An important milestone was the founding of Pirkanmaa nature conservation association in 1969. Since 1970, environmentalism gathered momentum with rapidly growing membership figures and local initiatives. It soon suffered, however, from ideological divisions in the mid-1970s, as the radical left-wing students took over the nature conservation association. The divisions started to recede when the Koijärvi bird lake conflict (in Forssa) marked the rise of the Finnish green movement. This had its effect in Tampere as well: the ideological divisions between right- and leftwing environmentalists were reconciled in the early 1980s, which marked the beginning of an active period of environmental contestation. The emergence of the Finnish Green movement in the 1980s made such contestation increasingly visible at the local level. In Tampere, the first greens were elected in the local council in 1984. During the different disputes beginning from the 1970s, but especially in the 1980s, environmental protest challenged local political traditions and political culture, especially the traditions of the local governance. In Tampere, the scene of local politics in Tampere had virtually ever since the Second World War been dominated by a particular, unofficial institutional arrangement, which was commonly known as the brothers-in-arms axis. Adopted in the mid-1950s, the notion referred to the co-operation between the conservative National Coalition party and the Social Democrats in local politics and municipal government. This coalition was held together through a shared habitus based on wartime experiences and held a promise of welfare. The brothers-in-arms axis became an important player in local politics in the 1960s when the central figures of the coalition gained important position in city government. The study examines both the processes that enabled the stabilization of this co-operation into a local growth regime and those that have, especially since the 1980s, contributed to its weakening. The politicisation of the environment was a novelty in the modernist political landscape of Tampere. In the eyes of the governing coalition, however, environmental protest was perceived as mere opposition, not as a new issue on the agenda. We argue that this was due to the local traditions of an industrial city, divided between left and right ­ and a political sphere divided between the brothers-in-arms coalition and the communists, which allowed little space for new social movements. Environmental protest, however, was not the only factor to challenge the regime. The regime was also weakened through the loosening of ideological division s between the left and the right, as the communists had gradually lost political ground. The politicisation of the environment gathered momentum in the late 1970s when the growth of Tampere had slowed down and when there was a growing discrepancy between the mode of governance and its increasingly postindustrial social environment. This tension, and the inertia of the closed style of governance, became visible in the Tampella dispute in 1989, the biggest local environmental conflict to date. The politicization of the environment took place at different levels. It happened both at the level of individual disputes as alternatives were demanded to the straightforward mode of local planning, but it also expanded into a broader critique of local governance. Furthermore, we argue that the politicisation of the environment was not only an agent-driven phenomenon, since it depended on the cultural resonance of claims presented in local disputes. The study allows us to indicate critical events in the politicization of the environment. These were events sine qua non, i.e. events that set the stage and sensitized local actors for future contestations. The demolition of the old broadcloth factory (Verkatehdas) in 1976 and the dispute over Tampella were critical events in this sense. The former was retained in the memory of then activists-to-be and the latter both signaled the crisis of the closed-style decision-making and served to stabilize the local greens as a credible political alternative. Finally, the contestations, together with the restructuration of the locality, resulted in altering the modern industrial habitus of the city.

The report begins with a summary of programs reviewed, a description of the PMT targeting system, and the profile of individuals in the database. It then presents key findings from the review of budgets and the analysis of SW Admin/PMT data on program coverage and distributional equity of program benefits. The report concludes with a discussion of policy implications and recommendations that emerged from the key findings and the process of data gathering and analysis. The Annexes include program descriptions based on the corresponding laws; the estimated benefit levels per individual; government expenditure and budget trends for each program since 2010; and information on social welfare program beneficiaries, by program grouping.

Part 1. Challenges of the Modern Economy as Barriers to Sustainable Development -- 1. Statistic Indicators for Assessing the Measuring Efficiency to Counter Economic Sanctions -- 2. The Innovative and Sustainable Development of Energetics Under the Conditions of the Post-pandemic Recovery of the Economy -- 3. Scenario Analysis of the Development of the Russian Digital Economy Until 2025 -- 4. The Post-pandemic Analysis of the Specifics of Industrial Economies' Development from the Positions of Innovativeness and Sustainability -- 5. The Post-Pandemic Model of the Sectoral Development of Emerging Economies' Industry -- 6. Perspective Role of Digitalization in the Well-Balanced Development of the Global Economic System of the Future -- 7. The Role of Digital Security for the Stable Development of the Global Economic System of the Future -- 8. Sustainable Development of the World Economy of the Future on the Basis of Digitalization: the 2030 Perspective -- 9. Dialectics of Systems Development -- 10. Problems of Consideration of Environmental Factors in Urban Planning as a Mechanism for Sustainable Development -- 11. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Agri-Food Policy as a Component of the Economic Security of the Region -- 12. Employment of Workers in Green Jobs: Industry, Product and Skill Approaches -- 13. Problems and Implementation Prospects of Experimental Legal Regimes in Russia -- 14. Globalization as a Factor of Influence on Russian Federation's Foreign Economic Activity: Engineering Exports -- 15. Import Substitution: the Main Directions of Import Substitution, the Pros and Cons of the Implemented State Program, Some Success Stories of Import Substitution and its Prospects -- 16. Problems and Prospects for the Development of Import Substitution in the Agro-Industrial Complex of the Russian Federation -- 17. Cooperation, Humanism, Tolerance: Realities of History and Modernity -- 18. Features of the Sustainable Development of the Tourism Economy in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic -- 19. Development of the Cooperative Movement in the Republic of Bashkortostan: Problems and Prospects -- 20. Supervision and Control over the Investigation of Crimes in the Field of Entrepreneurial Activity -- 21. Countering Aggressive Tax Planning -- 22. Problems of Economic Security of Special Economic Zones -- 23. Conceptual Approach to the System of Controlling in the Public Sector -- 24. Sustainable Development Based on Knowledge Sharing: An International Aspect (a review of the problem) -- 25. New Functional Product as a Result of International Interaction -- 26. Anti-Corruption Strategies: Forms and Mechanisms of Participation of Civil Society Institutions -- 27. Methods of Acquisition and Termination of Subjective Rights to Immovable Property as an Element of Social Security of Citizens -- 28. Problems of Practical Application of Legal Norms Containing Accessory Obligations in the Legislation of the Russian Federation in the Conditions of the COVID-19 Pandemic -- 29. Uncertainty and Risk as Factors in the Development of Insurance -- 30. School and University Cooperation in the Aspect of Studying Linguistic and Cultural Literacy of Migrant Children -- Part 2. Economic and Legal Foundations and Cooperative Mechanisms for Sustainable Development -- 31. Program-Targeted Approach to the Innovative Development of Industrial Economies under the Modern Post-COVID Conditions -- 32. State and Corporate Management of Industrial Economies for Their Sustainable Development and Recovery after the Pandemic -- 33. Credit Cooperation in Russia: Problems and Possible Solutions -- 34. Leasing as an Effective Tool for the Implementation of Investment Projects in Different Countries -- 35. Optimization of the Use of the Potential of Specially Protected Natural Areas within the Framework of the Sustainable Development of Domestic Tourism in the Russian Federation -- 36. Changes in Cooperative Legislation in the Context of Solving Socio-economic Problems -- 37. Development of Legislation on Cooperation in Ukraine in 1992-2014 -- 38. Assessment of the Socio-economic Sphere of the Countries of the European Union in the Context of the Implementation of Joint Strategies and Programs -- 39. Role of Consumer Cooperatives in Overcoming Unemployment in Contemporary Russian Society -- 40. Development of Cooperation Legislation in Germany -- 41. Agricultural Cooperatives in France: Toward Environmental Neutrality and Sustainability -- 42. A National Model of Cooperation as a Track of Sustainable Development of New Zealand -- 43. Development of the Cooperative Sector in Canada: Features of the National Model -- 44. Infrastructural Factors of the Digital Economy Development and Their Management in the Interests of Accelerating Its Growth -- 45. New Opportunities for Human Potential Development in the Digital Economy and Their Implementation in Developed and Developing Countries -- 46. Integration Mechanisms of Development of the Digital Economy and the Prospects for Their Activation in Russia -- 47. Designed Innovative and Investment Development of the Region in the Conditions of Digital Economy to Ensure Economic Security -- 48. State Regulation of the Development of Cooperative Formations in Agriculture of the Republic of Bashkortostan -- 49. Regional Features of Digital Transformation During the Pandemic -- 50. Formation of a Conceptual Tourist Product for the Effective Development of Territories Without a Pronounced Tourist and Recreational Potential -- 51. Sustainable and Advanced Development of Region's Economy Based on Digital Competitiveness -- 52. Regional Aspects of the Development of the Consumer Lending Sector in Russia during the Pandemic -- 53. Methodological Aspects for Assessing the Financial Stability of Regions in the Context of the Coronavirus COVID-19 in 2021 -- 54. Development of the Nuclear Icebreaker Fleet as a Strategic Priority of the Arctic Region -- 55. Sustainable Development Capital of Rural Territories: The Role and Significance of Cooperation -- 56. Methods for Quality Control of Products of the Kamchatka Territory -- 57. Improving the Competitiveness of the Regional Fishery Complex by Strengthening Foreign Economic Relations of the Region -- Part 3. Advanced Digital Technologies and Their Contribution to Sustainable Development -- 58. Current Vectors of Investment Security of the Krasnodar Territory -- 59. Social Orientation of the Regional Economic Cluster of Consumer Cooperation -- 60. Prospects for the Development of the Cooperative Movement in Public Catering Enterprises of Almetyevsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan -- 61. Cluster Cooperation as a Factor in Ensuring Sustainable Development of the Region -- 62. Development of Agricultural Cooperation in the Republic of Tatarstan -- 63. Industrial Cooperation in Chuvashia in the Post-war Years: Historical and Legal Aspect -- 64. Role of Agricultural Cooperation in the Development of Regional Food Markets -- 65. Formation of the Model of the Social-Oriented Cluster as Method of Cooperation of the Subjects of SMEs of the Smolensk Region -- 66. Methods of Organizing the Design of Construction Works -- 67. Corporate Social Responsibility in Industrial Economies as the Basis of their Innovative and Sustainable Development in the Post-COVID Period -- 68. Digital Mechanisms of the Future Development of Social Entrepreneurship and Humanisation of Economic Growth -- 69. Formation of Experimentation Skills in Children 5–6 Years Old through Visual Modeling -- 70. Project Technology in Education as a Promising Form of University and Business Cooperation -- 71. Innovative Corporate Strategies as Sources of Sustainable Development -- 72. Strategic Guidelines for the Development of Non-profit Corporate Structures in the Context of the Transformation of the Regional Information -- 73. Standard for the Development of Competition in the Subjects of the Russian Federation as a Tool for the Development of Entrepreneurship in Regional Commodity Markets -- 74. Innovations in Corporate Relations and their Contribution to the Development of Cooperation -- 75. Cooperative Strategy in Sociosystems -- 76. Strategic Management, Analysis, and Control: General Provisions -- 77. Development of Professional and Qualification Potential of an Employee -- 78. Efficiency of the Organization's Performance as a Factor of Sustainable Development and Economic Security -- 79. Controlling as an Accounting and Analytical System of Personnel Management -- 80. Foreign Language Training of Specialists in the Economic Sphere as a Factor of Sustainable Development: Historical and Pedagogical Aspect -- 81. Entrepreneurship Development as the Basis for a Competitive Environment After the Pandemic -- 82. Service System and Service Targeting as a Key Aspect of the Company's Competitiveness -- Part 4. Prospects for the Sustainable Development of Countries: Review of International Experience -- 83. Formation of Responsible Cooperative Entrepreneurship Based on Socially-Oriented Cluster -- 84. Efficiency of Biopreparation Treatment of Wheat Grain; Baking Properties of Flour and Quality of Baked Bread in Consumer Cooperative Enterprises -- 85. Experience of Cooperation of All Levels of Education in the Process of Project Development -- 86. Problems of Liability for Illegal Entrepreneurship Committed within the Framework of Cooperative Legal Relations -- 87. Business Support During the Pandemic: View of the Representatives of the European Cooperative Movement -- 88. Biosocial Essence of Person and Crime -- 89. Assessing the Institutional Framework for Russia's Foreign Trade Cooperation with North African Countries: Foreign Trade and Customs Aspects -- 90. Modern Marketing Technologies in Promoting Consumer Cooperation Organizations -- 91. Actual Issues of the Development of Consumer Cooperation Legislation in Addressing Social Questions -- 92. Development of Cooperation between the Europea.

DOI:10.1590/2179-8966/2022/65135 ApresentaçãoMarço 2022 Nossas saudações a todas e todos! Seguimos firmes na esperança de que 2022 seja um ano de mudanças e melhoras na situação do mundo e, particularmente, do Brasil! Aqui, apresentamos o primeiro número do volume 13, do ano de 2022, da Revista Direito e Práxis! Como de costume, trazemos novos manuscritos em todas as nossas seções: artigos inéditos, dossiê, resenhas e traduções! O tema da Covid 19, como não poderia deixar de ser, segue presente, com trabalhos que analisam a pandemia nas suas diferentes conexões: recessão democrática, plataformas digitais e medidas emergenciais. Questões e dilemas político-jurídicos aparecem em artigos que analisam processos de lutas por direitos e, em última instância, da própria democracia. Num contexto mais amplo temos uma revisão crítica do constitucionalismo de 1988, já em contextos mais específicos os artigos trazem estudos consistentes, também de natureza crítica, sobre a questão racial, da violência contra a mulher, do direito à desconexão no mundo do trabalho, do reconhecimento de pessoas trans, da luta parlamentar por direitos dos ciganos. A questão da justiça de transição aparece em abordagens no âmbito dos cenários brasileiro e equatoriano. Questões e políticas de genêro também estão presentes tanto numa abordagem a partir do pluralismo jurídico e do pensamento descolonial quanto numa abordagem institucional do Poder Judiciário. Por fim, a questão da alteridade em sua dimensão política e usos pragmáticos. Sem dúvida, a leitora e o leitor poderão se confrontar com trabalhos provocativos e estimulantes em diferentes perspectivas. No primeiro Dossiê do ano de 2022, organizado cuidadosamente pelas editoras convidadas Carina Calabria e Flavianne Nóbrega, ambas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, trazemos uma discussão tão importante quanto urgente a respeito da questão indígena, seja por meio de estudos que relatam e denunciam o desrespeito e a violação de direitos, seja por meio de estudos que buscam os mecanismos para a garantia de direitos desses povos originários. São feitas importantes conexões não apenas com o direito, mas também com a antropologia, a sociologia e a política. Questões do bem-viver e de um outro referencial antropológoco nos ajudam a pensar fora dos parâmetros da modernidade colonial e eurocêntrica. Nessa mesma perspectiva segue a tradução do artigo "Escrevendo Além das Distinções" e a resenha do livro Xukuru: memórias e história dos índios da Serra de Ororubá. Como sempre, agradecemos profundamente a todas e todos que contribuíram para mais essa edição da Revista: autoras e autores, tradutoras e tradutores, editoras convidadas. É desse trabalho colaborativo que é feito nossa Revista! Relembramos que as políticas editoriais para as diferentes seções da Revista podem ser acessadas em nossa página e que as submissões são permanentes e sempre bem-vindas! Agradecemos, como sempre, às autoras e aos autores, avaliadoras e avaliadores e colaboradoras e colaboradores pela confiança depositada em nossa publicação. Boa Leitura! Equipe Direito e Práxis***EditorialMarch 2022 Our greetings to all of you! Despite the new conflict in the Ukraine, we stand firm in the hope that 2022 will be a year of changes and improvements in the world situation, and particularly in Brazil! Here we would like to announce the first issue of 2022 of the Journal Law and Praxis (v. 13)! As usual, we bring new manuscripts in all our sections: unpublished articles, dossier, reviews, and translations!The theme of Covid 19, as it could not be otherwise, is still present, with papers that analyze the pandemic in its different connections: democratic recession, digital platforms, and emergency measures. Political-legal issues and dilemmas appear in articles that analyze processes of struggles for rights and, ultimately, democracy itself. In a broader context we have a critical review of constitutionalism of 1988, already in more specific contexts the articles bring consistent studies, also of critical nature, on the issue of race, violence against women, the "right to disconnection" in the world of work, the recognition of transgender people, the parliamentary struggle for rights of the Roma. The issue of transitional justice appears in approaches within the Brazilian and Ecuadorian scenarios. Gender issues and policies are also present both in an approach from legal pluralism and decolonial thinking and in an institutional approach to the Judiciary. Finally, the issue of otherness in its political dimension and pragmatic uses. Undoubtedly, the reader will be confronted with provocative and stimulating works from different perspectives.In the first Dossier of the year 2022, carefully organized by the guest editors Carina Calabria and Flavianne Nóbrega, both from the Federal University of Pernambuco, we bring a discussion as important as it is urgent regarding the indigenous issue, whether through studies that report and denounce the disrespect and violation of rights, or through studies that seek mechanisms to guarantee the rights of these original peoples. Important connections are made not only with law, but also with anthropology, sociology, and politics. Questions of good life and of a different anthropological referential help us to think outside the parameters of colonial and Eurocentric modernity. In this same perspective follow the translation of the article "Writing Beyond Distinctions" and the review of the book Xukuru: Memories and History of the Indians of the Serra de Ororubá.As always, we warmly thank everyone who contributed to this issue of the Journal: authors, translators, and guest editors. It is from this collaborative work that our journal is made! We remind you that the editorial policies for the different sections of the journal can be accessed on our website and that submissions are permanent and always welcome! We thank, as always, the authors, reviewers and reviewers, and collaborators for the trust placed in our publication. Enjoy your reading! Direito e Práxis Team***PresentaciónMarzo 2022 ¡Saludos a todos y todas! ¡Seguimos firmes en la esperanza de que 2022 sea un año de cambios y mejoras en la situación del mundo y, en particular, de Brasil! ¡Aquí presentamos el primer número del volumen 13, del año 2022, de la Revista Direito e Práxis! Como siempre, traemos nuevos manuscritos en todas nuestras secciones: artículos inéditos, dossier, reseñas y traducciones.El tema de Covid 19, como no podía ser de otra manera, sigue presente, con trabajos que analizan la pandemia en sus diferentes conexiones: recesión democrática, plataformas digitales y medidas de emergencia. Las cuestiones y dilemas político-jurídicos aparecen en artículos que analizan los procesos de lucha por los derechos y, en definitiva, la propia democracia. En un contexto más amplio tenemos una revisión crítica del constitucionalismo de 1988, ya en contextos más específicos los artículos aportan estudios consistentes, también de carácter crítico, sobre la cuestión de la raza, la violencia contra las mujeres, el derecho a la desconexión en el mundo del trabajo, el reconocimiento de las personas trans, la lucha parlamentaria por los derechos de los gitanos. La cuestión de la justicia transicional aparece en los planteamientos de los escenarios brasileño y ecuatoriano. Las cuestiones y políticas de género también están presentes tanto en un enfoque basado en el pluralismo jurídico y el pensamiento decolonial como en un enfoque institucional del poder judicial. Por último, la cuestión de la alteridad en su dimensión política y sus usos pragmáticos. Sin duda, el lector se encontrará con obras provocadoras y estimulantes desde diferentes perspectivas. En el primer Dossier del año 2022, cuidadosamente organizado por las editoras invitadas Carina Calabria y Flavianne Nóbrega, ambas de la Universidad Federal de Pernambuco, traemos una discusión tan importante como urgente sobre la cuestión indígena, ya sea a través de estudios que informan y denuncian la falta de respeto y la violación de derechos, o a través de estudios que buscan mecanismos para garantizar los derechos de estos pueblos originarios. Se establecen importantes conexiones no sólo con el derecho, sino también con la antropología, la sociología y la política. Las cuestiones del buen vivir y de otro referencial antropológico nos ayudan a pensar fuera de los parámetros de la modernidad colonial y eurocéntrica. En esta misma perspectiva sigue la traducción del artículo "Escribir más allá de las distinciones" y la reseña del libro Xukuru: memorias e historia de los indios de la Serra de Ororubá.Como siempre, agradecemos profundamente a todos los que han contribuido a este número de la revista: autores, traductores y editores invitados. ¡De este trabajo de colaboración está hecha nuestra Revista! Le recordamos que las políticas editoriales de las distintas secciones de la revista pueden consultarse en nuestra página web y que los envíos son permanentes y siempre bienvenidos. Agradecemos, como siempre, a los autores y autoras, revisores y revisoras, y a los colaboradores y a las colaboradoras la confianza depositada en nuestra publicación. ¡Buena lectura! Equipo Direito e Práxis

En los últimos cincuenta años se han multiplicado en España los colectivos y movimientos de asociaciones de víctimas del terrorismo de diferentes tipologías terroristas, debido a la sangrienta trayectoria que desgraciadamente, ha sacudido a nuestro país. El objeto de esta investigación es el análisis documental de la evolución, incremento, devenir y desarrollo de las asociaciones de víctimas del terrorismo y medios de comunicación (2006-2021). En especial el estudio del origen y desarrollo de la Asociación Canaria de Víctimas del Terrorismo, ACAVITE. A partir de este contexto de crecimiento asociativo, ha emergido un necesario cambio de paradigma respecto a la visibilidad y el relato histórico que va desde los grupos y bandas terroristas del FRENTE POLISARIO, ETA y MPAIAC, hasta el terrorismo yihadista, lo que ha supuesto una nueva concepción de su memoria y narrativa. La aparición de un nuevo colectivo en el mapa de entidades como ACAVITE, fundada y presidida por Lucía Jiménez, que ha puesto el foco en la Justicia, registrando ante la Audiencia Nacional, una denuncia el 23 de mayo de 2021, por los atentados terroristas polisarios. Del mismo modo, ha dado a conocer oficialmente la existencia de aproximadamente 281 casos oficiales de víctimas del terrorismo desconocidas que perpetró este grupo armado terrorista saharaui del POLISARIO, con bombas contra trabajadores civiles nacionales indefensos españoles de la empresa de FOSSBUCRAÁ, causando asesinados y heridos. Así como en paralelo, atentados contra pescadores españoles, sobre todo canarios, que fueron objeto de delitos de terrorismo de lesa humanidad que no prescriben. Dentro de este listado, además están censadas, por OCIACAVITE, víctimas del MPAIAC, ETA, GRAPO y terrorismo yihadista en Afganistán y Líbano, ascendiendo a 322 víctimas canarias en total, contabilizando todas las acciones violentas de estos grupos terroristas. En este sentido, como ha perseguido esta tesis en uno de sus objetivos, se sitúa lejos de los argumentos débiles empleados hasta ahora, ha quedado patente que el FRENTE POLISARIO es una banda que ha cometido atentados terroristas, como demuestran los documentos oficiales desclasificados de la CIA-1979 y los emanados de otros gobiernos y autoridades internacionales. Este hecho conlleva el reconocimiento tácito del brutal daño terrorista y la comisión de otros delitos graves, causados a nacionales españoles por parte del POLISARIO y la impunidad que aún sigue disfrutando ante la justicia, el estado de derecho y la opinión pública desde 1979. La tesis se centra en la aplicación de análisis documental y social a las consecuencias humanas de las acciones terroristas contra ciudadanos españoles, estudiándose aspectos como la complicidad institucional, el apagón informativo, la equidistancia y banalización social y mediática, que han padecido las familias de las víctimas canarias causadas por el POLISARIO. Además, se ha obtenido una categorización de las tipologías de víctimas del terrorismo. Pero, sobre todo, se ha puesto de relieve la banalización calculada hacia las víctimas del terrorismo del FRENTE POLISARIO. La reiterada posición victimista de pueblo saharaui y de los líderes del FRENTE POLISARIO en su relación de supuestamente abandonados por España, se contrapone con la justificación ideológica y el blanqueamiento de las acciones terroristas contra españoles, amparadas tradicionalmente por partidos políticos afines a sus ideologías. ; In the last fifty years, the groups and movements of associations of victims of terrorism of different terrorist typologies have multiplied in Spain, due to the bloody trajectory that, unfortunately, has shaken our country. The object of this research is the documentary analysis of the evolution, increase, evolution and development of the associations of victims of terrorism and the media (2006-2021). The unpublished case of the Canarian Association of Victims of Terrorism, ACAVITE. From this context of increase, a necessary Paradigm Change, visibility and historical narrative has emerged, ranking from the terrorist groups and bands of the POLISARIO FRONT, ETA, MPAIAC, to jihadist terrorism, which has meant a new conception of memory. And narrative, as it has been conceived academically, until now. The appearance of a new, unprecedented group on the map of entities of victims of terrorism, such as the "Canary Association of Victims of Terrorism", founded and chaired by Lucía Jiménez, daughter of a victim of terrorism from the POLISARIO FRONT, has put the spotlight on Justice, registering before the National Court, a Complaint on May 23, 2021, for these Polisario terrorist attacks. In the same way, it has officially announced the existence of approximately 281 official cases of unknown victims of terrorism perpetrated by this armed Saharui terrorist group of POLISARIO, with bombs against defenseless Spanish civilian workers of the FOSSBUCRAÁ Company, causing murders and injuries. As well as in parallel, attacks against Spanish fishermen, -mainly Canary Islands, but also Andalusians, Basques and Galicians- who were the object of crimes of terrorism, torture, mass kidnappings, machine-gunning, disappearances, crimes against humanity, crimes against fundamental rights, genocide, and other very serious of a similar nature, which never prescribe. And within this list, victims of the MPAIAC, ETA, GRAPO and jihadist terrorism in Afghanistan and Lebanon are also registered by OCI-ACAVITE, amounting to 322 Canarian victims in total, accounting for all the violent actions of these terrorist groups. In this sense, as this thesis has shown in one of its objectives, -is far from the weak arguments used so far-, it has become clear that the "El Hamra and Rio Oro Popular Revolutionary Front, POLISARIO FRONT-POLISARIO FRONT", proving that it is a terrorist band / group that has committed attacks, as collected in the declassified official documents of the CIA since 1979, by the United States Government, (USA) and those emanating from other governments and international authorities of anti-terrorism, which implies the tacit recognition of the brutal terrorist damage and other serious crimes, caused to Spanish nationals by the POLISARIO and the impunity that continues to be enjoyed before the courts, the rule of law and public opinion since 1979. Based on the above, this thesis focuses on the implementation and given the temporal coincidence of circumstances that occurred, related to the serious international diplomatic crisis with Morocco, Europe, the United States, of America and third countries, as a consequence of the entry with a false identity and stay in Spain to treat Covid 19 and cancer, for "alleged humanitarian reasons in the midst of a pandemic, according to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, González-Laya of the socialist Government of Pedro Sánchez," by allowing the current president to cure in our country Polisario and former Polisario Defense Minister, Brahim Ghali, - despite the fact that he had a search and arrest warrant issued by the National Court in Spain. And where later, Judge S. Pedraz, facilitated the release without taking into account, nor being investigated, or clarified, the Complaint officially registered before the Justice by OCIACAVITE before the National Court, on May 23 2021. The results of the study carried out also reveal a focus of attention, from the point of view of terrorist victimology, the consequences, and the suffering inflicted, by terrorist actions and other very serious crimes against Spanish national citizens, studying aspects such as the institutional complicity, the information blackout, the equidistance and social and media trivialization, suffered by the families of the Canarian victims of the terrorism committed by POLISARIO, which has been constant. In addition, an academic categorization of types of victims of terrorism has been obtained; "Victims of Vitemenoc terrorism" (less known in the media), "victims of Vitemasmedi terrorism" (victims more known in the media). But above all, it has highlighted the trivialization calculated towards the victims of terrorism of the POLISARIO FRONT, it has been carried out above all, from the class and political parties of the left and nationalists, both in the Canary Islands, as well as in the national political class by the different governments of Spain; PP, PSOE, Podemos, Coalición Canaria CC, Nueva Canarias NC, etc., during and after the Transition. In short, it has perpetuated these injustices towards the affected Canarian families. And it is that, traditionally the reiterated position and victimist mantra of the Saharawi people and leaders of the POLISARIO FRONT in their relationship - supposedly abandoned by Spain -, is opposed to the ideological justification and whitewashing of terrorist actions against Spaniards, traditionally protected by related political parties to their revolutionary ideologies. ; Programa de Doctorado en Documentación: Archivos y Bibliotecas en el Entorno Digital por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid ; Presidente: Antonio Hernández Pérez.- Secretario: Mónica Izquierdo Alonso.- Vocal: Luis Fernando de Iturrate Cárdenes